Correction of errors in accounting and reporting. Correction of the primary accounting document, order signature authority General approaches to identifying errors

4. Identified errors and their consequences are subject to mandatory correction.

5. An error in the reporting year identified before the end of that year is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified.

6. An error in the reporting year identified after the end of this year, but before the date of signing the financial statements for this year, is corrected by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts for December of the reporting year (the year for which the annual financial statements are prepared).

7. A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, but before the date of submission of such statements to shareholders of a joint-stock company, participants of a limited liability company, a state authority, local government or other body authorized to exercise the rights of the owner, etc., is corrected in the manner established by paragraph 6 of these Regulations. If the specified financial statements were presented to any other users, then they must be replaced with statements in which the identified significant error has been corrected (revised financial statements).

8. A significant error in the previous reporting year, identified after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to shareholders of a joint-stock company, participants in a limited liability company, a state authority, local government or other body authorized to exercise the rights of the owner, etc., but before date of approval of such reporting in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is corrected in the manner established by paragraph 6 of these Regulations. At the same time, the revised financial statements disclose information that these financial statements replace the originally presented financial statements, as well as the basis for preparing the revised financial statements.

The revised financial statements are submitted to all addresses to which the original financial statements were submitted.

9. A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after approval of the financial statements for this year, is corrected:

1) entries on the relevant accounting accounts in the current reporting period. In this case, the corresponding account in the records is the account for retained earnings (uncovered loss);
2) by recalculating the comparative indicators of the financial statements for the reporting periods reflected in the financial statements of the organization for the current reporting year, except in cases where it is impossible to establish the connection of this error with a specific period or it is impossible to determine the impact of this error on a cumulative basis in relation to all previous reporting periods.

Restatement of comparative financial statements is carried out by correcting the financial statements as if the error of the previous reporting period had never been made (retrospective restatement).

Retrospective restatement is carried out in relation to comparative indicators starting from the previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year in which the corresponding error was made.

Organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can correct a significant error in the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, in the manner established by paragraph 14 of these Regulations, without retrospective recalculation.

10. In the event of correction of a significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements, the approved financial statements for the previous reporting periods are not subject to revision, replacement and re-presentation to users of the financial statements.

11. If a significant error was made before the beginning of the earliest previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year, the opening balances for the corresponding items of assets, liabilities and capital at the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented are subject to adjustment.

12. If it is not possible to determine the impact of a material error on one or more previous reporting periods presented in the financial statements, the organization must adjust the opening balance for the relevant items of assets, liabilities and equity at the beginning of the earliest period for which restatement is possible.

13. The impact of a material error on the previous reporting period cannot be determined if complex and (or) numerous calculations are required, during which it is impossible to identify information indicating the circumstances that existed at the date of the error, or it is necessary to use information received after the date of approval of the financial statements for such previous reporting period.

14. An error of the previous reporting year, which is not significant, discovered after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified. Profit or loss arising as a result of correcting this error is reflected as part of other income or expenses of the current reporting period.

Order No. 63n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 63n) approved PBU 22/2010 “Correction of errors in accounting and reporting.” 1 Order No. 63n was registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 30, 2010 and published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta August 6, 2010. . Paragraph 2 of this order states that this document comes into force with the annual financial statements for 2010. PBU 22/2010 is required to be applied by all organizations, with the exception of budgetary institutions and credit organizations. The purpose of the new accounting standard is to establish rules for correcting errors identified in accounting and determine the procedure for reflecting adjustments in financial statements.

From when does PBU 22/2010 apply?

Since August 2010, after the publication of PBU 22/2010, disputes began among accountants, auditors and other accounting specialists about what rules should be applied when correcting errors in accounting in 2010. The fact is that, along with the previous rules for correcting errors of previous years, set out in paragraph 11 of the Instructions on the procedure for drawing up and presenting financial statements (hereinafter referred to as the Instructions), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 67n), new requirements appeared, recorded in PBU 22/2010 (order No. 63n). Moreover, both of these orders apply to the annual financial statements for 2010.

Let's figure out from what point the rules set out in PBU 22/2010 should be applied. Do they only apply to the final financial statements that will be prepared for 2010, or should the new rules be applied to accounting to correct all errors discovered during 2010?

Since paragraph 2 of Order No. 63n contains a separate instruction on its entry into force. According to paragraph 12 of Decree of the President of Russia dated May 23, 1996 No. 763, regulatory legal acts of federal executive authorities come into force simultaneously throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation after 10 days after the day of their official publication, unless the acts themselves establish a different procedure for their entry into force with the financial statements for 2010, many experts believe that it is necessary to comply with the requirements of PBU 22/2010 only from January 1, 2011. This is the date from which the busy time for accountants begins - the time of preparation of the final financial statements for 2010. According to supporters of this position, errors discovered in accounting during 2010 must be corrected according to the previous rules, and if the error was identified after January 1, 2011, taking into account the requirements of PBU 22/2010.

In our opinion, this approach is wrong. In practice, we are, indeed, accustomed to calling annual financial statements the final statements that are prepared at the end of the reporting year. But in this case, it seems that in Order No. 63n the Russian Ministry of Finance uses the expression “annual financial statements” in a broader sense - as the totality of all accounting indicators reflected in the financial statements for 2010.

In our opinion, PBU 22/2010 should be applied in accounting in relation to errors of the current year and previous years identified after January 1, 2010. It does not matter when exactly in 2010 the error was discovered - before the official publication of PBU 22/2010 or later. It must be corrected according to the rules of the new accounting standard.

Let's consider a specific situation. Let's say an organization discovered several significant errors for 2009 at different times: the first in May 2010, and the second in September of the same year. If you follow the recommendations of those experts who claim that PBU 22/2010 applies only to errors discovered after January 1, 2011, you will get the following picture. Errors for 2009, found in May and September 2010, must be corrected in 2010 in the month they were discovered by accounting entries in account 91 (according to the previous rules for correcting errors of previous years). This means that the correction of these errors will have an impact on the financial result of the organization’s economic activities as a whole for 2010.

In this situation, is it possible to say that the organization complied with the requirements of PBU 22/2010 when preparing annual financial statements for 2010? Of course not. In this case, the norms of the new accounting standard when preparing financial statements for 2010 will not be met. This is a clear violation of paragraph 2 of order No. 63n. To prevent this from happening, it would be more correct to apply the new rules for correcting errors in relation to all inaccuracies. The rules of PBU 22/2010 can be applied starting from the financial statements for the nine months of 2010. And when preparing annual financial statements for 2010, all organizations must correct errors discovered during 2010 or identified during the formation of financial statements for this year, in accordance with the requirements of PBU 22/2010 and distortions identified during 2010.

