Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors is aimed at collecting and summarizing information on settlements for the inventory received by the buyer, the work performed and the services consumed accepted by the customer. It is carried out on the basis of the following regulatory documents:

Federal Law No. 129-FZ dated November 21, 1996 “On Accounting”;

Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 10, 2003 “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control”;

Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ;

Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two) dated January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ;

Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two) dated August 05, 2000 No. 117-FZ;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.12.2000 N 914 "On approval of the rules for maintaining registers of received and issued invoices, books of purchases and books of sales when calculating value added tax";

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n “On approval of the regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation”;

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99”;

Regulations on documents and workflow in accounting, approved by the USSR Ministry of Finance on July 29, 1983 No. 105;

Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation, approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on 03.10.2002 No. 2 - P;

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n “On Approval of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for its Application”;

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1995 No. 49 “On Approval of Guidelines for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities”;

Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 1994 No. 142 “On the procedure for recording in accounting and reporting operations with bills of exchange used in settlements between enterprises for the supply of goods, work performed and services rendered”.

Accounting accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors determines the form of settlements, which, according to E.I. When choosing a form of payment with, it is necessary to take into account all its advantages and disadvantages. Currently, enterprises carry out their calculations:

In cash;

According to Bank of Russia Ordinance No. 1050-U, cash settlements between organizations are made in the amount of up to sixty thousand rubles per transaction.

payment orders;

The payment order is valid for ten days and is accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account. Note that this is the most common form of settlement, as it differs in a relatively simple document flow and faster cash flow between the participants in the transaction.

payment requirements;

A payment request is a settlement document containing the supplier's (contractor's) demand to the buyer to pay, on the basis of the settlement and shipping documents sent to the servicing bank, the cost of the delivered products, performed works and rendered services. To make a settlement, the recipient of funds writes out a payment request and submits it to the servicing bank for collection. The disadvantages of this form, compared with settlements by payment orders, are the complexity of the document flow and the slowdown in the movement of funds.

Letters of credit;

Kerimov V.E. in his work gives the most concise and understandable definition of a letter of credit: "A letter of credit is a special bank account on which the organization's funds are reserved for settlements with a supplier or contractor." When making settlements by letters of credit, the payer instructs the bank serving him to pay for inventory items, work performed, services rendered at the expense of his deposited funds or a bank loan on the terms stipulated by the payer in the application for a letter of credit. We agree with Bogachenko V.M. that in cases where the supplier (contractor) doubts the solvency of the buyer and requires advance payment, and the buyer doubts the reliability of the supplier and is afraid to transfer money, a letter of credit is a convenient way to resolve the conflict. However, this form of payment was not widely used due to the diversion of the organization's funds for a long time.

Settlement checks;

A check is a security containing an unconditional order of the drawer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check. Tumasyan R.Z., in his work notes that at present the Bank of Russia allows the use of only deposited checks with the issuance of limited checkbooks. Settlements by checks are rarely used, as they do not have sufficient degrees of protection. In addition, they are subject to very strict requirements for registration.

Bank corporate (plastic) cards;

At present, this new form of payment is actively spreading in Russia, which is noted by Babaev Yu.A. in your work. The main advantages of this form of payment are compactness, the use of plastic cards abroad, the system of discounts when making payments with a plastic card. The disadvantages include the possibility of stealing money from a plastic card.

With the use of bills;

Payment on the bill does not occur immediately, but after a certain time, during which the drawer has the right to dispose of the amount of money on the bill. It follows that the deferred payment is equivalent to the issuance of a short-term loan. Thus, a bill of exchange is not only one of the forms of payment, but also one of the types of commercial credit. The negative point is that the bill is a "paid" source of financing (interest is paid on the bill).

The form of payment chosen by partners is usually fixed in contracts for the acquisition of material assets, the performance of works and services or their sale. The contract must contain essential conditions - the subject of the contract, the conditions provided for by legislative or regulatory acts as essential or necessary for contracts of this type, the conditions considered essential by any of the parties. An agreement that does not contain at least one essential condition is not considered concluded (Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition, the contract is the main document that defines the rights and obligations of the buyer and the supplier (contractor). Kochinev Yu.Yu. in his work focuses on the fact that for the formation of accounting information, information on deliveries is of particular importance: the name of the product, its quantity, price, forms of payment, terms of delivery and payment, transportation conditions, the moment of transfer of ownership of the purchased goods, materials and other property from seller to buyer.

The basis for accounting for accounts payable to suppliers (contractors) are settlement documents and documents evidencing the fact of the transaction. Accounting documents include bills and invoices.

In the invoice, the supplier indicates the name of the goods (works, services), units of measurement, quantity, price per unit of measurement without VAT and including VAT, the cost of the goods (works, services), including VAT, and the cost without VAT, as well as the data necessary for filling out the payment order: full name of the organization, current account number, name of the servicing bank and its location, bank identification code, correspondent account number.

It is especially necessary to carefully check incoming invoices that serve as the basis for the reimbursement of value added tax (VAT) from the budget. According to the rules for maintaining accounting records of received and issued invoices, purchase books and sales books, the supplier issues invoices in the prescribed form in two copies, the first of which is sent (transferred) to the buyer no later than five days from the date of shipment of the product (goods), and the second remains with the supplier organization to be reflected in the sales book and charge value added tax. The organization keeps records of invoices as they are received from sellers. Invoices are registered in the register of received invoices, which must be laced and its pages numbered. The organization also maintains a book of purchases designed to register invoices issued by sellers in order to determine the amount of value added tax to be deducted (reimbursed) in the prescribed manner.

Material assets received by the organization for which there are no settlement documents are considered uninvoiced deliveries. They are accepted to the warehouse, in accordance with PBU 5/01, with the drawing up of an act of acceptance of materials in at least two copies. Posting of non-invoiced deliveries is made on the basis of the first copy of the specified act. The second copy of the act is sent to the supplier. The organization takes measures to identify the supplier (if he is unknown) and receive settlement documents from him.

Now let's take a closer look at the documents that testify to the fact of the transaction. The consignment note is drawn up by the supplier if he himself organizes the delivery of the goods to the buyer. In the case when the seller releases the goods to the buyer directly from his warehouse, he draws up a consignment note in the form N TORG-12, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated December 25, 1998 N 132, according to which he transfers the goods to the representative of the buyer organization. This waybill is the basis for posting these values.

According to PBU 5/01, if the number of actually received valuables fully corresponds to the documents of the supplier at the time the valuables are delivered to the warehouse by the forwarder, the warehouse manager or storekeeper draws up a receipt order. When it is established that the received materials do not correspond to the assortment, quantity and quality specified in the supplier's documents, as well as in cases where the quality of the materials does not meet the requirements (dents, scratches, breakage, breakage, leakage of liquid materials, etc.), the acceptance is carried out by the commission , which formalizes it with an act of acceptance of materials. In the case of drawing up an acceptance certificate, a credit order is not issued. The acceptance certificate of acceptance serves as the basis for filing claims and lawsuits against the supplier and (or) the transport organization. Upon acceptance of goods, an act on the acceptance of goods and an act on the established discrepancy in quantity and quality upon acceptance of inventory items are drawn up, respectively.

The buyer is obliged to inspect and accept the work performed (its result) with the participation of the contractor within the time and in the manner prescribed by the contract. In case of discovery of deviations from the contract that worsen the result of the work, or other shortcomings in the work, the buyer must immediately report this to the contractor. These shortcomings must be described in the act or in another document certifying acceptance.

The acceptance and transfer of objects between organizations for inclusion in the fixed assets of the recipient organization is documented by acceptance certificates, which are approved by the head of the organization. The acts are accompanied by technical documentation related to these objects.

Note that when registering any business transaction for the purchase of goods (works, services), a document confirming the fact of payment must be attached, namely: a cashier's check or a receipt for a cash receipt order, or a payment order with a bank mark on execution, or a document of strict accountability, showing actual expenses incurred.

Thus, primary documents are the basis for reflecting information in the organization's accounting on business transactions with suppliers and contractors as a result of the interaction of counterparties when purchasing products, goods, works, services, and other assets. Such transactions are carried out through both monetary and non-monetary settlements. The settlement operations are accompanied by the transfer of an asset and accompanying documents, which is noted by Zhadan L.G. in your article. All transactions related to settlements for acquired material assets, accepted work or consumed services are reflected on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Accounting on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” is carried out on an accrual basis, that is, all transactions related to settlements for acquired material assets, accepted work or consumed services should be reflected on account 60, regardless of the time of payment. Thus, the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity, provided for by PBU 1/98, is implemented. On account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" the following calculations are taken into account:

For the received inventory items, accepted work performed and consumed services, including the provision of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc., as well as for the delivery or processing of material assets, settlement documents for which are accepted and payable through a bank;

For inventory items, works and services for which settlement documents from suppliers or contractors have not been received, that is, the so-called uninvoiced deliveries;

For surpluses of inventory items identified upon their acceptance (when the actual number of received items exceeds the amount indicated in the suppliers' settlement documents). The surplus revealed during the acceptance of material values ​​should be reflected in the primary accounting documents. And since the appearance of surpluses is recognized as a deviation from the normal mode of supply, then from the point of view of the organization and implementation of internal control, the use of special forms of primary accounting documents is justified;

For the received transportation services, including settlements of shortfalls and excesses of the tariff (freight);

For all types of communication services;

the General Contractor with its subcontractors in the performance of a construction contract;

The general contractor with its subcontractors in the performance of a contract for the performance of research, development and technological work (R&D).

Note that the above list is not exhaustive, according to Sotnikova L.V. However, it gives a general description of the operations of settlements with suppliers and contractors.

Consider accounting for the acquisition of material assets by an organization. According to Patrov V.V. and Pyatova M.L., the terms of the contract concluded between the supplier and the buyer affect the accounting for the acquisition of material assets. These include, first of all, the moment of transfer of ownership of material assets. In accordance with Art. 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the right of ownership of the buyer arises under the contract from the moment the values ​​are transferred. However, the parties to the agreement may establish a different from the generally accepted moment of transfer of ownership of the realizable values ​​(clause 1 of article 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to the conditions for the transfer of ownership, the procedure for accounting for transactions for the acquisition of material assets is determined by the conditions for the price and procedure for paying for material assets. Thus, the accounting procedure for the acquisition of material assets is determined by two factors: the moment of transfer of ownership of material assets from the seller to the buyer and the condition for payment of material assets established by the contract (subsequent or preliminary payment). Based on this Patrov The.V. and Pyatov M.L., identify the four most common options for paying for material assets and transferring ownership of them.

