What is shown in brown on the map? Conventional graphic symbols. What do the colors on the map mean?

To the question What is green on the plan and on the physical map? given by the author I-beam the best answer is 2.) on a physical map, green indicates low areas of the earth’s surface
4) on the plan, forests are indicated in green.
On the site plan, rivers and lakes are shown as blue water, and forests as green - the color of vegetation. Fields, vegetable gardens - - there is no special sign, so such areas are left white on the plan. The symbol of the bows resembles stalks of grass. Sands are represented by brown dots. Small streams, roads, narrow streets are depicted with conventional signs in the form of lines. Such symbols are generally accepted. They are used on all terrain plans.

Answer from Special[active]
I advise you to read it carefully!! !
Mountains are large, narrow, elongated areas of the lithosphere surface, rising above the adjacent plains by more than 500 m.
Since mountains form part of the relief, let’s agree on what we mean by relief. Relief is a set of irregularities in the surface of the lithosphere.
I show the participants a physical map of Russia in the atlas and ask them to answer the question: “What does it show? color scheme? . Answer: "Relief". Please remember the answer for later discussion.
To the question: “What color are the mountains shown on the map?” , I hear: “Brown or various shades of brown.” He is accepted as unfaithful. This is how an answer is assessed if it is completely or partially incorrect. Please find the New Siberian Islands on the map and see what is located north of them. It turns out - the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean.
I ask: “Is the ridge a mountain?” , “Are they shown in brown?” . No, light blue. “Which question was answered: the one posed or another?” . It turns out that they answered the question: “What color are mountains shown on land?” .
Correct answer: “On the land of this map, the mountains are marked in various shades of brown, and in the water area (seas and oceans) - from white to light blue.”
To the question - “What color are the plains shown on land maps? - I get the answer: “Green”. The answer is also not accepted.
To reasonably answer this question, you need to know the content of the concept “plain”. Plains are large, oval-shaped areas of the lithospheric surface with minor irregularities up to 500 m. They are distinguished according to the absolute elevations of the terrain.
1) up to 200 m – lowlands, painted dark green;
2) from 200 to 500 m – green plains with elevations up to 500 m;
3) over 500 m to 4-5 km - plateaus, plateaus, highlands.
The highest plain on Earth is the Tibetan Plateau with altitudes of 4-5 km. On the map, the Tibetan Plateau is shown in dark brown, and the Central Siberian Plateau is shown in light brown, because its heights are 800-1000 m. For example, the Ural Mountains are marked with the same color, the maximum height of which is 1895 m - Mount Narodnaya, and average – 1000 m.
I repeat my first question:
“What does the color scheme show on a physical map?” . After a short meeting of the participants, I heard in response: “Absolute marks of the terrain, but not the relief.” For this purpose, the map is accompanied by a scale of depths and heights in meters. If the relief were reflected, the land plains would be depicted as areas of a monochromatic green color, and the mountains as elongated areas of brown without any shades.

Everything that can be seen on the map is called geographical objects. All these objects - oceans, continents, seas, islands, mountains, rivers, cities - are reduced by thousands and even millions of times and shown conventional signs. Many of them are signed. Symbols and inscriptions on maps are varied. To be able to understand the symbols and what is shown on the map means to be able to read the map.

Continents and oceans

The physical map of the world shows large parts of land in green, yellow and brown - mainland and small islands. They are surrounded on all sides by the water of seas and oceans, colored blue and Blue colour. The seas and oceans are interconnected and form one world ocean. The continents divide the World Ocean into separate oceans: Quiet,Atlantic,Indian And Arctic.Seas- These are parts of the World Ocean that jut into land. There are six continents on Earth: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica and Australia. The largest continent is Eurasia. It consists of two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. This happened because in ancient times people thought that this was completely different lands, separated Mediterranean Sea. They learned much later that Europe and Asia constituted a huge single landmass.

Let's compare Ptolemy's map and the modern physical map of the world. Ptolemy's map, created about 1800 years ago, shows the entire surface of the Earth known in ancient times. “Antique” translated from Greek means ancient. Since ancient times, on all maps, north is located at the top of the map, south at the bottom, east on the right, west on the left. On Ptolemy's map we see only the Mediterranean Sea and the lands that surround it - the south of Europe, the west of Asia and the north of Africa, which in ancient times was called Libya. Europe, Asia, Africa are parts of the Old World. The remaining continents and the oceans and seas separating them had yet to be discovered by people. And also to discover and map the correct borders of Europe, Asia and Africa, which we see on the modern map.

Relief of the Earth

The surface of our planet is uneven. All the irregularities of the earth's surface form relief of the earth. The largest landforms are mountains and plains. How to show them on a flat map? They can be colored in different ways to show how high they rise above sea level. A multi-colored stripe is visible at the bottom of the card. This depth and height scale, expressed in meters. The initial height - zero meters - is taken ocean level. Green and yellow the maps show plains- territories with a flat surface.