Previous error correction rules

PBU, dedicated exclusively to the issue of error correction, appeared in the Russian regulatory framework for accounting for the first time. Prior to this, the error correction rules were relatively brief. Thus, when an organization’s accountant discovered an error in accounting data, he had to be guided by the rules set out in paragraph 11 of the Guidelines. The procedure for correcting the error depended on the period to which it belonged and when exactly it was identified.

If an error made in the current period was discovered before the end of the reporting year, it should have been corrected by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts in the month of the reporting period when the distortions were identified.

Let's say that an inaccuracy in the reflection of business transactions of the reporting year is discovered after its completion, but before the approval of the annual financial statements. In this case, corrections to accounting must be made retroactively - with entries for December of the reporting year for which the annual financial statements are prepared. In practice, such adjustment entries were usually dated 31 December. Thanks to this, the financial result of the organization’s economic activities for the reporting year was immediately formed taking into account the corrections made.

If the organization’s annual financial statements have already been approved in the prescribed manner, and then errors were identified in the organization for the previous year, then make corrections to the approved annual ones. According to paragraph 7 of PBU 9/99, the profit of previous years identified in the reporting year is reflected as part of the organization’s other income . A similar rule is contained in paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99. It says that losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year are classified as other expenses; accounting reporting is no longer possible. In this case, corrections to accounting must be made on the current date - at the moment when the error from previous years was discovered.

Starting next year, starting with the annual financial statements for 2011, Order No. 67n is cancelled. This is stated in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 22, 2010 No. 108n.

New bug fix requirements

Let's analyze the new error correction rules set out in PBU 22/2010 to understand how they differ from the previous procedure (table below).

Table. Comparing new and old error correction rules

Moment of error detection	New rules (PBU 22/2010)	Previous rules (clause 11 of the Instructions)
Significant errors	Minor errors
Error in the reporting year identified before the end of that year	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified (clause 5)	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting period when the distortions were identified
An error in the reporting year discovered after its end but before the date of signing the financial statements for that year	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts for December of the reporting year for which the annual financial statements are prepared (clause 6)
An error of the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, but before the date of presentation of such statements to the owners	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts for December of the reporting year, for which the annual financial statements are prepared. Users to whom the original statements were presented are presented with revised financial statements (clause 7)		Corrected by accounting entries in December of the reporting year for which annual financial statements are prepared
An error of the previous reporting year, identified after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to the owners, but before the date of approval of such statements	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts for December of the reporting year, for which the annual financial statements are prepared. The owners and other users to whom the initial statements were presented are presented with revised financial statements with explanations of the reasons for correcting the statements (clause 8)	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified. Profit or loss resulting from correction of an error is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses” (clause 14)	Corrected by accounting entries in December of the reporting year for which annual financial statements are prepared
Error of the previous reporting year, identified after approval of the financial statements for this year	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the current reporting period. The corresponding account in these records is account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. The comparative indicators of the financial statements for the reporting periods reflected in the financial statements of the organization for the current reporting year are recalculated (clause 9)	Corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified. Profit or loss resulting from correction of an error is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses” (clause 14)	Corrections to accounting and financial statements for the previous reporting year are not made. In the accounting of the current reporting period, corrective entries are reflected in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses”

General approaches to identifying errors

Paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010 provides a definition of error. Thus, an error is the incorrect reflection or non-reflection of the facts of economic activity in the accounting and (or) financial statements of the organization. Errors can be caused by various factors. In particular, these include:

incorrect application of the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;
incorrect application of the organization's accounting policies;
inaccuracies in calculations;
incorrect classification or assessment of facts of economic activity;
incorrect use of information available at the date of signing the financial statements;
dishonest actions of officials of the organization.

A very important note is made in the last paragraph of paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010. It considers the situation when an organization receives new information that was not available to it at the time of reflection (non-reflection) of facts of economic activity. Inaccuracies in the accounting and (or) financial statements of the organization arising due to the lack of this information are not errors. This means that an organization that has received new information in the current reporting period about the facts of economic activities relating to previous reporting periods should not apply PBU 22/2010 to correct identified inaccuracies. Newly received data should be reflected in accounting in the generally established manner in the month when this information became known to the organization. These accounting entries are not corrections of errors; they reflect the transaction, information about which is currently received by the organization.

From a tax point of view, a completely different approach to such situations is taken. If an organization lately receives documents that are dated from the previous reporting (tax) period and indicate the completion of a particular business transaction in the past period, this is interpreted as a distortion of data (error) for past periods. If the distortion resulted in an excessive payment of tax to the budget , then the taxpayer has the right to adjust the tax base and the amount of tax in the current period in which the error was discovered. According to the rules of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, if an error has led to tax arrears, the organization must submit an updated tax return for the previous period.

Example

Let’s assume that in April 2011, LLC “Style” received from the supplier, JSC “Investcom”, a certificate of communication services provided in November 2010. The document is dated November last year. The cost of services was 9440 rubles. (including VAT 1440 rub.). Along with the act, JSC Investcom sent an invoice, also dated November 2010.

Last year, Stil LLC did not have this information about the amount of communication services provided and did not reflect it in the accounting and reporting for 2010.

Guided by paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010, the organization in April 2011 made the usual accounting entries to reflect the cost of communication services provided to it in November last year:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 60
— 8000 rub. — reflects the cost of communication services provided in November 2010;

DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
— 1440 rubles — the amount of VAT charged on communication services is taken into account.

DEBIT 68 SUBACCOUNT “VAT CALCULATIONS” CREDIT 19
— 1440 rub. — the amount of VAT on communication services provided in November 2010 was accepted for deduction.

Thus, Stil LLC reflected in its accounting not the correction of an error for the previous year, but ordinary accounting entries for reflecting a business transaction for the purchase of communication services.

An invoice from CJSC Investcom was registered in the purchase book for the second quarter of 2011, because the services were accepted for accounting and the invoice was received during this period.