Option 1: since, under the terms of the contract, the ownership of the received values ​​passes from the supplier at the time of their transfer, the buyer can take them into account. Moreover, the debt to the supplier is reflected in the amount of the purchase price with VAT. The posting of material assets and the availability of an invoice makes it possible to present the tax amount for deduction.

Option 2: a feature of this option is the prepayment of material assets by the buyer, which does not lead to the receipt of ownership rights to them. The transfer of money to the supplier leads only to the emergence of receivables, which is reflected in the buyer's account in the debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", sub-account "Advances issued". Ownership of material assets arises from the buyer only after they are received from the seller. After that, material assets can be credited to the balance of the buyer, and VAT on them is presented for deduction.

Option 3: the purchasing organization has the right of ownership of the acquired material assets only after they have been paid. Prior to the transfer of money to the supplier, the received material assets are recorded on the off-balance account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping”. After payment, the ownership of the material assets passes to the buyer, and, therefore, in accordance with the requirements of Art. 8 of the Federal Law "On Accounting", they should be reflected in the balance sheet accounts. Only after that, in accordance with the provisions of Art. 171 HK RF VAT related to capitalized material assets can be claimed for deduction.

Option 4: the moment of transfer of ownership of material assets to the buyer is their payment. Therefore, after the transfer of money for material values, the latter are credited to the balance of the purchasing organization. At the same time, the value added tax on these material assets in accordance with Art. 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation can be presented for deduction. We summarize the accounting records for the reflection of operations for the acquisition of material assets in table 1.1.

Table 1.1.

Accounting from the organization-buyer of the acquisition of material assets

		Correspondence
Option 1
VAT submitted for deduction	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
Payment made to supplier
Option 2
Advance paid to the seller
Reflected the acquisition of ownership of material assets	The cost of acquiring material assets without VAT
Reflected VAT on acquired tangible assets	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
The amount of the advance is credited as payment for material assets	The amount of money actually paid
VAT submitted for deduction	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
Option 3
Reflected the receipt of material assets from the supplier
Payment made to supplier	The amount actually transferred
Reflected the acquisition of ownership of material assets	The cost of acquiring material assets without VAT
Reflected VAT on acquired tangible assets	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
Written off off-balance sheet accounting material values ​​for which the right of ownership was obtained	Amount indicated in shipping documents
VAT submitted for deduction	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
Option 4
Transferred payment to the seller for tangible assets	The amount of money actually paid
Reflected the acquisition of ownership of material assets	The cost of acquiring material assets without VAT
Reflected VAT on acquired tangible assets	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller
VAT submitted for deduction	VAT amount according to the invoice received from the seller

To reflect the acceptance of the work performed (service rendered) on the accounting accounts, expense accounts (20, 25, 26, etc.) are used. The debt of the organization according to the settlement documents of contractors for the accepted work, services, is reflected in the entry:

Debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”

Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

Kozlova E.P., Babchenko T.N., Galanina E.N. note that a distinctive feature of payments for works and services is that not always the cost of a service rendered or work performed can be immediately attributed to one or another type of cost (direct, general production, general business, etc.) and distributed among consumers within the organization ( divisions). For example, the cost of electricity, water, gas, etc. Therefore, simultaneously with the registration of documents confirming the cost of the services (works) provided, their payment, the accounting department must have distribution documents of an internal nature on the volume and cost of the services received by each consumer. To this end, the accounting department can accumulate information on the volume, type and cost of the services received by each of them in separate registers in the context of cost items (maintenance of buildings, structures, equipment, labor protection, etc.).

Settlements for claims against suppliers and contractors may arise when the invoice of the supplier (contractor) was accepted and paid before the receipt of the goods, and upon acceptance of inventory items at the warehouse, their shortage was discovered in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract against the invoiced quantity, and also if verification of the invoice of the supplier or contractor (after the invoice was accepted) revealed discrepancies in the prices stipulated by the contract and arithmetic errors. Accounting for settlements on claims is carried out using sub-account 2 “Settlements on claims”, opened to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”. It is intended to summarize information on settlements on claims made against suppliers, contractors, transport and other organizations, as well as on fines, penalties and forfeits presented to them, recognized and awarded. In the work of Makalskaya M.L. accounting records for accounting claims against suppliers and contractors are summarized in tabular form (Table 1.2.).

Table 1.2.

Accounting for claims against suppliers and contractors

	Account correspondence
Upon acceptance of the cargo, a shortage of inventory items was detected: a) within the limits stipulated by the contract b) in excess of the amounts stipulated by the contract (a claim was made to the supplier)
Claim canceled by supplier
After the expiration of the limitation period, the amount of the claim was charged to the account of losses from damage to valuables
The amount of losses from damage to valuables is recognized as other expense

When concluding a sale and purchase agreement with a foreign supplier, the price of acquired material assets is set in conventional units, for example, in foreign currency. In order to determine the amount to be paid (in rubles), the contract must provide for the rate at which the currency will be converted into rubles. Most often, the official exchange rate of the corresponding currency against the ruble is taken as such. Although no one forbids the parties to the agreement to establish any other course. The most widespread in practice is the following scheme for concluding contracts. The cost of goods by the contract is determined in foreign currency. Payment for these goods is made by the buyer in rubles at the rate agreed by the parties on the day of payment. If the shipment of goods (works, services) precedes their payment, or a preliminary partial payment is made, then in this case there are sum differences. The sum difference is understood as the difference between the ruble assessment of the obligation on the date of shipment of the goods and the ruble assessment of this obligation on the date of its payment. Accounting for sum differences is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses” (Table 1.3.).

Table 1.3.

Accounting for Amount Differences at the Buying Organization

Note that Kondrakov N.P. proposes to take into account the amount differences on 91 accounts, and Babaev Yu.A. proposes to reflect the amount differences in the following postings:

D 10 K 60 - a positive sum difference is reflected

D 10 K 60 (red reversal) - a negative exchange rate difference is reflected.

The first option for accounting for sum differences, in my opinion, is more preferable, since, according to Art. 250 and Art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, sum differences are included in non-operating income (expenses).

The organization may issue a promissory note to the supplier (contractor) as a deferred payment for goods, works, services. “Amounts owed to suppliers and contractors, secured by promissory notes issued by the organization, are not debited from account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, but are accounted for separately in analytical accounting,” N.A. Kamordzhanova notes in her work.

The issued own bill is reflected in accounting records:

Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", sub-account "Settlements on promissory notes issued".

Repayment of own bill issued to the supplier (contractor) is reflected in accounting entries:

Debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, sub-account “Settlements on promissory notes issued”

Account credit 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts".

The interest due on the bill of exchange is reflected in the accounting of the organization:

Debit account 97 "Deferred expenses"

Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", sub-account "Settlements on promissory notes issued".

I would like to note that the considered direction of accounting for settlements relates to accounting for the obligations of the organization. In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an obligation is defined as a relationship by virtue of which the debtor must perform a certain action in favor of the creditor, and the creditor has the right to require the debtor to fulfill his obligation. According to Art. 407-419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the grounds for termination of obligations may be proper performance (Article 408 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), offset (Article 410 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), novation (Article 414 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), debt forgiveness (Article 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), liquidation a legal entity that is a debtor or creditor in an obligation, except when the law or other legal acts impose the fulfillment of the obligation of a liquidated legal entity on another person (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Proper fulfillment of obligations involves the repayment of debts to suppliers and contractors at the expense of own funds or bank loans. An entry is made in the accounts:

Debit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Account credit 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 55 "special bank accounts", 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings".

The termination of obligations upon offsetting mutual claims is reflected in the following entry:

Debit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Account credit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” or account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.

Forgiving a debt is essentially a form of giving. The forgiven amount of debt is other income and is reflected:

Debit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account 1 "Other income".

When obligations are terminated by novation, one obligation is replaced by another. This replacement is not reflected in synthetic accounts; marks are made in analytical accounting.

Termination of obligations due to the liquidation of a legal entity and when writing off accounts payable, for which the limitation period has expired, is taken into account in the debit of account 60 and the credit of account 91. Write-off of accounts payable, for which the limitation period has expired, is carried out based on the results of the inventory, written justification and order of the head of the organization.

In parallel with synthetic accounting, analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors is carried out. It allows you to reveal the content of synthetic accounting and strengthen control over this section of accounting. Analytical accounting on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” is kept in chronological order for each presented invoice, and for settlements in the order of planned payments - for each supplier and contractor.

In accordance with the chart of accounts, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the possibility of grouping and summarizing information in the context of accepted and other settlement documents, the payment period of which has not come, settlement documents that have not been paid on time, uninvoiced deliveries, advances issued, issued bills of exchange, the payment period of which is not came, overdue bills, received commercial loans, etc.

According to the all-Russian classifier of management documentation, analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors is organized in the following cards and statements:

Card of analytical accounting of settlements with debtors and creditors (standard form No. RT-12);

Statement No. 5 (standard form No. B-5), used in the analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors in the order of planned payments;

Statement No. 6-s (standard form No. B-6-s), used in analytical accounting for non-invoiced deliveries;

Statement of analytical accounting for the enterprise as a whole on account 60;

Statement of analytical accounting in the context of structural divisions on account 60.

In addition, an organization can independently develop registers for analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors, or use analytical accounting registers created using an accounting program. The data of analytical and synthetic accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors should provide the necessary data for the preparation of financial statements.

