The main events in the life of Nekrasov. Chronology

A chronological table of Nekrasov’s life and work is presented in this article.

N. A. Nekrasov chronological table

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov- poet, writer and publicist, democratic revolutionary, classic of Russian literature.

date	Event
November 28 1821	Nekrasov born in Nemirov, Ukraine, where his father, Major A.S., served. Nekrasov. He spent his childhood in the village of Greshnev in the Yaroslavl province on his father’s estate on the Volga.
1832- 1837	Nikolai studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium and even then began to write poetry.
1838	against the will of his father, N.A. Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg to go to university. I didn’t go to university and lived in poverty.
1840	Publishes his first collection of poems, Dreams and Sounds, but it was not successful
1843	the poet met with V.G. Belinsky, whose ideas had a huge influence on Nekrasov.
1850-1860s	during times of social upsurge peasant reform Nekrasov published the works “Poet and Citizen”, “Song to Eremushka”, “Reflections at the Main Entrance”, and the poem “Peddlers”. A collection was published in 1856 "Poems" (beam greatest works for 10 years).
1847- 1866	Nikolai Alekseevich published and edited the Sovremennik magazine.
1868	worked on the magazine "Domestic Notes".
1856- 1877	active period creative activity. Publication of the collection “Last Songs”. Writes part 4 “Who lives well in Rus'.”
27th of December 1877	Nekrasov died In Petersburg. (due to serious illness.)

This article outlines a brief chronological table of Nekrasov’s life; you can create a more detailed one yourself based on his biography.

Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821-1878). Biography in dates and facts

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821-1878). Biography in dates and facts

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
Realism
.

December 10, 1821

1832-1837

IN
1838

1840

1840-1844

1845-1846

WITH
1847

1856— a collection of “Poems” was published, which included the best works of the poet created over 10 years. This one had big success from readers. In the same year, Nekrasov went on a trip abroad, which lasted about a year.

1860s

1868

1870-1873

IN
1877

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821-1878). biography in dates and facts

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov- Russian poet, perceived by his contemporaries as the flagship of revolutionary-democratic lyricism and the personification of the “conscience of the era.” In Nekrasov's lyrics, which opened a new page in the development of Russian
Realism, dramas and tragedies unfolded Everyday life representatives of the lower social classes and revealed the deep properties of the national character
.

Life of N. Nekrasov in dates and facts

December 10, 1821. - born into a noble family in the town of Nemirovo, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province. Three years later, the family moved to the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province.

1832-1837— studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium.

IN
1838. - came to St. Petersburg in the hope of continuing his education there, but when trying to enter the university, he failed and, having signed up as a free student, took up professional literary work.

1840— Nekrasov’s first poetry collection, “Dreams and Sounds,” was published, which was assessed negatively by critics. Distressed by the failure, the author bought up the copies available in bookstores and burned them.

1840-1844- a period of heavy literary labor, which, however, gave the poet access to well-known periodicals. During these years, N.A. Nekrasov became close to the literary critic Belinsky and the Panaevs, who played a prominent role in Russian literary life.

1845-1846— the collections “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection” were published, which included Nekrasov’s works.

WITH
1847. and over the next 19 years, Nekrasov was the publisher and de facto editor of the Sovremennik magazine. The concept of this publication in the 40s. was largely determined by Belinsky. Despite the brutal pressure of censorship, Sovremennik maintained its position as an outpost of progressive thought.

1856- a collection of “Poems” was published, which included the best works of the poet created over 10 years. This book was a great success among readers. In the same year, Nekrasov went on a trip abroad, which lasted about a year.

1860s were overshadowed by painful events: the arrest of several Sovremennik employees and the subsequent closure of the magazine, the death of N. A. Dobrolyubov, one of the most talented literary critics and Nekrasov’s closest associates. At the same time, this period was extremely beneficial for the poet in a creative sense, as evidenced by the appearance of his numerous poems and the famous poem “Frost, Red Nose” (1864), as well as the beginning of work on the monumental poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” , which he wrote until the end of his life.

1868- got a job as one of the editors at the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.

1870-1873— the poems “Grandfather” (1870) and “Russian Women” (1873), dedicated to the theme of the Decembrists, were created.

IN
1877 Nekrasov’s collection “Last Songs” was published.

Born November 28 (December 10) 1821. in Ukraine in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk province, in the noble family of retired lieutenant Alexei Sergeevich and Elena Andreevna Nekrasov.

1824–1832– life in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province

1838- leaves his father’s estate Greshnevo in order to, by his will, enter the St. Petersburg noble regiment, but, contrary to his wishes, decides to enter St. Petersburg University. His father deprives him of his livelihood.

1840- the first imitative collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds".

1843– acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky.