In tax accounting, failure to reflect expenses for communication services for November 2010 led to an overestimation of the tax base and an overpayment of income tax for the previous year. Therefore, LLC "Style", based on the norms of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, decided not to submit an updated income tax return to the tax authorities, but to make the necessary adjustments to the tax base for the current period. In the income tax return for the first half of 2011, the organization reflected the amount of expenses for communication services provided to it in November 2010. On line 040 of Appendix No. 2 to sheet 02 of the declaration, an additional amount of costs of 8,000 rubles was indicated as part of indirect expenses.

Major and minor errors

According to PBU 22/2010, errors for previous periods are divided into significant and insignificant. Paragraph 3 of this standard provides a definition of material errors. An error is considered significant if it, individually or in combination with other errors for the same reporting period, can affect the economic decisions of users made on the basis of the financial statements compiled for this reporting period. The organization determines the materiality of an error independently based on both its magnitude and nature. If the error, by itself or in combination with other errors for the same reporting period, can affect the economic decisions of users made on the basis of the financial statements prepared for this reporting period. period, then it is recognized as a material corresponding item (items) of the financial statements.

This means that the organization must determine in its accounting policies which errors are considered significant for it. In our opinion, this needs to be done by introducing amendments to the accounting policy for 2010, because the new PBU 22/2010 applies to the annual financial statements for this year.

The accounting policy should indicate the materiality value for errors in absolute and (or) percentage terms. In the accounting policy, you can simultaneously set both absolute and percentage values for significant errors. A situation cannot be ruled out when a violation of a small amount turns out to be significant in percentage terms in relation to the total amount of a particular accounting indicator. Materiality in absolute terms is the amount above which the error will be considered significant. Materiality in percentage terms is the percentage in relation to any accounting indicators or a particular item in the financial statements, above which the error will be considered significant.

Let us recall that the generally accepted level of materiality as a percentage is about 5%. This value is mentioned in certain regulations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia 2 See paragraph 1 of the Instructions, paragraph 1 of the Instructions on the procedure for compiling and presenting financial statements of insurance organizations (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 11, 2010 No. 41n), as well as paragraph 88 of the Methodological Instructions for Financial Accounting -industrial reserves (order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n). . And Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation states that a gross violation of the rules of accounting and presentation of financial statements means a distortion of the amounts of accrued taxes and fees by at least 10%, as well as a distortion of any article (line) of the financial reporting form by at least 10 %. When establishing the materiality value for errors in the accounting policy, the organization should be guided by the specified standards.

In our opinion, it is possible to establish a provision in the accounting policy according to which an error will be recognized as significant for the organization if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

the amount of distortion exceeds a certain value n thousand rubles;
the magnitude of the error is n% of the total value of this type of assets (liabilities), of the value of the corresponding indicator in the financial statements, etc.

In addition, the organization needs to highlight errors that will be considered significant based on the relevant items in the financial statements. We are talking about those reporting indicators that are very significant for the organization and users of its reporting when making economic decisions. Misstatements made in these financial statements will be considered significant regardless of the amount of the error.

Sometimes a single error may be small in magnitude, but suppose many similar small errors were made during this reporting period. For example, an accountant incorrectly accounts for the same standard transaction. In this case, all typical errors must be assessed together. It is possible that the total amount of such errors will exceed the materiality limit established in the organization’s accounting policies. These errors are assessed collectively as significant. This means that they will have to be corrected according to the rules established in PBU 22/2010 for significant errors.

New procedure for correcting errors in the reporting year

The general rule set out in paragraph 4 of PBU 22/2010 states that any errors identified in accounting and reporting are subject to mandatory correction. Moreover, not only errors should be corrected, but also the consequences to which they led. The order in which errors are corrected depends on whether they are major or minor and at what point they are discovered. PBU 22/2010 provides the following classification of errors depending on the period when they were detected:

errors of the reporting year identified before the end of this year (clause 5);
errors of the reporting year identified after its end, but before the date of signing the financial statements for this year (clause 6);
significant errors of the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, but before the date of submission of such statements to the owners, shareholders, participants of the limited liability company (clause 7);
significant errors of the previous reporting year, identified after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to the shareholders of the joint-stock company, participants of the limited liability company, government body, local government body or other body authorized to exercise the rights of the owner (hereinafter referred to as the owners), but before the date of approval of such reporting in the prescribed manner (clause 8);
significant errors of the previous reporting year, identified after approval of the financial statements for this year (clause 9);
errors of the previous reporting year that are not significant, identified after the date of signing the reports for this year (clause 14).

Let's take a closer look at how, according to the rules of PBU 22/2010, corrections are made to accounting and financial reporting data.

Error in the reporting year identified before the end of that year, is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which the error was identified. By adjusting current accounting data, the results of correcting such an error will be taken into account when generating financial reporting indicators for a given reporting year.

Example

In November 2010, the accountant of Alpha LLC discovered that in the third quarter of this year, the corresponding amount of costs for voluntary insurance of employees was not written off from account 97 “Deferred expenses”. The amount of unwritten expenses is 72,000 rubles. An accounting statement was drawn up in which the accountant calculated the amount of insurance expenses for the third quarter of 2010 to be written off from account 97. In accordance with paragraph 5 of PBU 22/2010 accounting Alpha LLC made a corrective entry in November 2010:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 97

IN tax accounting This amount of expenses for employee insurance was also not taken into account when preparing the tax return for the nine months of 2010, although it fully complied with the conditions for recognizing such expenses established by paragraph 16 of Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. As a result, Alpha LLC had an overestimated tax base for the past reporting period, which led to an overpayment of income tax to the budget. Based on paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the accountant of Alpha LLC did not prepare an updated income tax return for the nine months of 2010. In November of this year, in the tax register for accounting for labor costs, he additionally recorded the amount of 72,000 rubles. These costs for voluntary insurance of employees were taken into account as part of indirect costs on line 040 of Appendix No. 2 to sheet 02 of the income tax return for 2010.

An error in the reporting year discovered after its end, but before the date of signing the financial statements for this year, is corrected by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts for December of the reporting year (that is, the year for which the annual financial statements are prepared). In other words, if an error for the reporting year is discovered at the beginning of the next year during the period of preparation of the financial statements for this reporting year, entries should be made on the same accounting accounts on which this operation is usually supposed to be reflected. But these records must be dated December - the last month of the reporting year. In practice, these adjustment entries are usually made on December 31. As a result, the error becomes corrected within the year to which the operation relates. This means that the financial result for this reporting year will be immediately formed taking into account the corrected error

Example

Let's use the condition of example 2. Let's say that the accountant of Alpha LLC discovered an error in writing off expenses for voluntary insurance of employees for the third quarter of 2010 in February 2011. The organization's annual financial statements for 2010 have not yet been drawn up and signed.