Summarizing the above, I would like to note the following. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors is considered in many textbooks and articles on accounting, however, these works do not pay attention to affiliated suppliers and contractors. In the work of Burlakova O.V. the problem of accounting for intracorporate settlements with affiliated suppliers and contractors was raised. According to O. V. Burlakova, it is necessary to add a separate synthetic account to the current chart of accounts to account for the settlements of the parent company with subsidiaries and affiliates, as well as settlements between subsidiaries and affiliates. In particular, the author proposes to introduce account 61 “Settlements with affiliated suppliers and contractors” into the plan. This account should also provide for the opening of sub-accounts - settlements with the parent company, settlements with subsidiaries, settlements with the subsidiary of the parent company (meaning settlements between subsidiaries), settlements with dependent companies, settlements with other affiliated persons, settlements on claims against affiliated companies. Disclosure of information on affiliated suppliers and contractors through account 61 will allow forming a transparent, complete and reliable picture of the financial position and financial results of the organizations participating in the corporate structure.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

• Introduction
• 3.2 Synthetic accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors
• Chapter 4
• Conclusion
• List of sources used

Introduction

In modern economic conditions, it is difficult to overestimate the role of an adequate accounting and control system in generating information about contractual and settlement relations between enterprises, increasing the responsibility of counterparties for fulfilling contractual obligations and ensuring timely payments.

Due to the economic nature, the area of ​​settlement operations of enterprises is very diverse, therefore, the object of study of this work is the settlements directly related to the debtor-creditor relations of counterparties under business contracts, the subject of which are settlements for commodity transactions.

Violation of the terms of business contracts necessitates the use of alternative methods of settlement and appropriate accounting for settlement transactions upon termination of obligations by compensation, novation, set-off, assignment of the right to claim, etc. The lack of information on concluded business contracts in the accounting registers prevents obtaining objective and reliable information about their timely and proper execution and, in our opinion, is one of the reasons for the violation of contractual and settlement and payment discipline at enterprises.

The practice of recent years shows that the form of settlements with counterparties, in which the means of payment, the timing of the fulfillment of obligations, the methods of securing or guaranteeing the receipt of payments are thoroughly substantiated, ensures their timeliness and helps to accelerate the turnover of receivables (accounts payable) for settlements and, in general, strengthen the financial state of the organization.

Late payments can lead to a decrease in the income of the creditor enterprise, and therefore the supplier (creditor) is more interested in urgent payment and must not only promptly identify overdue debts, but also take measures to return them. As for the field of external relations with commercial partners, it seems that in modern economic conditions, enterprises need an objective assessment of the financial condition and solvency of their partners before concluding contracts.

All of the above confirms the relevance of the chosen topic, the theoretical and practical significance of the subject of its study.

The purpose of the course work is to account for settlements with suppliers and contractors LLC "Tekhma-Svet":

- to give the concept, essence and classification of settlements of the enterprise with counterparties;

- characterize the activities of the enterprise;

- study the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors;

- develop proposals for improving the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors based on the results of the accounting analysis.

The object of study of this course work is the organization LLC "Tekhma-Svet".

The subject of the study is the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors of Tekhma-Svet LLC.

When writing a term paper, the monographic method and the method of comparative analysis were used.

The information base of the study is represented by the laws of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation, as well as registers of synthetic and analytical accounting, operational accounting data of Tekhma-Svet LLC.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the course work was the works of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners in the field of accounting: Bakaeva A.S., Andreeva V.D., Kondrakova N.P., Savitskaya G.V.

The methodological and theoretical basis was the work of domestic scientists, whose work is to a certain extent related to various aspects of the issues under study. The research methodology includes the study and generalization of knowledge gained from Russian theory and practice, the implementation of settlement and analytical procedures for analysis, accounting, valuation, audit of receivables and payables, as well as settlements of the enterprise as a whole.

Theoretical significance of the study: the main methods of accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors are analyzed and summarized.

The sources of information for the analysis are the accounting data of Tekhma-Svet LLC.

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis for accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors

Settlement transactions accompany the activities of any organization. Currently, there are many options for the implementation of settlement transactions both within the organization itself and with its counterparties. In table. 1.1 presents the classification of the organization's calculations for accounting purposes.

Table 1.1 - Classification of the organization's calculations

	Types of calculations
Form of payment	1. cash
	2. non-monetary
	1. individuals
	2. legal entities
At the time of payment	1. advances (advance payment)
	2. subsequent payment
According to economic content	1. with suppliers and contractors
	2. with consumers and customers
	3. with different debtors and creditors
	4. on-farm settlements
In relation to the enterprise environment	1. internal
	2. external

In addition, cash settlements are divided into cash, when the debtor hands the creditor money in kind, and non-cash, i.e. settlements under civil law transactions and other grounds using funds in bank accounts for this. Non-monetary settlements are the fulfillment of obligations not in cash. In this case, such settlement options are used as an exchange agreement, barter transactions, mutual offsets, bill settlements, assignment of the right to claim, fulfillment of obligations by a third party, transfer of debt. Also, the write-off of receivables can be conditionally attributed to non-monetary settlements. Depending on the form of payment used, the corresponding accounting accounts are used.

The division of counterparties into individuals and legal entities is usually associated with the form of payment. Individuals mainly settle in cash, and legal entities - non-cash.

The use of advances and / or prepayment in settlements with counterparties is due to the desire of the organization to reduce the risk of non-payment on the part of the partner organization.

According to the economic content, counterparties are divided into 4 main groups. This division is also reflected in the main accounts used in settlement transactions with them. These are account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" (suppliers supply items and means of labor, and contractors perform construction and other work for her on her order), account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", account 76 "Settlement with different debtors and creditors." A separate place in the composition of these settlement transactions is occupied by account 79 "Intra-economic settlements", since it is used in settlements with separate divisions of the organization that are separate legal entities, or in connection with the transfer of its property to another organization for trust management.

In relation to the enterprise environment, all calculations can be divided into two groups. The first group is external settlement operations. These are operations of this organization with other legal entities and individuals who are not its full-time employees. The second group is internal settlement operations. These are settlement operations of the organization with its full-time employees, accountable persons and founders. As part of external settlement operations, settlements with suppliers and contractors, with buyers and customers, with various debtors and creditors, as well as on-farm settlements are considered.

settlement accounting supplier contractor

The term "obligations" in its original meaning is a relationship by virtue of which one party is obliged to perform certain actions in favor of the other party. In accounting, not all liabilities are reflected and summarized, but only debt, which are part of the property and working capital of the organization (enterprise). In accordance with international financial reporting standards, these include the economic obligations of an economic entity that are recognized and valued in accordance with generally accepted accounting rules.

The main types of debt obligations include accounts receivable and accounts payable.

Having received cash proceeds for sold products (work performed, services rendered), enterprises use the funds to finance production costs, as well as to make necessary payments to the state, taxes, social insurance, etc. As a result, enterprises and organizations have settlement relationships with financial authorities, security agencies, and insurance organizations.

In some cases, businesses may have settlement relationships with individuals. Relationships also arise when issuing funds under the report for various economic assignments, when receiving loans for individual housing construction, and so on.

Enterprises and organizations may have settlement relationships with various organizations (associations, associations) for various payments. Thus, the settlement relationships of enterprises are diverse. They include settlements with suppliers, buyers, other organizations, financial authorities, and so on.

Accounts receivable is the amount of debts due to the organization from legal entities or individuals as a result of economic relations between them, or the diversion of funds from the turnover of the organization and their use by other organizations or individuals.

Accounts payable is the amount of debts of one enterprise to other legal entities or individuals. It arises as a result of a mismatch between the time of payment for goods or services with the moment of transfer of ownership of them or unfinished settlements on mutual obligations, including with subsidiaries and affiliates, enterprise personnel, with the budget and extra-budgetary funds, on advance payments received, advance payment, etc. .P. Unlike receivables, in this case, the enterprise uses in its turnover funds that do not belong to it, the amounts of debt obligations that it has not paid, which is why it has certain economic advantages.

There are many similarities between both types of debt, but there are also certain differences. What they have in common is that both accounts payable and accounts receivable are based on the gap in time between the commodity transaction and its payment and, therefore, on the function of money as a means of payment. Differences between them arise due to the peculiarities of the functioning of each type of debt.

In a broad sense, receivables cover all settlements between supplier enterprises and buyer enterprises (customers) and are a prerequisite for accounts payable, but sometimes they are not. Accounts receivable is a relatively independent category. Even if it is reserved, you cannot be sure of receiving the debt on time and in full. In addition, a monetary claim for the collection of accounts receivable can be assigned to a third party through a factoring transaction.

Accounts payable is credit received from suppliers and contractors when a purchasing entity receives goods and services from counterparties without requiring immediate payment. The advantages of such a loan are its automatism, simplicity and speed of obtaining. However, a deferment from payment should be granted only in cases where the company knows its client and can assess its solvency, determine the level of risk of non-payment that arises in this case. Such a loan cannot be considered free, since the person who receives it, as a rule, loses the right to discounts or receives them in much smaller amounts, is forced to pay interest and penalties for late payment. Therefore, an enterprise, when borrowing goods, must make sure that the payment for the loan is not too high.

In Russian practice, accounts payable most often include short-term debt obligations arising from settlements of buyers with suppliers, customers with contractors, enterprises with tax authorities, with personnel for wages and other payments, as well as property and personal insurance settlements, claims and deposited amounts, on writ of execution, due dividends, etc.

Liabilities reflected in the balance sheet as long-term and expected to be settled in the reporting year may be presented at the beginning of this year as short-term. The fact that liabilities previously recognized as non-current are presented as current should be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

The emergence and necessity of accounting for receivables and payables were originally associated with the provision of money and material values ​​on credit, i.e. followed by a return. As trade developed, debt obligations increased not only in number and amounts, but also in types of debt. This was especially facilitated by the variety of sales methods.

In order to increase the volume of sales, and, consequently, profits from the sale of goods, sellers already in ancient times released goods to the most reliable and trusted buyers without requiring immediate payment, i.e. on credit. The vast majority of trade transactions between legal entities are now carried out in this way. An organization that provides goods, works, services on credit is a creditor, and an organization that receives them is a debtor.

From the position of accounting, a debtor is a legal or natural person that has a debt to this enterprise. This may be a purchasing organization that has not paid for products and other goods shipped or released to it, a worker or employee who has received an advance for a business trip or other expenses, and many other debtors.

A creditor should be considered a legal or natural person who provides an organization with money or goods on credit and is entitled to the subsequent reimbursement of these funds in cash or in exchange for other goods or services. In a broad sense, creditors include banks and other credit institutions, enterprises that sell products and goods with subsequent payment (within the grace period of payment), workers and employees who have accrued but not paid wages, tax authorities in terms of accrued, but not paid taxes and equivalent payments, etc.