1868– publication of the first issue of N.A. Nekrasov’s new magazine “Notes of the Fatherland” with the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

1868 –1877– together with M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, edits the journal “Domestic Notes”.

1869 - appearance in No. 1 and No. 2 of "Notes of the Fatherland" of the "Prologue" and the first three chapters of "Who Lives Well in Rus'."
Second trip abroad. Involving V. A. Zaitsev in cooperation with Otechestvennye zapiski.

1870 - rapprochement with Fekla Anisimovna Viktorova, the future wife of the poet (Zina).
In No. 2 of "Notes of the Fatherland" chapters IV and V of the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" are published, and in No. 9 - the poem "Grandfather" with a dedication to Zinaida Nikolaevna.

1875 – election of Nekrasov as a fellow chairman of the Literary Fund. Work on the poem "Contemporaries", the appearance of the first part ("Anniversaries and Triumphants") in No. 8 of "Notes of the Fatherland". The beginning of the last illness.

1876 – work on the fourth part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.
Poems “To the Sowers”, “Prayer”, “Soon I will become prey to decay”, “Zine”.

1877 – at the beginning of April – the book “Last Songs” will be published.
April 4 – wedding at home with Zinaida Nikolaevna.
April 12 – surgery.
Beginning of June - meeting with Turgenev.
In August - a farewell letter from Chernyshevsky.
December – last poems (“Oh, Muse! I’m at the door of the coffin”).
Died December 27, 1877 (January 8 1878- according to the new style) in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

On October 10 (November 28), 1821, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.
1832 – 1837 – studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov is an average student, periodically conflicting with his superiors over his satirical poems.
1838 - Nekrasov, not completing training course at the gymnasium (he only reached the 5th grade), leaves for St. Petersburg to join a noble regiment. My father dreamed that Nikolai Alekseevich would become a military man. But in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov, against the will of his father, tries to enter the university. The poet can't stand it entrance exams, and he has to decide to become a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology.
1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg University. Having learned about this, his father deprives him of financial support. According to Nekrasov’s own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet is part of the literary and journalistic circle of St. Petersburg.
In the same year (1838) Nekrasov’s first publication took place. The poem “Thought” is published in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”. Later, several poems appear in the “Library for Reading”, then in the “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”.
Nikolai Alekseevich will later describe all the difficulties of the first years of his life in St. Petersburg in the novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.” 1840 - with his first savings, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection, which he does under the signature “N.N.”, despite the fact that V.A. Zhukovsky dissuades him. The collection “Dreams and Sounds” is not successful. Frustrated, Nekrasov destroys part of the circulation.
1841 - Nekrasov begins to collaborate in Otechestvennye zapiski. Nikolai Alekseevich earns his living by doing journalism. He edits the “Russian Newspaper” and runs the columns “Chronicle of St. Petersburg Life” and “Petersburg Dachas and Surroundings”. Collaborates in “Notes of the Fatherland”, “Russian Disabled Person”, theater “Pantheon”. At the same time, under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky writes fairy tales, ABCs, vaudeville, and melodramatic plays. The latter are successfully staged on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.
1843 - Nekrasov meets Belinsky. He tries publishing and publishes the almanac “Articles in Poems...”.
1845 - Nekrasov’s first realistic poem “On the Road” was written. The poem received Belinsky's highest praise. Nekrasov publishes the almanac “Physiology of St. Petersburg”.
1846 - Nikolai Alekseevich publishes the almanacs “Petersburg Collection” and “First of April”. All the poet's almanacs included works by Belinsky, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Dahl, Herzen. In police denunciations, Nekrasov is called “the most desperate communist” for depicting the “low” life of St. Petersburg.
1847 - 1866 - Nekrasov is the editor of the Sovremennik magazine.
1847-1864 - Nekrasov is in a civil marriage with the writer Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, who also collaborates with Sovremennik. The main themes of the poet’s work during this period were lyrics (poems dedicated to Panaeva), poems about the urban poor, about peasant life, about the people.
Mid-1850s - Nekrasov is being treated for a throat disease in Italy.
1856 - another collection of Nekrasov’s poems is a resounding success.
1862 - the poem “A Knight for an Hour” was written. The work was the result of Nikolai Alekseevich’s trip to his native place. The same year - Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, located near Yaroslavl. Starting this year, the poet spends every summer in Karabikha.
1866 - after the peasant reform, the revolutionary democratic magazine Sovremennik was banned by censorship.
1866 - 1876 - work on the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
1868 - Nekrasov acquires the right to publish “Notes of the Fatherland”, which, together with M.E. Saltykov leads until his death.
1870 - the poem “Grandfather” was written.
1871 - 1872 - Nekrasov writes the poem “Russian Women”.
1875 - the poem “Contemporaries” was written. At the beginning of the same year, the poet became seriously ill. The then famous surgeon Billroth came from Vienna to operate on Nekrasov, but the operation did not produce results.
1877 - Nekrasov publishes a cycle of poems “Last Songs”. December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov dies in St. Petersburg from cancer. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Nekrasov was confident that he could become a great poet, so he carries a notebook of poems with him everywhere, which he intends to show to the public. But this doesn't happen. His creative path begins in the 40s. At this time he became an employee of Otechestvennye zapiski. There he writes his feuilletons and reviews. At the same time, he begins to work closely with Panaev and his wife. Together they write prose and novels “Dead Lake”, “Three Sides of the World”. Also in 1940, he released his first collection, “Dreams and Sounds,” which was not a success. All reviews written for this collection were neutral. In 1845 he created “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, where he published “Petersburg Angles”. But Nekrasov does not stop at the almanac and moves on to the magazine. In 1846, together with Panaev, they acquired Sovremennik. There he worked as a publisher until 1866 (until the magazine closed). In the same year he returned to Otechestvennye zapiski, where he worked until the end of his life. For 13 years Nekrasov has been writing his main poem“Who can live well in Rus'?” (1863-1876). Three stages of Nekrasov’s poetry can be distinguished:

1. Early Nekrasov (period of the collection “Dreams and Sounds”);

2. The period of “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Natural School”;

3. Genuine Nekrasov (the period when he becomes the Great Russian poet)

52. Lyrical system of N.A. Nekrasova: from the collection “Dreams and Sounds” to the poetry of the 1860s.

3 periods of Nekrasov’s lyrics:

1) early period: 30s -40s (Collection “Dreams and Sounds”).

Knows how to write, but doesn't know what.

2) the period of the “natural school” and “physiology of St. Petersburg”.

The poetic form does not matter. He writes physiological. essays, not rhymed. There are elements of feuilleton.

3) Nekrasov is a great Russian poet. He doesn’t know what to write about and doesn’t know how. (This is where the real poet begins)

53. Ideas about poetic creativity in the lyrics of N.A. Nekrasova (using specific examples).

Nekrasov introduced new themes and new heroes into literature. A poet of peasant democracy, he could not write the way the noble poets of his time wrote - Fet, Maikov, Sluchevsky and others. He developed a special poetic style. A characteristic feature of Nekrasov’s poetry is the simplification of language. In his work, such themes and words appeared that before Nekrasov were considered completely unpoetic. Here is an example of Nekrasov’s verse:

Savraska got stuck in half a snowdrift, -

Two pairs of frozen bast shoes

Yes, the corner of a matting-covered coffin

They stick out from the wretched woods.

Touch it, Savrasushka, touch it!

Pull your tug tight!

You served your master a lot,

Serve for the last time!.. (“Frost, Red Nose”)

Bast shoes, matting, firewood, tugs received citizenship rights in Nekrasov's verse. The appearance of these and similar words in Nekrasov’s work was justified by poetic necessity, plots, themes and images of his works. It was “a style that suits the theme.”

Lovers of the “elegant” were outraged by Nekrasov’s work. Responding to these lovers of exquisite poetry, Nekrasov said:

Our muse soars low,

But we are not writing an easy sonnet.

Our job is to exhaust deeply

The subject we glorify...("Who is cold, who is hot!")

And Nekrasov coped brilliantly with this task of “deeply exhausting” new topics, giving answers to questions that worried advanced society.

Fighting to simplify the poetic language, to bring poetry closer to life, Nekrasov boldly introduced the most prosaic words into his poems, thereby expanding the poetic vocabulary and destroying the frozen forms of noble poetry.

In his poems we will find such prosaic words as policeman, sometimes, liberal-idealist, etc. He was not afraid to saturate his poems with words taken from newspaper language. Nekrasov’s poetic phrase is often colloquial, everyday in nature:

However, we are talking about a peasant woman

We started it to say

What type of majestic Slavic woman

It’s possible to find it even today. (“Frost, Red Nose”)

Nekrasov conveyed no less vividly the peculiar speech of peasants, barons, priests, and merchants. Brilliant examples of such speech characteristics are scattered in abundance in his works, especially in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

The most important distinctive feature of Nekrasov’s poetry is folk song motifs that permeate all of his work. His poems often grew out of folk songs and so truthfully conveyed the way of thinking and the nature of the feelings of the people that, in turn, they became part of the song culture of the people. To this day, for example, Nekrasov’s verses from the poem “Peddlers” are sung: “Oh, the box is full, the box is full, there are chintz and brocade...”

On poetic use Nekrasov’s remarkable creation, the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” is entirely based on melodious folk speech and oral folk art.