Based on paragraph 6 of PBU 22/2010, the accountant recorded in the accounting records the write-off of expenses for voluntary insurance of employees from account 97 to the account for general business expenses (example 2). These entries were dated December 31, 2010. Thanks to such actions, the results of correcting this error were immediately taken into account when preparing the annual financial statements of Alpha LLC for 2010.

Now let's look at three cases where an accounting year error was discovered after the annual financial statements were signed. Please note: we will only talk about significant errors for the past reporting year.

A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, but before the date of submission of such statements to the owners, is corrected in the same manner as in the previous case discussed above (example 3). That is, entries in the relevant accounting accounts dated December of the reporting year. If the signed annual financial statements have already been presented to some other users, then they must be replaced with statements in which the identified significant error has been corrected (revised financial statements). If a significant error is identified in the previous reporting period after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to the owners, but before date of approval of such statements, revised statements must be submitted to all addresses where the original financial statements were submitted.

Who are the other users to whom annual financial statements can be submitted earlier than the owners? These could be tax authorities, state statistics authorities, the bank from which the organization plans to take a loan, counterparties with whom they are going to enter into an agreement, and, ultimately, the head of the organization, who is not the owner, who signed the annual financial statements.

After making adjustments to the accounting records dated December of the reporting year, the data on the accounting accounts will change. Therefore, the accountant needs to recalculate the financial result and generate new annual financial statements. These revised financial statements should be provided to all users in lieu of the original financial statements previously presented to them.

A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to the owners, but before the date of approval of such statements in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is corrected in a similar way - by entries in the relevant accounting accounts dated December of the reporting year (example 3). Revised financial statements must be submitted to all addresses where the original financial statements were filed. Unlike the previous situation, in the case under consideration, the revised financial statements provide information that these statements replace the originally presented financial statements, and also indicate the grounds (reasons) for drawing up the revised financial statements. This information can be presented in the form of notes to the restated financial statements.

A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, is corrected as follows. The approved annual financial statements are not subject to revision, replacement or re-presentation to users. This is determined by paragraph 10 of PBU 22/2010. In this case, a significant error for the past reporting year is corrected directly in the current reporting period in which it was discovered. The procedure for such adjustments is given in paragraph 9 of PBU 22/2010.

First, you need to make entries in the relevant accounting accounts for the current reporting period. In this case, the corresponding account in the records should be account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).” Then you should recalculate the comparative indicators of the financial statements for the reporting periods reflected in the financial statements of the organization for the current reporting year. It is allowed not to recalculate reporting indicators for previous reporting periods if it is impossible to establish a connection. Situations when it is possible not to recalculate reporting indicators for previous reporting periods are extremely rare. After all, the organization usually knows to which previous period the detected error belongs, and it is possible to calculate what distortions of the financial statements indicators this error led to for a specific period, or it is impossible to determine the impact of this error on a cumulative basis in relation to all previous reporting periods.

Recalculation of comparative indicators of financial statements Comparative indicators are recalculated retrospectively starting from the previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year in which the corresponding error was made retrospectively. That is, the corresponding indicators of previous reporting periods are recalculated, which are reflected in the financial statements of the current reporting year in which the error was discovered, as if the error of the previous reporting period had never been made. When preparing interim (annual) financial statements for the current reporting period in which an error was discovered, the organization corrects the recalculated indicators relating to previous reporting periods.

Example

Let's use the condition of example 2. Suppose that the accountant of Alpha LLC in May 2011 discovered an error in writing off expenses for voluntary insurance of employees for the third quarter of 2010. By this time, the organization's annual financial statements for 2010 had already been approved in accordance with the established procedure. According to the accounting policy of the organization, such an amount of error is considered significant.

Based on paragraph 9 of PBU 22/2010, the accountant of Alpha LLC in May 2011 made accounting the following correction note:

DEBIT 84 SUBACCOUNT “RETAINED PROFIT (UNCOVERED LOSS) FOR 2010” CREDIT 97
— 72,000 rub. — reflects the amount of expenses for voluntary insurance of employees for July, August and September 2010.

When compiling financial statements for the first half of 2011 year, the accountant of Alpha LLC recalculated the comparative indicators for 2010. Accounting statements for this period of 2011 were compiled according to new forms approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 66n) 3 The procedure for filling out new forms of accounting statements from 2011 will be discussed in one of the next issues of the magazine. — Note. ed. .

In the asset balance sheet in the column “As of December 31, 2010” were reduced by 72,000 rubles. indicators of line 1260 “Other current assets” (which included the balance of deferred expenses at the end of 2010), line 1200 “Total for section II” and line 1600 “Balance”. The values of indicators in line 1370 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”, line 1300 “Total for Section III” and line 1700 “Balance” were reduced by the same amount in the balance sheet liabilities. These adjustments had a corresponding impact on the similar indicators of the current reporting period of 2011.

IN income statement for the first half of 2011, the indicators for the previous year were not recalculated, since this form presented comparative indicators for the first half of 2010, and the error related to the third quarter of last year. The consequences of this error will be corrected in the income statement for the next reporting period.

When compiling the profit and loss report for the nine months of 2011, the accountant of Alpha LLC increased the amount by 72,000 rubles. the value of the line indicator 2220 “Administrative expenses”. This led to the need to reduce the indicators of line 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales”, line 2300 “Profit (loss) before tax”, line 2400 “Net profit (loss)” by the same amount. In the reference section of the income statement, we also had to reduce the value of the indicator in line 2500 “Cumulative financial result of the period.” All these adjustments were reflected in the last column “For 9 months of 2010” of the income statement.

Based on paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Alfa LLC decided not to prepare an updated income tax return, since an error for 2010 led to an overpayment of income tax to the budget. IN tax accounting The accountant of Alpha LLC included the amount of 72,000 rubles in May 2011. included in indirect expenses (as labor costs) and reflected it on line 040 of Appendix No. 2 to sheet 02 of the declaration for the half year of 2011.

As a result, the correction of last year's error led to a decrease in the tax base for income tax for the current year 2011. In accounting, the financial result of the reporting year did not decrease by this amount of expenses. Therefore, the accountant of Alpha LLC applied the rules of PBU 18/02 and recorded the following entry in the accounting records:

DEBIT 68 SUB-ACCOUNT “STANDING TAX OBLIGATIONS” CREDIT 99
— 14,400 rub. (RUB 72,000 x 20%) - PIT is accrued for the amount of the difference between accounting and tax accounting data.

