What is an adjective: some interesting and important facts. Adjective What do I know about adjective
Adjective - is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that
1) indicate a sign of an object and answer questions which?, whose?;
2) they change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Classes of adjectives by meaning
There are three categories of adjectives based on meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.
Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action (barbed ).
Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book ), action (reading ) or other sign (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-y ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).
Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mom-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - th - ( fox ). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjectivefathers And relative adjective paternal ).
Quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strictness ) and adverbs starting with -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue, angry) ;
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (Very funny ).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all categories have inconstant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - and singular(cf.: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives that appear in short form(expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight, are phraseological and do not reflect current state language), as well as qualitative adjectives in the simple comparative and the compound superlative built on its basis (above, above all).
In Russian there areindeclinable adjectives , which mean:
1) colors:beige , khaki , Marengo , electrician ;
2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , Urdu ;
3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , bell-bottom , mini .
Fixed adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .
Their grammatical features are their invariability, adjoining to a noun, location after, and not before, the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .
Comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater/lesser extent in of this subject compared to another item (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one ).
There is a comparative degreesimple and compound .
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( faster, higher, earlier, deeper ).
The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from another stem:pl O hoy - worse , good - better .
Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be addedBy- ( newer ) .
The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This:
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use primarily as a predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in a non-isolated position with the prefix po- in the position after the noun (Buy me some fresh newspapers ).
Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:
element more/less + adjective (more / less high ).
The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;
2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form (more handsome );
3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented V this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )
Excellent the degree of comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the characteristic ( highest mountain) or to a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.
Simple superlative adjective comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eish- / -aysh- (after k, r, x, causing alternation):kind-eysh-y, high-yish-yy.
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .
The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.
Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:
1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );
2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );
3) adding a wordeveryone orTotal to the comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the first and second ways, have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, and can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
Completeness/brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.
The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine gender, -A for women, -O / -e for average, -s / -And for plural (deep , deepA , deepO , deepAnd ) .
A short form cannot be formed from qualitative adjectives that:
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;
2) indicate the colors of animals:brown , black ;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , blue .
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in a sentence it acts primarily as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:
1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form - permanent, cf.:child is ill - child sick .
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings belonging to different categories. In school grammar this is called “the transition of an adjective from category to category.” Thus, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (qual.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox a cap (relative) -fox habits (quality).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
II. Morphological characteristics.1. Constant signs: rank by meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Variable signs: 1) for qualitative adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. Syntactic role.
An example of morphological analysis of an adjective.
And indeed, she was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).
1. Good (what?) - adjective,
initial form is good.
2. Constant signs: high-quality, brief;
inconsistent signs: units. number, female genus.
3.
She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).
initial form - tall.
Non-constant signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p..
3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).
1. T-nenkaya - adjective,
the initial form is thin.
2. Constant signs: high-quality, complete;
inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.
3. She (was what?) thin
the initial form is black.
2. Constant signs: quality;
inconsistent features: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural. number, I. p..
3. Eyes (which ones?) black (predicate).
Literacy involves not only placing periods and commas in the right place, but also using them accurately according to the rules of linguistics. The adjective in Russian plays a big role in the formation of phrases and sentences. Their use enriches our speech, making it more rich and imaginative. There are probably no adults who don’t know what it is. However, there is a lot of interesting information about this morphological unit, which was undoubtedly mentioned in the school curriculum, but could have been forgotten over time.
Particle "not" with adjective
There are often situations when you seem to know a word, but you don’t know exactly how to spell it correctly. Such cases include the use of adjectives with “not”. Let's consider in what cases you need to write together.
Firstly, the negative particle “not” is written together with adjectives, the forms of which simply do not exist in the world without this particle. modern language. For example, hostile, careless.
Secondly, adjectives are used together with “not”, the meaning of which, when a given particle is added, changes to a word with the opposite meaning. It must be remembered that such an adjective can be replaced with a synonym. For example, an unmarried person is single, and others.
Thirdly, it is accepted continuous writing adjectives with “not”, which are used with explanatory words expressing degree and measure. For example, a very inappropriate remark.
Adjectives are written separately from “not” in the following cases:
- When used with relative adjectives. It is taken into account that this affirms a negative meaning. For example, the ring is not silver (here it is emphasized that the ring is not made of silver).
- When using adjectives whose short and long forms differ in meaning. Example: not a red tomato - not a red girl.
- When used with adjectives and adverbs, for example, it is by no means an old concept, an unfamiliar story, and so on.
- When this morphological unit is used after the word being defined, the construction has a meaning close to a participle phrase. For example, organizations that are not subordinate.
When writing adjectives with the particle “not”, you should pay attention to the sentence in which they are used. Thus, the same word can have different spellings depending on the role played by this part of speech. For example, this person is not from here (predicate) - an alien custom (definition).
It is important to know that adjectives with the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in- should be written with one “n”. For glass, tin and wood.
In adjectives with the suffixes -onn-, -enn- “nn” is used, for example, morning (sun), and others. The exception is windy. However, it should be noted that such an adjective is written with “nn” if it is used with a prefix. For example, leeward, windless.
Some interesting points
In the process of language evolution, some adjectives became nouns. These include: laundry, hairdresser, storage room and others. In addition, there are a number of words that can act as both parts of speech. These include: sick, familiar, blind and others.
Linguists have also found that adjectives with unstable stress tend over time to be pronounced with an emphasis on the last syllables. So, previously words such as “thunder”, “day” were used. Now they have been replaced by “day” and “thunder”.
As you know, a feature of Russian adjectives is their ability to inflect. In contrast, the adjective in English language does not change according to gender, number and cases, but can form
Adjectives occupy third place in the language in terms of number and significance (after verbs and nouns). Their use gives artistic expressiveness our speech.