Loans and credits in Russian accounting and reporting are separated from accounts payable and are classified as long-term and short-term liabilities. Indebtedness to creditors includes only amounts on unpaid bills of suppliers and contractors, promissory notes presented for payment, debt to subsidiaries and affiliates, to the organization's personnel, advances received, debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, to participants (founders), for the payment of income and etc. However, when it comes to assessing the solvency of an organization, its financial position and condition, when calculating the value of net assets and other financial indicators, all types of borrowing and credit obligations are taken into account as part of the debts of debtors and creditors.

According to Article 822 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a commodity loan is a loan of certain generic characteristics of things that differ from a regular loan in that the borrower has the right, in fulfillment of the concluded agreement, to demand the transfer of the relevant property by the creditor, but not monetary compensation.

Unlike a commodity loan, a commercial loan is granted in fulfillment of obligations to sell goods, perform work or provide services. It can be carried out in the form of an advance, advance payment for goods, or, conversely, by providing the buyer with a deferral or installment plan for payment for the purchased goods or services. Interest charged on a commercial loan is a payment for the use of other people's money.

At the same time, accounts receivable and accounts payable cannot be fully identified with commercial credit, since its existence is largely due to the existing forms of settlements between organizations and unsatisfied demand for money supply. In addition, no interest is charged for it within the term of payment under the contract.

In most cases, debt obligations arise when the supplier ships goods and reflects on its asset a claim on the buyer in the amount of the cost of goods delivered or services rendered. This requirement must be covered by crediting the appropriate amount of money to the settlement accounts or to the cash desk of the supplier organization. There are also non-monetary forms of debt coverage in the form of barter. In any form of satisfaction of debt obligations by the payer, responsibility for their fulfillment is realized by foreclosing all the property of the organization listed on its balance sheet.

Accounts receivable and accounts payable are directly related to the property of the enterprise. In the legal sense, the concept of property includes not only material values ​​and funds owned by their owner at a given time, but also material and monetary resources held by other legal entities and individuals, the ownership of which belongs to this organization.

Accounts receivable of the creditor enterprise refers to its long-term or current (short-term) assets, since it represents that part of the enterprise's property that belongs to it by right, but is held by other persons. Over time, it must be compensated, i.e. paid to the enterprise in cash or by the supply of goods on a barter basis.

As a legal category, an organization's accounts payable is a special part of its property, which is the subject of obligations between the organization and its creditors. The organization owns and uses accounts payable, but it is obliged to return or pay this part of the property to creditors who have the right to claim it. The specified part of the property includes the organization's debts, other people's property, other people's funds owned by the debtor organization. Thus, accounts payable have a dual nature: as part of the property, it belongs to the organization on the basis of ownership or even the right of ownership; as an object of obligations, these are the debts of the organization to creditors, i.e. persons authorized to demand or collect from the organization the specified part of the property.

Taking into account the indicated signs, accounts payable should legally be considered a part of the property that is the subject of debt obligations of the debtor organization arising from various legal relations to authorized persons - creditors. It is subject to accounting and reflection in the balance sheet as debts of the organization-balance holder.

According to the general rule, "legal entities, except for institutions financed by the owner, are liable for their obligations with all their property" (clause 1, article 56 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). This refers to the property of the organization, including debt obligations. The responsibility of the organization is realized by foreclosing on all its property listed on the balance sheet.

In a narrow sense, receivables are what counterparties owe to this organization. In the field of horizontal relationships with partners and counterparties, this debt is formed when the terms of contracts are fulfilled, under which the creditor organization has a property right to claim against the opposite party. The property claims of this organization to counterparties that have not paid for goods, work performed or services rendered are typical examples of receivables. In much smaller volumes, receivables arise as part of non-contractual obligations.

In the sphere of vertical legal relations, receivables arise when, for some reason, state or local government bodies are obliged to make certain compensation payments to this organization. For example, according to Articles 78 and 79 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax authorities are obliged to return to taxpayers overpaid or overcharged amounts of taxes, fees and penalties. In all cases when a person opposing a creditor organization in a legal relationship has an obligation, the subject of which is a debt, or a previously existing other obligation is transformed into a debt, the creditor has the right to demand payment (transfer, return) of this debt. The fulfillment by the debtor of his debt obligation and the receipt by the creditor of the corresponding satisfaction terminate the obligation.

Of great legal importance are the mutual recognition of debt obligations, the criteria for classifying legal entities and individuals as debtors and creditors.

The regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation provides for the need to reconcile settlements with debtors and creditors, i.e. recognition of the fact and value of mutual debt obligations by each party. This is a prerequisite and an integral part of the audit and assessment of the reliability of the financial statements of the organization, the presentation of mutual claims for reimbursement of debt obligations when considering disputes in court. The nature of the recognition of mutual obligations for payments depends on the characteristics of their formation. Accounts receivable and payable most often arise when pre-payment for goods and services, when they are sold on credit and paid in installments. The condition of prepayment of invoices in case of violation of money circulation and instability of payments is quite often used in sales contracts. Full or partial payment for the goods by the buyer prior to its transfer by the seller within the period established by the contract is recognized as preliminary, and the payment period does not have to be as close as possible to the date of transfer of the goods by the supplier.

By its economic nature, prepayment is a type of commercial lending that is beneficial to the supplier or seller. Until the date of actual receipt of goods and provision of services, means of payment are temporarily withdrawn from the creditor-buyer and used in the turnover of the debtor organization. At the same time, it has an obligation to transfer prepaid goods and services within the period established by the contract. Otherwise, the buyer may sue for the transfer of inventory or refuse the goods and demand a refund of the amount paid, together with the interest due. If the advance payment stipulated by the contract has not been made, the supplier company may, at its choice, either not transfer the goods before payment, or refuse to fulfill the contract and demand compensation for losses.

In contrast to the advance payment, when selling goods and services on credit, the payment is deferred. The buyer is obliged to pay invoices for goods or services after a certain time, the duration of which is determined by the contract. If this period is not agreed by the parties, payment must be made within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the supply or sale contract. Usually it is equal to 30 days from the date of presentation of the relevant request.

The legal consequences of failure to fulfill obligations for deliveries with payment on credit are similar to the consequences of failure to fulfill obligations for advance payment.

If the contract stipulates that the right of ownership of the goods is retained by the supplier until payment for it, the right to demand the return of the unpaid goods or part thereof is also retained. When the ownership has passed to the buyers at the moment of transfer of the goods sold on credit, from the moment of its transfer to the buyer and until payment, it is recognized as being pledged by the supplier organization (seller). The buyer in this case may dispose of the unpaid goods only with the consent of the supplier.

When paying for delivery in installments, the contract must indicate the price of the goods, the payment procedure, the terms of periodic payments and their size. In the absence of such in the contract, even if it includes conditions on the name and quantity of goods and services, on their payment in installments, the contract of sale on credit is recognized as not concluded.

The supplier organization shall have the right, if the buyer fails to make the next payment, to refuse to fulfill the contract and demand the return of the sold goods. However, according to the current legislation, this right exists as long as the amount paid by the buyer does not exceed half the cost of the goods.

The period during which receivables and payables are reflected in accounting and reporting includes the period of time with which civil law associates certain legal consequences. The onset and expiration of the term for the emergence, change or termination of civil legal relations related to the rights and obligations of the parties.

Terms are normative - established by law or other legal act and contractual - determined by agreement of the parties. As a kind of normative terms of civil law, the terms during which the violated or disputed right is subject to protection are distinguished - the limitation period. The general statute of limitations is three years. For certain types of claims, special statute of limitations may be established by law.

Accounts receivable upon the expiration of the limitation period are written off based on the order of the head to reduce the financial results of the organization or the reserve for doubtful debts. But this written off debt is not considered canceled: it is reflected on the off-balance account for another 5 years.

Accounts payable upon the expiration of the limitation period are written off to increase the financial results of the organization.

The basis of market relations is money. They link the interests of the seller and the buyer. The buyer pays money to the seller, hoping then to sell the results of his labor and get paid for it. He will give some of them to the bank to repay the loan and to the budgets of various levels in the form of taxes, and use the rest for his own needs.

Market relations are, first of all, financial relations, when participants in market relations intend to earn money and use it for various purposes.

The financial relations of enterprises consist of 4 groups. These are the relationships:

with other enterprises and organizations;

within the enterprise;

within associations, within financial and industrial groups;

with the budget, off-budget funds, banks, etc.

Financial relations with other enterprises and organizations include relations with suppliers, buyers, construction and installation and transport organizations, etc.

The largest group in terms of cash payments is the relationship of enterprises with each other related to the sale of finished products and the acquisition of inventory for economic activities, the provision of services to third parties. The role of this group of financial relations is primary, because. it is in this sphere of material production that the national income is created, the enterprise receives proceeds from the sale of products and profit.

Industrial enterprises make settlements with other enterprises and organizations with subsequent or advance payment of contractual obligations in accordance with the terms of the concluded contracts. In common practice, the contract usually contains such details as the name of the contract, the designation of the contracting parties, the characteristics of the subject of the contract, prices and conditions of transportation, liability for inventory items, guarantee of performance of obligations, and the procedure for indemnification. A prerequisite for the legality of the agreement is the legal capacity of the parties. The price should either be clearly specified and fixed, or unambiguously derived from the terms of the contract.

Delivery times are usually stipulated in the contract. If they do not exist, they do not follow from the nature and purpose of the contract, the buyer has the right to demand delivery at any time. Failure to fulfill obligations under contracts is a violation of business ethics and contractual discipline and entails the property liability of the supplier enterprise. Any contract concluded by the enterprise contains information about the maturity of the debt. A positive aspect is the approval and enactment of the Regulations "Procedure for working with payment documents".

Accounting is an integral part of the production management system. It is necessary, first of all, for information support of the management system, and at all levels. In particular, accounting information is involved in management at the following levels: on-farm (in production units), general business (for the economy as a whole) and at external levels of production management.

At the on-farm level, primary and consolidated accounting data are used for these purposes: from primary documents to the corresponding reports of divisions; at the general economic level - current accounting data up to reporting; at external levels of management - mainly reporting data (from current to annual).