An accountant needs to be extremely careful when recalculating comparative financial statements for the current reporting period due to correction of errors of previous years. Some errors affect many financial statements. The accountant’s task is to identify and correct all the consequences of the mistake. If an error for 2009 is identified in 2011, the accountant will have to recalculate the comparative figures in the current financial statements for both 2009 and 2010. Indeed, the new forms of accounting statements approved by Order No. 66n provide for comparative indicators for the two previous years. For example, an error in writing off materials as production costs may lead to the need to recalculate inventory balances, assess work in progress balances, the cost of finished products, and cost of sales. Ultimately, the recalculation of indicators that were affected by the correction of errors of previous years always leads to a change in the indicators of retained earnings (uncovered loss), net profit and total financial result both for previous years and for the current reporting period.

What should you do if a significant error was made before the beginning of the earliest previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year? In this case, the opening balances for the corresponding items of assets, liabilities and capital at the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented are subject to adjustment. This rule is contained in paragraph 11 of PBU 22/2010.

It may occur that an accountant is unable to determine the impact of a material error on one or more prior reporting periods presented in the financial statements. In this case, the entity shall adjust the opening balance for the relevant items of assets, liabilities and equity at the beginning of the earliest of the periods. recalculation for which is possible (clause 12 of PBU 22/2010) for items of assets, liabilities and capital at the beginning of the earliest period for which recalculation is possible. This is prescribed by paragraph 12 of PBU 22/2010.

So that the organization is not tempted to baselessly declare that it is not able to recalculate comparative indicators for previous reporting years reflected in the current financial statements, PBU 22/2010 separately sets out the conditions for recognizing such a situation.

So, based on paragraph 13 of PBU 22/2010, the impact of a significant error on the previous reporting period cannot be determined in the following situations:

if complex and (or) numerous calculations are required, during which it is impossible to identify information indicating the circumstances that existed at the date of the error;
it is necessary to use information received after the date of approval of the financial statements for such previous reporting period.

If one of these conditions is met, the organization has the right not to recalculate comparative financial statements. But this applies only to indicators for those reporting years for which recalculation is impossible. If it is possible to restate comparative figures for later reporting periods presented in the current financial statements, then they need to be restated.

It should be borne in mind that if a significant error is discovered for the years preceding the previous one, it does not matter in which month of the current year this error was found. The financial statements for these years have long been compiled and approved.

This means that such an error will have to be corrected in the current period by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts in correspondence with the account for retained earnings (uncovered loss). And after that, you need to recalculate the comparative indicators of the financial statements for the earliest reporting periods presented in them.

Example

In February 2011, Salut OJSC received a statement of reconciliation of payments from the supplier. When checking the document, it turned out that the organization’s accountant mistakenly did not reflect in the accounting records the cost of services performed by the supplier in November 2008 (in the amount of 30,000 rubles excluding VAT) and in August 2010 (in the amount of 25,000 rubles excluding VAT) . According to the accounting policy of the organization, errors relating to accounts receivable and payable are recognized as significant, regardless of the amount.

Since the organization’s financial statements for 2010 had not yet been signed, the accountant of Salut OJSC corrected last year’s error by making the following adjustment entry for December 2010:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 76
— 25,000 rub. — the cost of the supplier’s services for August 2010 is reflected.

In the annual financial statements for 2010, the financial result was formed taking into account the corrected error for this year.

To eliminate the inaccuracy for 2008, the accountant of Salyut OJSC made an adjustment entry and dated it to February 2011 (the day the error was discovered):

DEBIT 84 SUBACCOUNT “RETAINED PROFIT (UNCOVERED LOSS) FOR 2008” CREDIT 76
— 30,000 rub. — the cost of the supplier’s services for November 2008 is reflected.

When preparing financial statements for the first quarter of 2011, the accountant of JSC Salut adjusted the comparative indicators for 2009 and 2010 (as the earliest periods presented in the statements). At the same time, in the balance sheet in the amount of 30,000 rubles. the indicators of lines 1520 “Short-term accounts payable” and 1500 “Total for section V” were increased. At the same time, the indicators of lines 1370 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and 1300 “Total for section IV” were reduced by the same amount. As a result, the indicators on line 1700 “Balance” for 2009 and 2010 on the liability side of the balance sheet did not change.

Now let's figure out how to correct an insignificant error for the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year. This error is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which it was detected. Profit or loss arising as a result of correcting this error is reflected as part of other income or expenses of the current reporting period. This rule for minor errors is written in paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010. The procedure for correcting immaterial errors identified after the date of signing the annual financial statements completely coincides with the rules for correcting errors of previous years that were applied before the advent of PBU 22/2010 Since the amounts of profits and losses of previous years resulting from the correction of immaterial errors are written off as other income and expenses of the current period, they are thereby taken into account when forming the financial result of the current reporting period. Therefore, when correcting immaterial errors, comparative indicators for previous reporting years are not adjusted in the current financial statements.

Example

Let’s say that in mid-March 2011, an accountant at JSC “Kvadrat” discovered an error for October 2010. The accounting did not reflect the write-off of office supplies in the amount of 120 rubles. (excluding VAT). The organization's financial statements for 2010 were compiled, signed, and submitted to the tax office, but have not yet been approved by the shareholders. According to the accounting policy, an error for previous years in such an amount is considered insignificant. Based on paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010, the following entry was made in the accounting records of CJSC “Kvadrat” in March 2011:

DEBIT 91 SUB-ACCOUNT “LOSSES OF PAST YEARS” CREDIT 10 SUB-ACCOUNT “STATIONERY SUPPLIES”
— 120 rub. — the cost of office supplies transferred for use to employees in October 2010 was written off.

The signed financial statements for 2010 were not revised. In the financial statements for the first quarter of 2011, comparative figures for 2010 were not recalculated.

Some relaxation of requirements for small businesses

For small businesses, with the exception of issuers publicly, the criteria for small businesses and the procedure for their application are given in Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation.” According to Decree of the Government of Russia dated July 22, 2008 No. 556, currently the maximum amount of revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) for the previous year excluding VAT, calculated according to tax accounting data, for small enterprises is no more than 400 million rubles. of securities being offered, an exception to the general rule has recently been made. According to paragraph 8 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 No. 144n, paragraph 9 of PBU 22/2010 was supplemented with a new paragraph. Thus, small enterprises have the right to correct a significant error for the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, in a simplified manner - according to the rules established by paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010 for minor errors, without retrospective recalculation.