1. Adjective– an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?
Basic features of an adjective
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples |
| This is the value of the item attribute: | |
| Blue, light blue, lilac. | |
| Sweet, fragrant, spicy. | |
| Good bad. | |
| Kind, modest, funny. | |
| Smart, stupid, talkative. | |
| B) Morphological characteristics | Examples |
| The same as for a noun - gender, number, case. But unlike nouns, adjectives vary by gender, number, and case, and gender differences are observed in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives serve and explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. | Wed: blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - blue carpets, blue ribbons, blue saucers. |
| B) Syntactic features | Examples |
| In a sentence, adjectives are usually modifiers or the nominal part of the predicate. | Wed: Funny clown made the guys laugh; Clown was cheerful. |
| Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. | Wed: Funny clown made the guys laugh; Cheerful joke made the guys laugh. |
| Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them. | Wed: weak from illness, very weak. |
2. Based on the nature of their lexical meaning, adjectives are divided into three categories:
A) quality;
B) relative;
B) possessive.
A) Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives indicate various qualities of an object:
size: big, large, small;
age: old, young;
color: Red Blue;
weight: light heavy;
appearance: handsome, slender;
personal traits: smart, strict, lazy.
Characteristic grammatical and word-formation features qualitative adjectives are:
the presence of degrees of comparison;
Big bigger Biggest; smart - smarter, smartest.
availability of full and short forms;
Strict is strict, old is old.
ability to combine with adverbs of degree;
Very strict, very big, very smart.
form adverbs with the suffixes -o, -e, -i.
Clever → clever, brilliant → brilliant, brutal → brutal.
| The most important morphological characteristics qualitative adjectives are the following: the presence of degrees of comparison and two (long and short) forms. |
However, not all qualitative adjectives have these features:
There are no degrees of comparison for relative or possessive adjectives in a qualitative sense.
Wed: a gold bracelet(relative adjective) – golden character(qualitative meaning); Fox's tail(possessive adjective) – this person has a fox character / a fox smile(qualitative meaning).
They indicate signs not directly, but through their relationship to:
These signs cannot appear to a greater or lesser extent.
Unlike qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives do not change according to degrees of comparison and do not have a short form. Relative adjectives are synonymous with case or prepositional case forms of nouns.
Wed: iron hoop - a hoop made of iron; Volga bank - the bank of the Volga; sports shoes – shoes for sports.
B) Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives denote the characteristics of an object according to its belonging to a person or animal.
Father's jacket, mother's scarf, fox tail, wolf trail.
These adjectives answer the question whose? whose? whose? whose? An object cannot have such characteristics to a greater or lesser extent.
1) Possessive adjectives with suffixes -in/yn, -ov/-ev, -iy/-j- in the singular form of the nominative case in the masculine gender they usually have a zero ending, and in the feminine and neuter genders they usually have the same endings as nouns.
Wed: bearish□, bearish, bearish.
2) When adjectives are used, their meaning may change. Thus, relative adjectives can become qualitative.
Wed: lilac branch– relative adjective; lilac dress– qualitative adjective.
Possessive adjectives can become relative and qualitative.
Wed: bear trail(the trail belongs to the bear) – possessive adjective; bear coat(the fur coat is made from the skin of a bear, and does not belong to the bear) – relative adjective; bear walk(gait like a bear) is a qualitative adjective.
NOTES:
1) In the plural, gender is not determined;
2) Qualitative adjectives in the short form do not have CASE!
There are no degrees of comparison for adjectives like barefoot, oblique, blind, lame, dead, married, because they express absolute qualities, that is, qualities that cannot be compared (one cannot be dead to a greater or lesser extent; one cannot be married to a greater or lesser extent);
There is no short form for adjectives like business, friendly, comic, since they are relative in origin;
Adjective- a significant part of speech, which denotes a sign or quality of an object, answers the questions: what? / whose? and usually appears in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. Adjectives in Russian have grammatical categories of gender, number and case. Some adjectives can also have a degree of comparison category.
The qualities of objects or living beings called by adjectives can be an integral part of them or manifest themselves in certain situations (for example, when using an object); some characteristics are constant, while others change over time. Lexical meanings adjectives are very diverse. They can denote color (red), size (large), spatial concept (right), age (young), quality (sweet), character trait (bold), belonging (mother), a sign of one object through its relationship to another object (cherry [orchard]), action (dormitory [neighborhood]), place (French [cognac]) or time (daytime [dream]), etc.
Many grammatical categories of adjectives (gender, number and case) are purely concordant, or syntactically independent: they are determined solely by which main words (usually nouns) the given adjectives are associated with, i.e. gender, number and case of the noun are simply duplicated in the corresponding form of the adjective, which is its definition: strong person, strong person, strong people. If the noun does not have inflectional forms, then in these cases the grammatical features of the adjective indicate formally unexpressed categories of the noun. So, in the phrases drink black coffee and see elderly Frau, the adjective black carries information that the word coffee is masculine, inanimate and is used here in the accusative case of the singular, and from the adjective elderly one can understand that Frau is an animate noun, used in the accusative plural.
The primary syntactic function of adjectives is to be an agreed definition: Material from the site
A lonely sail turns white in the fog of the blue sea (M. Yu. Lermontov).
Indeclinable adjectives act as inconsistent definitions:
Khaki ball, indigo children.
Both full and short adjectives can be part of a nominal predicate, while full adjectives are used in the nominative or instrumental case:
I like that you are not sick with me (M.I. Tsvetaeva).
I have never been this tired before (S.A. Yesenin).
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