The organization of financial accounting in enterprises consists of a number of elements: a system for documenting transactions using appropriate forms of primary accounting; workflow in combination with a schedule for the implementation of accounting work; chart of accounts, consisting of accounting accounts to reflect business transactions; the applicable form of accounting; organizational structure of the accounting process and distribution of duties in accounting; organizing the storage of accounting documentation and registers. Some of the listed elements, being components of the organization of accounting, however, have independent significance. This applies to the chart of accounts and forms of accounting used in enterprises.

The main tasks of accounting for settlement transactions are:

control over compliance with the established rules of settlement relations and the correct documentation of transactions;

timeliness of settlements with all counterparties and prevention of overdue amounts of receivables and payables;

timeliness and accuracy of reflection in accounting registers of settlements with all organizations and persons, as well as periodic reconciliation of accounting data.

It is very important to rationally organize control over the state of debt, as this helps to strengthen contractual and settlement discipline, fulfill obligations to provide services, increase the responsibility of enterprises for compliance with payment discipline, reduce accounts receivable and payable, accelerate the turnover of working capital and, consequently, improve the financial condition enterprises.

Chapter 2

Since 2003, the Tekhma-Svet enterprise has been manufacturing fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts. The main nomenclature produced by the plant is luminaires in a metal case of the LSPO, LDP, LVPO and LDPO series (pendant, ceiling and recessed luminaires).

Since June 2014, the production of LED lamps has been launched. Also in our product line are LED lamps manufactured by General Electric.

Over the years of its existence, the company has illuminated more than 600 objects and has established itself as a reliable partner!

The main application of our lamps:

1. Lighting of industrial facilities

2. Shopping mall lighting

3. Warehouse lighting

4. Lighting of municipal facilities: educational institutions, healthcare facilities.

5. Various administrative offices.

Since 2012, a new direction has been launched: "Electrical Installation Services". At the moment we have vast experience in performing these works. In addition to the installation of lighting systems, we can also perform the installation of any engineering networks. To perform these works, the organization LLC "TD Energosystems" was organized.

Since 2014, the company has received the status of a Partner and Distributor "General Electric" has the ability to supply various types of lamps. A wide range of different types at competitive prices always in stock.

Luminaires of the LSPO, LVPO, LDP, LDPO series manufactured by Tekhma-Svet are widely represented in the retail chains ETM, Russkiy Svet, Minimax, Makskom, Elektrokomplektservis, Sodeistvie, Elektrokomplekt, which are distributors in various regions.

LED and fluorescent lamps can also be purchased from our Dealers in the cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Izhevsk, Perm, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Ufa, Samara, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk, Smolensk, Tula.

Since 2014, Tekhma-Svet has been supplying LED and fluorescent lamps to Kazakhstan.

To detail the overall picture of changes in the financial condition can be built table. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4.

Table 2.1 - Analytical grouping of balance sheet assets in Tekhma-Svet LLC, thousand rubles.

Balance asset				Deviation	Growth rate, %
				2012 /2011	2013 /2012	2012 /2011	2013 /2012
1. Property - total
1.1 Non-current assets
1.2 Current assets
1.2.1 Stocks
1.2.4 Cash

The analysis carried out according to Table 2.1 allows us to conclude that the value of all property in Tekhma-Svet LLC has been growing dynamically from 2011 to 2013. from 61827 to 87558 thousand rubles Growth is facilitated by an increase in the size of immobilized assets, their growth in 2012-2013. amounted to 22.7%, as well as an increase in the value of current assets from 2011 to 2013. from 61024 to 86023 thousand rubles The growth of the company's property is an increase in the value of the enterprise itself, its financial stability and solidity.

An assessment of the structure of the balance sheet assets is presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 - The structure of the assets of the balance sheet of Tekhma-Svet LLC,%

Balance asset				Deviation (+; -)
1. Property - total
1.1 Non-current assets
1.2 Current assets
1.2.1 Stocks
1.2.2 Value added tax
1.2.3 Accounts receivable
1.2.4 Cash

The assessment of the structure of the asset shows that the largest share in the composition of the property of the enterprise is occupied by current assets, while there is a decrease in their share from 2011 to 2013. from 98.7% to 98.25% of the firm's assets. This is due to the fact that the rate of growth in the value of property slightly exceeds that of the growth of current assets. As part of current assets, a high share is occupied by inventories, the share of which also decreases from 2011 to 2013. from 61.78 to 59.1%. Accounts receivable as part of the company's assets is dynamically increasing from 30.4% in 2011 to 36.6% in 2013, while from 2012 to 2013 growth slows down to 0.39% per year.

Table 2.3 - Analytical grouping of articles of liabilities of the balance sheet of Tekhma-Svet LLC, thousand rubles.

Balance liability				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
1. Sources of property - total
1.1 Equity
1.2 Borrowed capital
1.2.1 Long-term liabilities
1.2.2 Short-term loans and borrowings
1.2.3 Accounts payable

According to Table 2.3, we can conclude that the increase in the size of the enterprise's property was significantly influenced by the growth of accounts payable, which from 2012 to 2013. increased from 39550 to 57658 thousand rubles, that is, by 18108 thousand rubles. At the same time, short-term loans and borrowings significantly decreased from 2012 to 2013 by 77.86%, that is, from 15,161 to 3,357 thousand rubles. This factor means that Tekhma-Svet LLC repaid a part of short-term loans and credits.

In table 2.4 we will reflect the analysis of articles of the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Table 2.4 - The structure of the liability items of the balance sheet of Tekhma-Svet LLC,%

According to Table 2.4, it can be concluded that accounts payable occupy a high share in the composition of the enterprise's property, which in the structure increased from 47.78 to 65.85%. The share of equity also increased from 2011 to 2013. from 21.26 to 30.32%.

An insignificant part of the company's property is occupied by short-term loans and credits, the share of which from 2012 to 2013 decreased from 20.13 to 3.83%, that is, by 16.3%.

The formation of financial resources is carried out at the expense of own and equivalent funds. At an operating enterprise, financial resources are formed in the process of reproduction and act as proceeds from the sale of products, which, in the process of distribution, take the form of cash income and savings.

Let's consider the composition of the equity capital of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013 in dynamics.

Table 2.5 - Analysis of the composition of equity capital of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
Authorized capital
Own shares repurchased from shareholders
Extra capital
Reserve capital
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)
Total equity

Analysis of the composition of equity capital in table. 2.5 shows that the size of the authorized capital of the enterprise remained unchanged from 2011 to 2013 in the amount of 10 thousand rubles.

The enterprise did not create reserve capital and additional capital, and retained earnings from 2011 to 2013. dynamically increased from 13,133 to 26,534 thousand rubles, while the annual growth is from 2011 to 2012. 56.72%, and 2012 to 2013 - 28.92%.

Table 2.6 - Analysis of the composition of the borrowed capital of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
long term duties
Short-term credits and loans
Accounts payable
including:
suppliers and contractors
debt to the staff of the organization
debt to state off-budget funds
debt on taxes and fees
other creditors
Total borrowed capital

From the data in Table. 2.6 shows that accounts payable is growing dynamically in the structure of borrowed capital. In 2011 it is 29544 thousand rubles, in 2012 it is 39550 thousand rubles. or 133.87%, and in 2013 already 57658 thousand rubles. or 145.79%.

A stable increase is noted in the lines of debt to suppliers and contractors and debt to personnel, as well as debt to state non-budgetary funds. That is, this suggests that the company does not timely allocate funds for these lines. Which ultimately leads to fines and penalties.

Table 2.7 assesses the composition of fixed assets.

Table 2.7 - Analysis of the composition of fixed assets of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
cars and equipment
Vehicles

The data in Table 2.7 show that, in general, the volume of fixed assets of the enterprise increased by 750 thousand rubles. or by 167.75% in 2012 compared to 2011 and by 633 thousand rubles. or by 134.09% in 2013. This growth is due to an increase in industrial equipment by 178 thousand rubles. or 120.87% and vehicles for 572 thousand rubles. or by 325.2% in 2012 and equipment for 633 thousand rubles. or 161.4% in 2013.

Let's analyze the structure of fixed assets of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013.

Table 2.8 - Analysis of the structure of fixed assets of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)
cars and equipment
Vehicles
Total value of property, plant and equipment

Analysis of the structure shown in Table. 2.8 allows you to determine in which direction their development went. That is, it can be determined that a large share of fixed assets belongs to machinery and equipment, in 2013 it is 66.83%, which is 11.31% more than in 2012. And the volume of vehicles in fixed assets decreased from 2012 to 2013 from 44.48 to 33.17%.

Table 2.9 - Indicators of the movement and technical condition of fixed assets of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation	Growth rate, %
1. Initial cost at the beginning of the year, thousand rubles
2. Received for the year, thousand rubles.
3. Dropped out during the year, thousand rubles.
4. Initial cost at the end of the year, thousand rubles.
5. Depreciation at the beginning of the year, thousand rubles.
6. Depreciation at the end of the year, thousand rubles.
7. Refresh rate
8. Dropout rate
9. Depreciation coefficient at the beginning of the year
10. Depreciation coefficient at the end of the year
11. The coefficient of validity at the beginning of the year
12. Expiration date at the end of the year

The data in Table 2.9 allow us to conclude that fixed assets at the enterprise were updated in 2011 by only 33%, in 2012 by 40% and in 2013 by 25%, that is, in 2013 less fixed assets were received. There was no disposal of fixed assets in Tekhma-Svet LLC. The depreciation coefficient at the enterprise at the beginning of the year in 2013 was 33%, which is 5% higher than in 2012, and the service life coefficient at the beginning of the year is 67%, which is 5% less than in 2012.

Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets reflect the level of their use in terms of capacity (productivity). The main indicators include: the coefficient of utilization of production capacity, the indicator of production from 1 square. m. of production area.