This means that enterprises classified as small businesses can correct any errors from previous years, regardless of their magnitude in the reporting period when they discovered this inaccuracy. Moreover, they need to reflect accounting entries for the relevant accounting accounts in correspondence with account 91 “Other income and expenses.” And comparative indicators for previous years in the financial statements of the current reporting period for small businesses do not need to be recalculated, even if the error turns out to be significant. To take advantage of a simplified method of correcting significant errors of previous years, a small business enterprise should record this provision in its accounting policies.

Please note: relief for small businesses when applying the norms of PBU 22/2010 is provided only in relation to errors of previous years identified after the approval of the annual financial statements for the year in which the error was committed. For other errors, they must apply the general rules of the named accounting standard. Therefore, if an error for the previous reporting year is identified after the signing of the annual financial statements, but before the date of their approval by the owners (participants of the company, shareholders), the small business entity must correct it in the generally established manner. That is, in December of the reporting year, it is necessary to make corrective entries in the relevant accounting accounts, revise the annual financial statements and present them to all users to whom the initial annual statements were submitted earlier.

Explanatory note

In the notes to the financial statements, the organization must disclose information about significant errors that were corrected in a given reporting period. If an organization is required to disclose information about earnings per share, then it must also indicate the amount of adjustment based on data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share. This is stated in paragraphs 15 and 16 of PBU 22/2010. Please note: this applies not only to annual financial statements, but also to interim financial statements. When disclosing information about material errors, an organization should describe the nature of the error, provide the amount of the adjustment for each line item in the financial statements for each preceding period and the amount of the adjustment to the opening balance of the earliest reporting period presented.

If the organization was unable to determine the impact of a material error on one or more previous reporting periods presented in the financial statements, then the reasons for this should be disclosed in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements. In addition, you need to provide a description of the method for reflecting the correction of a significant error in the organization’s financial statements and indicate the period from which the organization was able to make corrections

Debit 20 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for corporate property tax”
– 30,000 rub. – additional assessment of corporate property tax for the first quarter is reflected.

How to correct significant errors from previous periods in accounting

Significant errors of the previous year discovered before the approval of the annual reports for that period, using appropriate cost, income, settlement accounts, etc.

If significant errors from previous years are identified, the reporting for which has been signed and approved, using account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” (subclause 1, clause 9 of PBU 22/2010).

There are two options.

Option 1. When, as a result of an error, the accountant did not reflect any income or overstated an expense, make the following entry:

Debit 62 (76, 02...) Credit 84

– erroneously not reflected income (excessively reflected expenses) of the previous year was identified.

Option 2. If, as a result of an error, the accountant did not reflect any expense or overstated income, make the following entry:

Debit 84 Credit 60 (76, 02...)

– an erroneously unrecorded expense (overly reflected income) from the previous year was identified.

What to do when errors were made not only in accounting, but also in tax accounting?

Then in you will have to make the necessary additional charges. Here, for example, is what entry needs to be made for income tax if the tax base was underestimated:

– additional income tax was accrued for the previous year according to the updated declaration.

In when taxes were overpaid as a result of an error, make entries based on those corrections that you will do in tax accounting. Three situations can arise here.

1. If you are filing an amended tax return for the year in which an error was made, then make an entry:

Debit 68 subaccount “Income Tax” Credit 84

– the income tax of the previous year was reduced according to the updated declaration.

2. When correcting errors in tax accounting for the current period, make the following entry in the accounting book:

Debit 68 subaccount “Income Tax” Credit 99

– a permanent tax asset is reflected due to the fact that in the tax accounting of the current period expenses (reduced income) relating to the previous year are recognized.

3. When a decision was made not to correct an error in tax accounting, then there is no need to make additional entries. Since in accounting, the correction of significant errors does not affect the accounts of financial results of the current period.

How to correct minor errors from previous periods in accounting

Correct minor errors in accounting. Profit or loss that arises as a result of adjustments should be reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”. It does not matter whether the reporting was approved at the time the error was discovered or not. This conclusion follows from paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010.

If, as a result of a minor error, the accountant did not reflect any income or overestimated expenses, make the following entry:

Debit 60 (62, 76, 02...) Credit 91-1

– erroneously not reflected income (excessively reflected expense) was identified.

When, as a result of a minor error, the accountant did not reflect an expense or overstated income, make an entry:

Debit 91-2 Credit 02 (10, 41, 60, 62, 76...)

– an erroneously unrecorded expense (overrecorded income) was identified.

Correcting minor errors in accounting affects the accounts of the financial results of the current year, but this does not always happen in the tax office. This means there will be permanent differences , which must be reflected in accounting according to the rules of PBU 18/02.

There are two options. When income tax was underestimated or overestimated due to minor errors.

Option 1 – income tax is underestimated. In this case, corrections are made in tax accounting and an updated tax return is submitted for the period in which the error was made. At the same time, additional income tax is charged. However, in accounting they do this . In this case, it is necessary to reflect in accounting permanent tax asset :

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax assets”

– a permanent tax asset is reflected.

An example of correcting a minor error (unreported income) in accounting and tax accounting. A mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

In March 2016, the accountant of Alpha LLC discovered an error when calculating income tax for 2015 - revenue from the sale of goods in the amount of 250,000 rubles was not taken into account. Income at Alfa is recognized equally in both tax and accounting. As a result, the organization underpaid the tax, the amount of which amounted to 50,000 rubles. (RUB 250,000 × 20%).

The accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2015 and made the following entries:

Debit 62 Credit 91 subaccount “Other income”
– 250,000 rub. – income (revenue from sales) of the previous tax period identified in the reporting year is reflected;

Debit 99 subaccount “Additional payment of income tax due to detection of errors”

– 50,000 rub. – additional income tax was accrued for the previous year according to the updated declaration;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
Credit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax asset”
– 50,000 rub. – a permanent tax asset is reflected in the amount of revenue from sales in 2015, which is shown in accounting in 2016 income, and in tax accounting - in 2015 income.