Lowland plains lying at an altitude of up to 200 m are colored green, and high plains with an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level are yellow. Plains that lie below sea level, below zero meters, are shown in dark green. Indicated in brown colors on the map mountains- territories high above sea level, with large differences in elevation. The higher the mountains, the darker the brown color on the map. The highest of them rise more than 5000 m above sea level. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

The depth of the seas and oceans is not the same. If it is small, less than 200 m, then on the map we see a pale blue color. The greater the depth, the darker the blue tint. Red arrows in the oceans show warm currents, and blue arrows show cold currents. Water in currents moves like a river flow and is either warmer or colder than the surrounding calm water. These meandering lines on land show rivers, and spots show lakes. Glaciers- large masses of moving ice - indicated on the map in white. The dots on the maps indicate individual mountain peaks and depressions in the oceans. The numbers next to them show their height or depth in meters.

Settlements

Populated areas on the physical map of the world are shown as circles.

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

On this page there is material on the following topics:

If cartographers didn't use different colors for markings on maps, they (maps) would be gray and boring, wouldn't they? The colors on them are actually more than just colors. It’s amazing to me that each shade has its own meaning and its own purpose!

What do all cards have in common?

Some colors are usually used with a certain meaning, regardless of what card it is. They are recognizable to any schoolchild and understandable to absolutely everyone.

For example, on a political, physical, or any other map, no one would dare to mark mountains or deserts in blue.

Colors on the physical map

We can say that the physical map is used most often: in geography lessons, while planning an incredible trip around new country etc. The meanings of the colors on it are quite logical and clear. Any child or adult will understand that green is the forest, brown is the mountains, white is the ice, and yellow is the desert.

In this type of card, the shades have great importance. The darker the brown, the higher the mountain. For example, the surface of the Himalayas, the Andes, or the Cordillera Mountains appears on the map as the darkest shades of brown.

The darker the blue color on the map, the deeper the bottom of the reservoir. Example - Mariana Trench. Accordingly, if on the map a body of water is light blue in color, then it is very shallow.

How colors are used in other maps

It is already clear that colors can be used in different ways, depending on what type of card you need. They can perform the following functions:

• V political maps colors are most often needed to clearly highlight the boundaries between countries;
• maps of climate zones show different colors in different colors climatic zones;
• The colors on the time zone map are also used to highlight the boundaries between zones.

Based on this, we can draw the following conclusion: if we're talking about about the colors used in filling (when a certain area is painted with a certain shade, for example, a country), then the main objective use of color - drawing clear boundaries between countries, regions, zones and zones.

Colors play a really significant role in maps. They not only make the image more aesthetically pleasing, but also contain useful information, and also help you navigate the map with ease.

Kart? All this will be discussed in our article.

A geographical map is...

The map is one of the oldest inventions of mankind. At first they were carved on stones, cliffs and cave walls. These were primitive drawings of the terrain of primitive people. One of the oldest maps is dated by scientists to the seventeenth millennium BC. Moreover, it was not a map of the starry sky. It marked Vega, Altair, Deneb and some other bright stars in the sky.

Similar maps of lands were created by ancient Greek explorers and travelers - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy and others. Cartography developed unusually rapidly in the XIV-XVI centuries, in the so-called era of the Great geographical discoveries. At this time, portolans were created - sea plans that described in detail the waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, as well as the western shores and northern shores of Europe.

At the present time, a geographical map absolutely does not lose its value and relevance. In the 21st century, it becomes not only the result, but also an important tool of many scientific studies and research. Maps are widely used in geology, urban planning, meteorology, agriculture and other areas of human activity. School geography (6th grade) also studies it.

A geographic map is a model of the earth's surface reduced by hundreds or thousands of times, created using a system of special symbols. Almost all schoolchildren look at these colorful sheets of paper with great interest in class. And many of them have natural questions: what is indicated in brown on the map? What about other colors and shades? Next we will talk in detail about the symbols of modern maps. But first you should find out what types of them exist?

Types of geographical maps

Geographic maps are classified by scale, territorial coverage, purpose and content. According to their purpose, they can be:

• educational;
• reference;
• scientific;
• tourist;
• sports;
• navigation, etc.

By scale, all maps are divided into small-, medium- and large-scale, and by content - into general geographical and thematic. In general geographical maps a variety of natural and public objects are displayed: relief, vegetation, hydrography, cities and villages, roads, etc. Thematic ones display individual objects (phenomena) of nature, the economy or the social sphere.

What is shown in brown on the map?