Table 2.10 - Indicators of the use of fixed assets and the provision of workers with them in Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
Cost of fixed assets
Average number of employees, pers.
Sales proceeds
Profit from sale
Capital productivity, rub.
Capital intensity, %
return on investment
capital-labor ratio
Production output per worker

Table 2.10 shows that fixed assets in 2013 became 633 thousand rubles. more than in 2012. Revenue in 2013 increased compared to 2012 to 152,900 thousand rubles, that is, by 115.7% compared to 2012, that is, an increase occurred by 20,750 thousand rubles. Thus, the profit from the sale also increased in 2013 by 7,834 thousand rubles, that is, by 128.93% compared to 2012, amounting to 34,909.1 thousand rubles.

Therefore, one ruble of the average annual cost of fixed assets in 2013 accounts for 61.41 rubles. sales proceeds. This is 9.76 rubles. less than in 2012. In fact, compared to 2012, the return on assets decreased by 13.71%. And one ruble of revenue in 2013 accounts for 1.63 rubles. the average annual cost of fixed assets, which is 115.89% higher than in 2012 or 177.17% more than in 2011. In addition, one ruble of the average annual cost of fixed assets in 2013 accounts for 14.02 rubles. profit from the sale, which is 3.84% lower than in 2012.

In 2013, it became 7.01 rubles per employee. fixed assets, which is 1.63 rubles. higher than in 2012. In addition, workers began to produce 47.66 thousand rubles. more than in 2012, that is, labor productivity increased to 430.7 thousand rubles.

Table 2.11 - Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of financial resources of Tekhma-Svet LLC for 2011-2013, thousand rubles.

Indicators				Deviation (+; -)	Growth rate, %
Revenue from the sale of products
Cost of goods sold
Profit from the sale of products
Profit before tax
Net profit
Cost of non-current assets
The value of current assets
Cost of equity
The cost of long-term liabilities
The cost of short-term liabilities
Property value
Net working capital
Product profitability
Profitability of sales
Profitability of non-current assets
Return on current assets
Return on equity
Return on borrowed capital
Profitability of property
Return on net working capital

From the data in Table. 2.11 it can be seen that the return on equity in 2012 amounted to 4.4%, i.е. more than in 2011 by 0.9 points. In 2013, it amounted to 4.5% and increased by only 0.1 points compared to 2012.

Return on borrowed capital in 2012 amounted to 37.62%, which is 10.64% more than in 2011. In 2013 it was 43.49%, which is 5.87 points more than in 2012.

Return on invested capital in 2012 amounted to 2164.28%, which is 11.6 points more than in 2011. In 2013 it amounted to 2274.21%, which is 109.93 points more than in 2012.

The return on equity closes the entire pyramid of performance indicators of the enterprise, all activities of which should be aimed at increasing the amount of equity capital and increasing its level of profitability.

Chapter 3. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors in Tekhma-Svet LLC

3.1 Analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors

In 2013, Tehma-Svet LLC cooperated with 470 fuel suppliers.

The main principles for working with suppliers are:

- Increasing the level of quality and reducing the defectiveness of purchased goods and materials;

- Decreased purchases of monopoly-produced goods and materials;

- Reducing the level of warehouse stocks of Tekhma-Svet LLC due to the organization of consignment warehouses and storage response;

- Optimization of accounts payable and advances issued to suppliers;

- Timely return of defects to suppliers and reimbursement of costs;

- Conclusion of supply contracts in standard form.

The company has established long-term partnerships with its main suppliers, which will continue to develop on a mutually beneficial basis.

LLC Tekhma-Svet concludes supply contracts with organizations engaged in trade and industry, as well as providing services.

Primary documents for the receipt of material assets are the basis for organizing settlement relations with suppliers and contractors of Tekhma-Svet LLC. Directly according to primary documents, preliminary, current and subsequent control of settlements, accounts payable, as well as the movement and safety of material assets and the performance of work and services are carried out.

For the supply of gasoline and fuel, Tekhma-Svet LLC, as a buyer, concludes contracts with suppliers. Each specific contract indicates the subject of the contract, the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties for the supply of material assets. Also, in the contract, the parties may provide for various payment terms, for example, with a deferred payment, or a loan is paid as payment, or settlements are made by bills of exchange, etc.

Similar Documents

Theoretical and methodological aspects of accounting and analysis of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Characteristics of the enterprise under study. Analytical and synthetic accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Directions for optimizing these types of calculations.

thesis, added 09/10/2011


Regulatory framework for accounting for settlement transactions in the Russian Federation. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise, features of accounting with suppliers and contractors, recommendations for its improvement. Status of settlements with other debtors and creditors.

thesis, added 07/24/2011


Theoretical and methodological foundations of accounting and analysis of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Organization of accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Audit of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Auditing.

thesis, added 04.12.2006


Theoretical foundations of accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Economic content and tasks of accounting calculations. Financial condition, solvency and liquidity of the enterprise. Ways to improve the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors.

thesis, added 04.11.2010


The economic essence of settlements with suppliers and contractors. The meaning and tasks of accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Analytical and synthetic accounting of calculations. Untimely reflection of settlement transactions in accounting registers.

term paper, added 02/13/2015


General characteristics of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". Normative regulation of the organization of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Registration of primary accounting documents and conclusion of contracts. The main forms of non-cash payments.

term paper, added 12/13/2015


Features of the organization of accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Tasks of auditing settlements with suppliers and contractors. Methodology for conducting an audit. Auditing the primary accounting of transactions for settlements with suppliers and contractors.

term paper, added 07/13/2015


The essence of the calculation category. Procedure for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Typical errors in calculations. Documents on accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Forms of calculations at the enterprise. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

thesis, added 03/07/2009


The concept and essence of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Audit check of constituent documents and settlements with suppliers and contractors on the example of Selana LLC. Organization of on-farm control of settlements with suppliers and contractors.

thesis, added 12/05/2010


Disclosure of the essence, meaning and form of settlements with suppliers and contractors. Study of the procedure for documenting operations for accounting for these calculations. Learning the basics of conducting audits of transactions with suppliers and contractors.

We talked about in a separate article. In this consultation, we will focus on the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors.

Sch 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Answers to questions about how accounting is conducted for settlements with suppliers and buyers, with payroll personnel, founders, etc., are contained in the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

If we talk briefly about the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors, then this accounting is kept on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. And account 60 - active or passive? This account is active-passive. This means that the balance of this settlement account can be either debit or credit. Accordingly, in the balance sheet, the balance of account 60 can be reflected both in an asset and in a liability, depending on the type of debt.

A detailed description of account 60 is contained in the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts.

So, on account 60, information on settlements with suppliers and contractors for:

• received goods and materials, accepted work performed and consumed services, including the provision of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc., as well as the delivery or processing of material assets, settlement documents for which are accepted and payable through a bank;
• Inventory and materials, works and services for which settlement documents from suppliers or contractors have not been received (the so-called non-invoiced deliveries);
• surplus goods and materials identified during their acceptance;
• received transportation services, including settlements for shortfalls and excesses of the tariff (freight), as well as for all types of communication services, etc.

The cost of values, works and services accepted for accounting is reflected in the debit of the relevant property and expenses and the credit of account 60. At the same time, operations on account 60 are recorded on an accrual basis: payments for acquired material assets, accepted work or consumed services are reflected in account 60 regardless of payment time.

And account 60 is debited in accounting for the amount of payment. At the same time, in correspondence, for example, with account 51 "Settlement accounts", the debit of account 60 shows not only the repayment of debt to the supplier, but also the occurrence of receivables when transferring an advance to him.

Analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers

The instruction for the application of the Chart of Accounts provides that analytical accounting on account 60 is kept for each presented invoice, and settlements in the order of planned payments are kept for each supplier and contractor.

In addition, analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors should be organized in such a way that it makes it possible to obtain the necessary data in the context of suppliers by:

• accepted and other settlement documents, the payment term of which has not come;
• settlement documents not paid on time;
• uninvoiced deliveries;
• advances issued;
• promissory notes issued, the due date of which has not come;
• overdue bills of exchange;
• received a commercial loan, etc.

Settlements with suppliers and contractors: postings (examples)

According to the accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors, the postings are, as a rule, standard.

So, for payment to the supplier, the following is posted, depending on the method of payment (cash, non-cash, settlements in foreign currency):

Debit of account 60 - Credit of accounts 50 "Cashier", 51, 52 "Currency accounts", etc.

So, the accounting entry D 60 K 51 means that funds were transferred to the supplier from the current account, and the posting D 60 K 52 is made if the supplier's debt is repaid or an advance payment is transferred from the foreign currency account.

At the same time, a separate sub-account is usually opened to account for advances issued on account 60.

When making settlements with suppliers, the postings for the purchase of materials, goods, works and services are as follows:

Debit of accounts 10 “Materials”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, 20 “Main production”, 26 “General expenses”, 41 “Goods”, 44 “Sales expenses”, etc. - Account credit 60.

If the acquired values, works and services are subject to VAT, then the following entry is made at the same time:

Debit account 19 "VAT on acquired values" - Credit account 60.

Postings to vendors are not limited to entries for the formation and payment of debt. Thus, debts with suppliers and contractors for which the limitation period has expired, as well as in other cases, are written off to the financial results of the organization based on the results of the inventory, written justification and the order of the head. When writing off accounts payable, an accounting entry is made:

Debit of account 60 - Credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other income".

When writing off accounts receivable for settlements with suppliers and contractors, a reverse entry is formed:

Debit account 91, sub-account "Other expenses" - Credit account 60.

Suppliers and contractors include organizations that supply raw materials and other inventory items, as well as provide various types of services and perform various works.

The receipt of material assets from suppliers, the performance of work and the provision of services by contractors are carried out on the basis of contracts concluded by the organization. The contracts contain the type of goods supplied, work performed or services provided, terms of delivery, terms of shipment of goods, performance of work, provision of services, payment procedure (payment terms).

If the suppliers or contractors are foreign firms, then the organizations must settle accounts with them in accordance with international rules that have been summarized by the International Chamber of Commerce in the Uniform Rules for Collection (as amended in 1978, ICC publication No. 322) and in the Uniform Rules and Customs for Documentary Credits (as amended 1983, ICC Publication No. 400).

Currently, organizations themselves choose the form of payment for the delivered products or services rendered.

All transactions with suppliers and contractors can be divided into two groups depending on the subject and nature of the contracts. The subject of contracts of the first group is the acquisition of any goods and property rights. Forms of contracts: purchase and sale, supply, energy supply, barter. The second group includes settlements with contractors. The main forms of contracts: contracts, paid services, R&D.