For the first quarter of 2016, the amount of tax payable is 170,000 rubles. Thus, the total income tax debt to the budget amounted to 220,000 rubles. (RUB 170,000 + RUB 50,000), including RUB 170,000. – current income tax and 50,000 rubles. – additional payment due to an error in the previous period. Alpha's accountant makes the following entries:

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense”
Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 220,000 rub. – reflects the conditional income tax expense.

Option 2 – income tax is too high. In this case, the accountant makes the decision himself , at what period to make changes or even not to make them at all.

If he corrects the error by recalculating the tax of the current period, then he will make changes in both accounting and tax accounting at the same time. There will be no difference. They will arise only if the accountant decides to submit an updated declaration for the past period or not to make any changes at all. Then the tax profit of the current period will be greater than what will be obtained in accounting. This means there will be permanent tax liability . Reflect it in accounting as follows:

– a permanent tax liability is reflected.

This follows from paragraphs 4, 7 of PBU 18/02.

An example of correcting a minor error (not reflected expense) in accounting and tax accounting. A mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved. In tax accounting, an error is corrected in the period in which it was made.

In March 2016, the accountant of Alpha LLC discovered an error when calculating income tax for 2015 - expenses (cost of goods sold) in the amount of 150,000 rubles were not taken into account. Expenses are recognized equally in tax and accounting. As a result, the organization overpaid the tax; the amount of the overpayment amounted to 30,000 rubles. (RUB 150,000 × 20%).

Alpha's accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2015 and made the following entries:

Debit 91 subaccount “Other expenses” Credit 41
– 150,000 rub. – expenses (cost of goods sold) of the previous tax period identified in the reporting year are reflected;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “Overpayment of income tax according to an updated declaration”
– 30,000 rub. – the income tax of the previous year was reduced according to the updated declaration;

Debit 99 subaccount “Fixed tax liabilities” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 30,000 rub. – a permanent tax liability is reflected for the amount of expenses of 2015, which is shown in accounting in expenses of 2016, and in tax accounting - in expenses of 2015.

For the first quarter of 2016, the amount of tax payable to the budget is 110,000 rubles. The balance sheet profit is less than the tax profit due to expenses taken into account for taxation in the updated declaration of the previous year. The tax calculated on balance sheet profit is RUB 80,000. (RUB 110,000 – RUB 30,000). The accountant makes the following entry:

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 80,000 rub. – reflects the conditional income tax expense.

Taking into account the overpayment of tax for 2015, 80,000 rubles must be transferred to the budget. (RUB 110,000 – RUB 30,000).

Attention: There is an opinion that all expenses that are not taken into account when calculating taxes on profits should be reflected in accounting as part of others. This is not true. For a mistake officials will be fined . If, in the end, taxes are also underestimated, then the organization itself will be punished, and fines will increase . But there is a way out.

If, during an audit, a similar error from previous years is discovered, due to which reporting and taxes are distorted, then it will not be possible to avoid liability. You will mitigate the consequences if you recalculate taxes and submit correct information , pay a penalty.

As for the mistakes of this year, everything can be corrected. If you qualify expenses correctly, you will successfully generate reports and calculate taxes. Erroneous entries .

Remember, expenses are taken into account depending on their purpose and the conditions under which they are incurred. So, for example, in accounting, costs are classified not only as other, but also as expenses for ordinary activities (clause 4 of PBU 10/99).

The Alpha organization pays compensation to an employee when his car is used for business purposes. Compensation is 5000 rubles. per month. But when calculating income tax, only 1,200 rubles are taken into account. (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 8, 2002 No. 92).

Error!

Debit 20 Credit 73
– 1200 rub. – compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car within the norms;

Debit 91-2 Credit 73
– 3800 rub. – compensation was accrued to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norm.

Correctly like this:

Debit 20 (26, 44…) Credit 73
– 5000 rub. – compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car.

Here's how to fix the error:

Debit 91-2 Credit 73
– 3800 rub. – compensation to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norm was reversed;

Debit 20 Credit 73
– 3800 rub. – additional compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car.

An error was made in the accounting of a small enterprise

Significant accounting errors of previous years small businesses , can be corrected in the same order as . That is, without retrospective recalculation of financial reporting indicators (clause 9 of PBU 22/2010, part 4 of article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

An example of correcting a significant error in accounting and reporting (excessively reflected expenses) by a small enterprise. A mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

Alpha LLC is a small enterprise. In March 2016, after approving the financial statements for 2015, Alpha’s accountant identified an error made in the first quarter of 2015.

The accounting reflected the cost of work performed by the contractor in March 2015 - 50,000 rubles. (without VAT). The act indicates the amount of 40,000 rubles. (without VAT). The work performed was paid to the contractor in full (RUB 40,000) in March 2015. Thus, as of December 31, 2015, Alpha had accumulated accounts payable in the amount of excess written off expenses - 10,000 rubles.

Alpha's accounting policy states that significant errors from previous years identified after the approval of the financial statements are corrected without retrospective recalculation.

March 2016:

Debit 60 Credit 91-1
– 10,000 rub. – reflects the cost of the contractor’s work, erroneously attributed to expenses in the first quarter of 2015.

Since the reporting for 2015 has already been approved, no corrections are made to it.

Corrections are made in the 2016 accounting. In tax accounting, corrections are made during the period when an error is made. In this regard, Alpha’s accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2015.

"Alpha" is a small enterprise, therefore PBU 18/02 does not apply. This means that the accountant will not have to reflect discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting data.

The impact of past errors on current reporting

Correction of significant errors from last year, identified after the approval of the accounting reports, also affects the balance sheet and other forms of the current year. Only when it is impossible to establish a connection between an error and a specific period, as well as to determine its impact on all previous periods, corrections will not have to be made.

Thus, in current reporting it is necessary to recalculate comparable indicators of previous periods. Do it as if the mistake had never been made. This is called a retrospective restatement. This follows from subparagraph 2 of paragraph 9 of PBU 22/2010.

An example of correcting a significant error in accounting and reporting (excessively reflected expense) by an enterprise that is not a small one. A mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

In March 2016, after the statements for 2015 were approved, the accountant of Alpha LLC identified an error made in the first quarter of 2015.

The accounting reflected the cost of work performed according to the act received from the contractor in March 2015, in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (without VAT). In fact, the act indicates the amount of 40,000 rubles. (without VAT). The work performed was paid to the contractor in full (RUB 40,000) in March 2015. Thus, as of December 31, 2015, Alpha had accumulated accounts payable in the amount of excess written off expenses - 10,000 rubles.

The accountant recorded excessively written off expenses in the following way.