The surface of our planet is heterogeneous. About 70% of its area is occupied by seas and oceans, and on land there are plateaus and mountains. How is all this displayed on general geographic maps?

All kinds of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs, etc.) are indicated in blue. And this is quite logical. But the surface of the sushi is painted in a variety of shades: from dark green to brown. What is shown in brown on the map?

The choice of color depends on the absolute height of a particular area in meters (above sea level). Green indicates lowlands and plains (up to 200 meters in height), yellow indicates hills (from 200 to 500 meters), and brown indicates mountainous areas (over 500 meters).

Ways to indicate relief on maps

Relief designation on a map can be done in two main ways:

• using flowers;
• using horizontal lines.

The color method was described in detail in the previous section. It is used, as a rule, in the compilation of general geographical (physical) maps. In addition to colors, such maps usually mark individual terrain points and indicate their absolute height. These can be the highest mountain peaks or, conversely, the lowest depressions in a particular area.

By color you can determine not only the height of the earth's surface, but also the depth of the seas and oceans. Colors are used to indicate depths on maps. The more saturated the shade, the deeper the bottom is at a particular point.

Each physical map is necessarily accompanied by a scale of heights and depths. From it you can approximately determine the height of the area or the depth of the ocean.

The second way to depict relief involves the use of special lines - horizontal lines. It is used primarily in the preparation of topographic maps and terrain plans.

Topographic map and its features

Large-scale universal maps that depict the terrain in detail are called topographical. With their help, you can get a fairly detailed picture of a particular territory.

All topographic maps are divided into four categories based on scale:

• large-scale (1:500,000 and larger);
• medium-scale (1:200,000, 1:100,000);
• small-scale (1:50,000, 1:10,000);
• area plans.

The most detailed terrain features are displayed on topographic plans, which have a scale of 1:5000 (most often). They can show individual buildings, trees, stones, churches, etc. Another distinctive feature terrain plans is that when drawing them up, the curvature of the Earth's surface is not taken into account.

Symbols of geographical maps and area plans

When drawing up topographic maps and terrain plans, a set of certain conventional symbols is used. With their help, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural objects and social phenomena are provided. What are the symbols of geographical maps? Four types of them are distinguished by modern topographers. This:

1. Large-scale.
2. Linear.
3. Non-scale.
4. Explanatory signs.

Using scale symbols, those objects and objects that can be expressed on the map scale are displayed. This could be a forest, a field, city blocks, etc. Non-scale symbols look like small figures or graphic drawings. They allow you to display objects on the map too small size(for example, a tree, a stone, a coal mine or a monastery). Using linear symbols, extended objects are displayed - roads, borders, power lines (power lines). Explanatory graphic symbols serve for additional characterization of certain terrain objects.

There are about two hundred conventional topographical signs in total. The figure below shows just a few of them. Here, for example, you can see what the symbol for sand, forest, lake, ravine or bridge looks like.

Relief depiction on topographic maps

As mentioned above, on topographic maps the terrain is displayed using so-called contour lines. These are conditional lines connecting points on the earth's surface with the same height. Horizontal lines are carried out at intervals of 10, 20 or 50 meters. But it all depends on the scale of the map: the larger it is, the more detailed the local relief can be shown. You can see what the horizontal lines look like in the figure below.

Horizontals, as a rule, have a gray or pale brown color. Where these lines break, their absolute height is indicated. In addition, individual points are often marked on geographic maps, indicating their exact height above sea level. These can be individual mountain peaks or objects that serve as obvious landmarks in the area.

Learning to “read” the terrain on a map is not difficult. The density and number of horizontal lines applied directly depends on the degree of dissection of the earth's surface. The closer these lines are located to each other on the map, the steeper the slope on the ground. However, best way Learning to read a topographic map means taking it with you on a hike or trip.

Depiction of vegetation and landscapes on maps

Landscapes, vegetation and soil cover are also shown in some detail on the maps. In this case, topographers use about 50 special signs.

Green spots and belts that can be seen on almost any topographic map are nothing more than forests. The boundaries of the forest are displayed as a dotted line. Additional characteristics of a particular forest are indicated using off-scale and explanatory signs.

Swamps on maps are indicated by horizontal blue stripes. Moreover, if these stripes are continuous, then the swamp is impassable, and if they are interrupted, then it is passable. Sands appear as randomly located brown dots.

There are special symbols to designate vineyards, fruit and berry gardens, bush thickets, woodlands, rice fields, tea plantations and other forms of vegetation.

Conclusion

Now you know what is indicated on the map in brown, what is green, and what is blue. The choice of color depends on the altitude of the area. Thus, lowlands are designated in green, hills in yellow, and mountain systems in brown. On topographic maps, the relief of the earth's surface is displayed differently - using contour lines.