Settlements with suppliers and contractors are carried out after the shipment of inventory items, performance of work and provision of services, or simultaneously with them with the agreement of the organization or on its behalf.

Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors is kept on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Advances issued are also recorded on account 60.

Account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” keeps records of settlements:

According to settlement documents that are accepted and payable;

According to the calculations carried out in the order of planned payments;

According to settlement documents for which invoices were not received (uninvoiced deliveries);

According to the surplus of inventory items identified during their acceptance.

On the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, in correspondence with the accounts of inventory (10, 15, 16), goods (41, 45), production costs (20–29), the organization’s debt to suppliers and contractors is reflected:

For actually received inventory items, accepted works and rendered services;

For services for the delivery of inventory items;

For services related to the processing of materials of the organization by third parties.

The debt to suppliers and contractors also includes value added tax. The amount of VAT is included by suppliers and contractors in invoices for payment and is reflected with the buyer on the debit of account 19 “Value added tax on acquired valuables” and on the credit of account 60. Repayment of debts to suppliers is recorded on the debit of account 60 and the credit of cash accounting accounts (51, 52, 55) or bank loans (66, 67). In this case, the amounts of advance payments and advance payments are taken into account separately (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1 Standard correspondence for accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors

In case of uninvoiced deliveries, account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” is credited for the value of the received valuables, determined on the basis of the price and conditions stipulated in the contracts.

When accounting for settlements on imports, a sub-account "Import deliveries" is opened to account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". The credit of this sub-account records the amounts of settlement documents of the foreign supplier. Settlements are made in the currency of the contract. The exchange rate difference arising between the rate of the day of acceptance and the rate of the day of payment is written off to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Analytical accounting on account 60 is carried out for each presented invoice, and settlements in the order of planned payments - for each supplier and contractor. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the possibility of obtaining the necessary data on suppliers:

For settlement documents not paid on time;

For uninvoiced deliveries; advances issued;

On promissory notes issued, the due date for which has not come;

According to accepted and other settlement documents, the payment deadline for which has not come;

On overdue bills;

According to the received commercial loan, etc.

Regardless of the assessment of inventory items in analytical accounting, account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is credited according to the supplier's settlement documents. In the event that the supplier's invoice was accepted and paid before the receipt of the goods, and upon acceptance of the incoming inventory items to the warehouse, their shortage was discovered in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract against the invoiced quantity, and also if, when checking the invoice of the supplier or contractor (after the invoice was accepted) discrepancies in prices stipulated by the contract, as well as arithmetic errors, were found, account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” is credited for the corresponding amount in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount 2 “Settlements on claims”. In this case, the account records accounts receivable, which was the result of failure to fulfill its obligations by one of the parties - parties to the agreement. Such unfulfilled obligations may be presented:

To suppliers, transport and other organizations on invoices issued to them (upon acceptance by buyers and customers) - due to non-fulfillment of certain conditions under the contract, as well as the occurrence of shortages of cargo along the way, compensation in connection with this fines, penalties, forfeits or the identification of arithmetic errors in accounts;

Suppliers or organizations processing customer materials - for identified deviations in quality against standards, GOST or technical specifications;

Suppliers and contractors - for downtime and defects. The amount of these losses is taken into account in amounts recognized by the guilty party or awarded by the arbitration court;

Banks - for amounts erroneously debited from the organization's accounts.

In analytical accounting, information on sub-account 2 "Settlements on claims" is carried out for each debtor in the context of individual types of claims. Satisfaction with them is reflected in accounting by an entry on the debit of accounts 50, 51 and other cash accounts and credit of account 76-2.

If the organization practices settlements for the delivered values, then the following points should be observed in accounting:

Analytical accounting on account 60 should provide the possibility of obtaining data by suppliers on issued bills of exchange, the due date of which has not come, and on overdue bills (a separate sub-account "Promissory notes issued");

For promissory notes that are overdue with payment, with an expired limitation period, it is necessary to write off accounts payable to other income of the organization in a timely manner;

If the issued promissory note provides for the accrual of interest (or discount), then this interest should increase the organization's accounts payable in a timely manner and be reflected in the accounts of other income and expenses (account 91 debit).

The amount of interest accrued on a debt obligation in accordance with Art. 269 ​​of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation should not significantly (by more than 20% in one direction or another) deviate from the average level of interest charged on debt obligations issued in the same reporting period on comparable terms. If there are no debt obligations issued in the same reporting period on comparable terms, then the maximum amount of interest recognized as an expense is taken equal to the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia, increased by 10% (if the obligation is in rubles) and increased by 15% (if liability in foreign currency).

In tax accounting, interest on borrowed funds associated with the acquisition of material assets is reflected as non-operating expenses, while in accounting these interest are included in other expenses only after the values ​​are taken into account. Up to this point, interest on borrowed funds is included in the cost of acquired material assets.

The main document for settlement relationships with suppliers and contractors is an invoice of the established form, which is issued by the supplier or contractor. The following details are filled in the invoice: name of the supplier, his address, taxpayer identification number (TIN), consignee, consignor, buyer, his address, TIN.

In the invoice indicate information about the delivered goods or give a description of the work performed, services rendered by their types, give the unit of measure, quantity (volume), price; the cost for the entire quantity of goods (work performed, services rendered) without value added tax. The document must indicate the tax rates and the amount of value added tax.

In the conditions of applying the journal-order form of accounting, settlements with suppliers are reflected in the journal-order No. 6. It keeps records for each supplier and contractor with a detailed breakdown in chronological order. At the end of the month, journal No. 6 displays the results: the debit reflects the amounts paid to suppliers; for a loan - the amounts due to be paid to suppliers; the data in the order journal No. 6 is compared with the turnover of the corresponding accounts reflected in other order journals, after which the monthly totals for the credit of account 60 from the order journal are transferred to the General Ledger.

When implementing any project related to construction, it becomes necessary to involve third-party organizations that can supply any goods or services or perform a certain list of works. Accordingly, debt obligations arise between these firms. Therefore, accurate accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors is extremely important.

General concepts of settlement accounting

Each company in the process of economic activity carries out a large number of operations of an internal and external nature, interacting with government agencies, enterprises and individuals. The main purpose of these operations is to obtain certain goods or services, as well as their timely and full payment.

The movement of resources during the implementation of the initiative, especially during construction, occurs constantly and from different sources. Agents supplying the necessary material values ​​are wholesale trading companies or direct manufacturers of the necessary products. Raw materials, building materials, spare parts, fuel, structures are purchased. In addition, in accordance with the contracts, energy resources are supplied to the site - water, electricity, gas, steam. Contractors are required to perform general construction and specialized work on the construction of structures and buildings, repair (current and capital) of fixed assets.

Carrying out timely and complete settlement ensures contractual discipline, control over debts, acceleration of the turnover of funds and the overall financial health of the company. Considering the importance of mutual fulfillment of the obligations undertaken, audits of the expediency, reliability and legality of payments are periodically carried out, as well as their accounting. The auditor checks the following areas:

• compliance with the rules and standards of payment discipline, the validity of the tariffs and prices used for the calculation;
• legal validity and reality of the amount of debt;
• correctness of registration and timeliness of filing claims against debtors (arbitration, lawsuits), support of these cases and recovery of the amounts of recorded damage.

The basis of the relationship between counterparties is the contract, which specifies the main parameters of the transaction: the type of work, services or goods, the terms of shipment, the conditions of transportation and delivery, the procedure for payment, the right to transfer ownership. All transactions, depending on their nature and the subject of the agreement, are divided into 2 broad groups:

• Acquisition of property rights and goods. The main ones here are the contracts of supply, purchase and sale, barter, energy supply.
• Purchase of services. Most often there are transactions for the performance of research and development work (R & D), paid provision of certain services or contracts.

In cooperation with foreign organizations, the calculation is carried out according to the international Uniform rules for collection (edition 1978) and documentary assets (edition 1983), generalized by the International Chamber of Commerce.

Types and essence of settlement operations

The activity of any enterprise presupposes the existence of wide economic relations with various subjects: buyers, enterprises providing services or goods, tax authorities and social insurance funds. All settlements are carried out in cash, mainly in non-cash form, by transferring (transferring) money to the recipient's account. In this case, the bank chosen for credit and settlement services acts as an intermediary. Cash in our time is used less and less, mainly to pay for the work of individuals, as well as in retail or small wholesale trade.

Depending on the movement of resources, accounts receivable and payable may arise, that is, in accounting terms, an active-passive balance. The credit balance characterizes the company's debts to partners, and the debit balance characterizes the company's debt. It depends on how a particular company prefers to work: on an advance payment or with a deferred payment. The presence of unpaid invoices significantly affects the main financial indicators, the amount of profit for a specific period of time, the availability and volume of working capital.

Now the customer company itself decides in what form to pay the supplier or contractor. Payment is made depending on the agreements, after the work is completed or the goods are shipped, or simultaneously with them. Accounts receivable between counterparties occurs when the moment of payment and transfer of ownership of services, works or goods do not coincide in time. In short, receivables are an integral part of working capital, the total amount of all debts of partners to the company. In fact, these are finances temporarily withdrawn from circulation.

The presence of receivables is a natural state, if it is not unreasonably delayed, it opens a window of opportunity for both parties:

• the debtor can use additional free working capital for some time;
• the lender, after waiting a little while receiving the money, is able to sell his product or service.

By maturity and links with the production cycle, the following types of debt are distinguished:

• Current. It arises in the normal operating cycle and is repaid within 12 months from the balance sheet date. This also includes more than an annual debt, if it does not contradict the normal operating cycle of the enterprise. It may be associated with the sale of products or advances issued, internal settlements, accrued income, budget obligations.
• Long term. It lasts more than a year and does not follow from the normal cycle of work, it can be normal (the due date for its payment has not yet come), overdue and hopeless. It is usually represented by leased property and long-term bills.

An accounts payable is formed when an enterprise has received material values ​​or services from another legal entity or individual, but has not yet made payment. This also includes the amount of withheld, but not yet transferred taxes, as well as bank loans. In addition, a "creditor" can be formed for such obligations:

• payment of commercial bills;
• transfer of property, payment of money or performance of work to dependent or subsidiaries;
• carrying out works on account of prepayment or transferred advance;
• remuneration to personnel in accordance with an individual or collective labor contract;
• payment of contributions to social funds and taxes;
• obligations to other creditors.