Coming from middle-class nobility. At the age of 6-7 he began to write poetry, at the age of 11 - satire. Without finishing high school, in 1838 Nekrasov left the house of his despotic father for St. Petersburg, attended lectures at the university as a volunteer, and lived in poverty.

In 1839 Nekrasov entered literary and journalistic circles. Nekrasov described the difficulties of the first years in the capital in the novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.” The first publication was the poem “Thought” (“Son of the Fatherland”, 1838), then a number of poems in the “Library for Reading”, “Literary Additions to the “Russian Invalid””. Contrary to Zhukovsky’s advice, Nekrasov published a poetry collection “Dreams and Sounds” (1840), which was not successful with either readers or critics. Nekrasov destroyed part of the circulation. I began to write prose from the life of a “small man” in the spirit of Gogol. In 1840 he worked in the Literary Gazette and wrote the columns: “Chronicle of St. Petersburg Life”, “Petersburg Dachas and Neighborhoods”, etc. At the same time he collaborated in the “Notes of the Fatherland” and in the “Russian Invalid”, worked part-time for the publisher V. Polyakov (wrote the ABCs , fairy tales) and “in a few years he completed up to two hundred printed sheets of magazine work” (N. Nekrasov). Pseudonym - N.A. Perepelsky.

From 1841-42 Nekrasov begins to write satirical feuilleton poems, parodies, a new hero comes into his poetry - an official, a drunkard, a commoner.

By 1844 Nekrasov was already engaged in publishing (almanac “Articles in Poems...”, 1843) and was emerging from poverty. Acquaintance and friendship with V. Belinsky suggested the idea of the almanacs “Physiology of St. Petersburg” (1845) and “Petersburg Collection” (1846) - manifestos of the “natural school”, for which Bulgarin in his denunciations called Nekrasov “the most desperate communist.” At this time, Nekrasov writes mature poetry, in which the poet’s lyrical “I,” his muse, is not separated from the pain of the people and their fate; included in Herzen's circle of friends.

In 1846 Nekrasov and I.I. The Panaevs realize the plans of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Herzen for their magazine and rent Pushkin’s Sovremennik from Pletnev (under the official editorship of A.V. Nikitenko). Published on January 1, 1847. Nekrasov edited the magazine, wrote a lot (novels, which he himself laughed at; “Notes on Magazines,” co-authored with Panaev, etc.), attracted the best writers and poets to the magazine (Herzen, Turgenev, Grigorovich, Ostrovsky, Tolstoy, Tyutchev), in the 1850s by Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov.

Nekrasov took the break with Turgenev hard (after Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?”), but he still made a choice in favor of the idea of a magazine, in favor of the younger generation of publicists, when a split emerged. Nekrasov sang in verse about the moral strength of the people's defenders (Belinsky, Shevchenko, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev) to their untimely death, painfully delving into introspection. (The collection of poems of 1856 was a resounding success.) Nekrasov saw that the success of Sovremennik depended not on his writer-friends, but on youth radically opposed to serfdom. New forces poured into the magazine (S.-Shchedrin, Eliseev, Shelgunov, etc.). However, all of Nekrasov’s attempts to preserve Sovremennik after the reforms were unsuccessful. Censorship banned the revolutionary democratic magazine. 

In 1868, Nekrasov managed to rent Otechestvennye zapiski and retain not only the main employees (Saltykov-Shchedrin, Eliseev), but also the democratic direction of Sovremennik. During these years, Nekrasov wrote a cycle of Decembrist poems (“Russian Women”, “Princess Trubetskaya”, etc.) and a peasant epic “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (an unfinished poem). Nekrasov’s last lifetime publication was the collection “Last Songs” in 1877. After his death, N.K. took over the publication of Otechestvennye Zapiski. Mikhailovsky and Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov came to literature shortly after the death of Pushkin and during Lermontov’s lifetime (the first magazine publication was in 1838, the first collection of poems “Dreams and Sounds” was in 1840). Early lyrics are student-like, imitative, repeating the motives of Russian romantics. But already in the mid-40s he created poetic masterpieces, including “Troika”. At the same time, he became a writer of the “natural school” of the 40s, organized by Belinsky and designed to develop Gogol’s traditions in line with the realistic direction. He is not only a poet, but also a prose writer, essayist, playwright, journalist, critic, publisher, organizer of literary affairs (Belinsky’s closest collaborator). The main work of his life became and remained poetry. Its main content is the people, nationality and everything connected with it.

In the 50s, Nekrasov mastered the genre of the poem. The most significant are “Sasha and “The Unhappy.” Central event in national history those years - Crimean War, which left a deep mark on Nekrasov’s soul, which was echoed in his poem “Silence” (1856-1857) and will be echoed in his later work (“Who Lives Well in Rus'”).