In addition to payments in cash, debt obligations include insurance (personal and property), deposited amounts, claims, dividends and other types of income. Settlements between related enterprises are accounted for separately, and consolidated reporting (accounting) is compiled for them.

Legislative and regulatory framework for accounting regulation

Accounting in the Russian Federation complies with international standards and focuses on the realities of a market economy. Its regulatory and regulatory documents can be divided into 4 levels:

• Legislative (laws, presidential decrees, government decrees). The main ones are the Civil and Tax Codes (their Parts I and II) and Federal Law No. 129-FZ "On Accounting".
• Normative. Regulation No. 34n on accounting and financial statements and Accounting Standards.
• Methodical (letters, instructions, guidelines). These include the Chart of Accounts, recommendations regarding the inventory of financial liabilities and property, as well as the use of the accounting form (journal-order).
• Initiative. Regulation on remuneration, workflow schedule, order regarding accounting policies, etc.

Thanks to this multi-level nature, a flexible and modern reporting and accounting system can be organized in the company. The approved intra-company standards are based on the above regulatory and legal framework, domestic and international standards. They should also include clearly defined procedures for conducting an audit.

Accounting and inventory of settlements with contractors and suppliers

All organizations and enterprises regularly conduct financial settlements with business partners for non-commodity (educational and research services, rent) and commodity (purchase and sale) transactions. The grounds for making payments in accordance with previously concluded agreements are:

• material assets accepted, services consumed and work performed, for which the documents are accepted and will be paid through the bank;
• planned payments;
• uninvoiced deliveries, i.e. services, works and material values, documents for which the performers were not provided;
• surplus goods identified during acceptance;
• communication services received, as well as transportation services, including over and under tariff or freight.

All payments for commodity transactions, regardless of the time of payment, are reflected in the balance sheet account 60, which is called "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", and advances issued by the enterprise are also taken into account here. Non-commodity are fixed on account 76 with the general name "Settlements with different creditors and debtors".

Analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors in accordance with the Instruction on the application of the Chart of Accounts is kept on account 60 for each invoice presented, and if we are talking about planned payments, then separately for each contractor and supplier. The structure of such accounting should provide for the possibility of obtaining the required data in the context of each counterparty regarding the following indicators:

• accepted and other documents for settlement, the payment deadline for which has not yet come;
• documents not paid on time;
• issued advances;
• uninvoiced deliveries;
• not overdue issued promissory notes;
• overdue bills;
• commercial loans taken by the company.

On account 60, if necessary, additional sub-accounts can be opened, for example, for issued advances or bills of exchange. In the accounting policy of the enterprise, the exact names of such sub-accounts and their number should be recorded.

If an enterprise has a debt to partners for work or goods, then it is displayed on a loan, but if the obligations are fulfilled, then on a debit. All transactions are recorded on the account on the basis of supporting primary documents, which must be properly executed. Accounts payable are based on settlement documents (invoices) submitted by the supplier or papers confirming the completion of the agreed transaction (receipt orders, acts of work performed, waybills, acceptance certificates, cash receipts).

If you specify some points, then accounting entries in different cases are made in different ways:

• upon receipt of goods and material assets - debit 08, 10, 41 ("Non-current assets", "Materials" and "Goods", respectively) credit 60;
• when accepting a service or work, the debt to the contractor is recorded as follows - debit 20, 25, 26, 44 ("Main production", "General expenses", "Sales expenses") credit 60;
• when issuing an invoice with a dedicated value added tax - debit 19 ("VAT on acquired valuables") credit 60;
• when writing off losses made within the established norms - debit 94 ("Losses and shortages from damage to valuables") credit 60;
• when accepting documents for payment for services or work that will be carried out in the next billing periods - debit 97 ("Deferred expenses") credit 60.

If we are talking about imports, then a corresponding sub-account is opened, where the amounts are entered according to the documents provided by the foreign seller in the currency for which the contract was concluded. The exchange difference arising between the days of acceptance and payment is written off to 91 accounts.

An inventory of settlements is a verification of the validity of the amounts of financial resources that are listed in the accounts. It is regulated by the Regulation approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 34n of July 29, 1998 and the Methodological Instructions (Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 49 of June 13, 1995). For work with suppliers, as well as contractors, account 60 is checked, and if there is a debt, account 76 is also checked.

The objectives of the inventory are:

• completeness of reflection of obligations in accounting;
• verification of liabilities and property in fact;
• reconciliation of accounting data and cash assets.

The head of the company determines the terms when the inventory is carried out, the verification of settlements with debtors and creditors is organized at least once every six months. By order or order of the head, an inventory commission is created, acting constantly. As a rule, it consists of a deputy head or the head himself, heads of departments and a chief accountant, other specialists may also be involved. In order for the conclusions of the commission not to be challenged, all its members must be present during the audit.

The inventory commission, within the period of time limited by the order, conducts a documentary check and establishes:

• the correctness of the calculations;
• validity and fidelity of the outstanding debt;
• the correctness of the amounts of accounts payable, receivable and depositor debt, incl. with expired statute of limitations.

The results of the inventory are recorded in the relevant Act in the INV-17 form, which is drawn up in at least two copies.

Registration of uninvoiced valuables

In more detail it is necessary to dwell on uninvoiced values. The legislation provides for a mechanism under which the seller, together with the thing, must transfer the relevant documents to it. Article 456 of the Civil Code stipulates that a quality certificate, technical passport, operating instructions, etc. must be available with the delivery. Other regulations provide for the transfer of settlement documents indicating the price and quantity of items transferred. However, in practice this is far from always the case, and the goods are brought without documentation for it. According to accounting standards, such deliveries are recognized as uninvoiced. Most often this concerns the receipt of goods, raw materials, materials, containers, spare parts.

To arrange everything correctly, the accountant is obliged to clarify whether the ownership of these values ​​has passed to his enterprise. If transferred, then goods and materials are considered own, they are recognized as uninvoiced deliveries and, depending on the type, are taken into account as inventories.

If there is no firm confidence in the transfer of the right, then the values ​​\u200b\u200bshould be put on off-balance sheet accounting (account 002) for safekeeping until all circumstances are clarified. It is very important to estimate the approximate value of someone else's property. This is necessary in order to recover its cost in case of possible loss from financially responsible employees and reimburse the owner. As a rule, accounting is based on the cost of previous similar deliveries, including VAT.

If there is no supply contract, and there is no way to confirm ownership, then the situation should be dealt with by the legal service of the company, which gives an opinion on how to formalize the inventory data - as received for storage or own. Unless otherwise specified in the agreement, by default, ownership from the seller passes to the buyer when the goods are shipped. Therefore, uninvoiced values ​​can be accepted on the balance sheet:

• with ownership transferred at the time of shipment;
• with the transfer of ownership after payment for goods and materials previously accepted for storage, or after making an advance payment;
• in compliance with the separately agreed conditions stipulated by the agreement.

At the same time, the absence or presence of an invoice does not really matter, since we are talking specifically about shipping papers. Goods are accepted to the warehouse after a specially assembled commission draws up acts on the acceptance of materials according to the M-7 form approved by the State Statistics Committee, one copy of which is sent by a pretentious letter to the supplier, and the second is used by the accounting department for posting valuables in the TORG-4 form. The second act is drawn up in triplicate - for the accounting department, for the supplier and for the person responsible for the ITC.

Features of accounting for settlements with supply partners

Economic relations with sellers and contractors can be indirect and direct, short-term and long-term. They have several forms:

• direct contracts;
• through intermediary and wholesale firms;
• centralized purchases by specialized organizations responsible for providing material and technical resources.

Direct connections are direct relations between manufacturers of products and their suppliers, with indirect ones there is at least one intermediary (broker, distributor, agent). Direct communications are more economical with significant volumes of purchased materials, since they allow for stable and regular deliveries, reduce document flow and costs. Indirect connections entail additional costs, but are appropriate when the number of required items or raw materials is small and does not reach the volume of deliveries of the transit form.

Supply can be transit and warehouse form. The validity of the use of each of them must be calculated economically in each individual case:

• In the transit form, resources are moved to the consumer without the use of intermediary intermediate warehouses and bases, which allows saving on procurement and transportation costs, since wagons and cars are fully loaded. However, the transit norms of the release seriously limit its use, since the recipient has to store more products than necessary, and, consequently, spend additional money.
• With a warehouse form, products can be imported from intermediary bases often and in small batches, which allows the recipient not to accumulate stocks. On the other hand, the need to pay for the services of intermediaries for the storage, processing and transportation of resources from their warehouses leads to an increase in costs.

All operations related to the supply of the enterprise with various resources are conducted through account 60, which is credited in accordance with the sender's settlement documents. If the invoice was prepaid before the delivery of the goods, and upon receipt, a shortage of the ITC, a discrepancy between the prices stipulated by the contract, or simply errors in the calculations, then the 60th invoice for this amount is credited in relation to the sub-account for the claims of account 76.

76 account is needed to summarize data on receivables and payables operations of this nature:

• Claims against transport companies, contractors and suppliers for discrepancies in tariffs and prices, arithmetic errors, quality of work performed and marriage, shortage of cargo and downtime. This also includes penalties, interest and fines.
• Personal or property insurance (except for compulsory medical and social insurance), all losses in case of damage or destruction of finished products or production stocks are written off to its debit.
• Deductions from the salaries of employees on court orders and writ of execution in favor of third-party legal entities and individuals.
• Determination of dividends, losses and profits due to the company.
• Settlement with employees for amounts not paid due to the absence of the recipient, but accrued (deposited amounts).

On the same account, 76, but separately, records of settlements with partners in a group of related companies are kept.

To facilitate the implementation of all procedures and reduce staff, the best option is automated accounting, such as 1C or "Info-Accountant". It allows you to constantly see the size of the current debt, and all accounting entries are embedded in computer programs. There are mini-accounting, integrated and complex systems, as well as a network version of accounting, which differ in complexity and list of functions. They can be applied in firms with different number of employees and volumes of spent funds.