March 2016:

Debit 60 Credit 84
– 10,000 rub. – reflects the cost of the contractor’s work, erroneously attributed to expenses in the first quarter of 2015;

Debit 84 Credit 68 subaccount “Income Tax”
– 2000 rub. (RUB 10,000 × 20%) – additional income tax is charged.

Since the reporting for 2015 has already been approved, no corrections are made to it.

Therefore, the Alpha accountant reflected the result of the corrections in the reporting for 2016 in the sections where the indicators for 2015 are recorded. At the same time, he corrected the data as if the error had never occurred (if expenses in the amount of 40,000 rubles had initially been reflected). In the column for comparative indicators for 2015 along the lines of cost and profit (Report on financial results, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n), the accountant reflected the amount of 10,000 rubles. different from what appears on the same lines in the 2015 reporting for the corresponding period. In the balance sheet for 2016, the accountant recalculated the opening balances as of January 1, 2016 based on the cost of work performed specified in the act, equal to 40,000 rubles, and not 50,000 rubles. Income tax increased by 2,000 rubles.

In addition, Alpha's accountant filed an updated declaration for income tax for 2015.

A significant mistake may have been made more than two years ago. In this case, you need to adjust the opening balances for the relevant reporting items at the beginning of the earliest year presented. This is stated in paragraph 11 of PBU 22/2010.

If it is not possible to determine the effect of a material error on one (or more) of the preceding reporting periods presented in the financial statements, the opening balance is adjusted to the beginning of the earliest period for which restatement is possible. This situation may arise if, to determine the impact of the error on the previous reporting period:

complex and (or) numerous calculations are required, during which it is impossible to identify information about the circumstances that existed at the date of the error;

it is necessary to use information received after the date of approval of the financial statements for the previous reporting period.

This procedure is prescribed in paragraphs 12, 13 of PBU 22/2010.

Forms of primary documents determined by the head of the organization on the recommendation of the person entrusted with accounting (Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

Each fact of economic life is subject to registration with a primary accounting document. The required details of the primary accounting document are:

Title of the document;
date of document preparation;
name of the economic entity that compiled the document;
content of the fact of economic life;
the value of the natural and (or) monetary measurement of a fact of economic life, indicating the units of measurement;
the name of the position of the person (persons) who completed the transaction, operation and is responsible (responsible) for the correctness of its execution, or the name of the position of the person (persons) responsible for the accuracy of the execution of the event;
signatures of the persons provided for in paragraph 6 of this part, indicating their surnames and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons.

Primary document must be drawn up during the commission of a fact of economic life, and if this is not possible, immediately after its completion.

Primary accounting documents are drawn up on paper and (or) in the form of an electronic document signed with an electronic signature (Part 5 of Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

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How to correct errors in accounting documents

The procedure for correcting errors in primary documents must be fixed in an appendix to it for accounting purposes. The organization independently develops ways to make corrections to the primary document (both on paper and in the form of an electronic document). Focus on the requirements of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, accounting regulations and take into account the peculiarities of document flow. When developing such methods, you can focus on current regulations governing similar issues (for example, Rules for filling out invoices, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2011 No. 1137). This was stated in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 22, 2016 No. 07-01-09/2235.

Errors in primary documents can be corrected as follows:

Cross out the incorrect text and write the corrected text above the crossed out. Cross out with one line so that the correction can be read. Certify corrections in documents with the signatures of the persons who compiled the document (indicating their last names and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons), and indicate the date the correction was made.

You cannot make corrections to cash and bank documents.

Such rules are established by paragraph 7 of Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, section 4 of the Regulations approved by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR on July 29, 1983 No. 105, and paragraph 4.7 of the Bank of Russia directive of March 11, 2014 No. 3210-U .

You can correct an error in the accounting register based on. This document must provide a rationale for the correction.

Corrections not authorized by the persons responsible for maintaining the relevant register are not allowed in accounting registers (Part 8, Article 10 of Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011). If the correction in the register is authorized by the responsible persons, then certify it with the signatures of these persons (indicating their surnames and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons), and indicate the date the correction was made. Such rules are established by paragraph 8 of Article 10 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.

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A primary document drawn up with an error cannot be replaced with a new document.

If an error is discovered in the primary document accepted for accounting, then such a document can only be corrected. It cannot be replaced with a new document.

Paragraph 7 of the Federal Law dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” establishes that corrections are allowed in the primary accounting document. The correction must contain the date of the correction, as well as the signatures of the persons who compiled the document in which the correction was made, indicating their last names and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons.

As for replacing a document drawn up with an error with a new document, such a procedure is not provided for in Law No. 402-FZ. From this we can conclude that You cannot replace an “erroneous” document with a new one..

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Order on approval of the list of persons authorized to sign primary documents

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It will be necessary if the organization has a significant document flow and the manager wants to delegate the authority to sign the primary document. It is advisable to approve the list of employees who have the right to sign primary documents at the beginning of the year. Employees must be familiar with the order upon signature

Limited Liability Company "Gazprom"

ORDER No. 32

on approval of the list of persons authorized to sign primary documents

Moscow city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02/06/2018

I ORDER:

1. Approve the list of persons authorized to sign primary documents, according to the appendix.

2. The HR department should familiarize the persons named in the annex to it with this order.

3. I reserve control over the implementation of this order.

General Director ______________ A.V. Ivanov

The following have been familiarized with the order:

02/06/2017 ____ A.S. Glebova
02/06/2017 ____ A.N. Tikhomirov
02/06/2017 ____ P.A. Bespalov
02/06/2017 ____ V.N. Zaitseva

DOWNLOAD ORDER (.doc 44Kb)

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Power of attorney for several representatives to sign primary documents

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It will be needed to perform legal actions on behalf of the organization by a group of authorized employees. Each of the authorized persons has the powers that are specified in the power of attorney, since the power of attorney does not provide that they exercise powers jointly (). Specify the period for issuing the power of attorney. If the period is not specified, the power of attorney is valid for one year from the date of its execution (Clause 1 of Article 186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)

LLC "Gasprom"

POWER OF ATTORNEY No. 27

Moscow city. . . . . . . . . . . . 11/23/2017

LLC "Gazprom" represented by director A.V. Ivanov, acting on the basis of the charter, authorizes the following persons:
Deputy Director Kondratyev Alexander Sergeevich (passport series 54 02 No. 234567 issued by the Khimki Department of Internal Affairs of the Moscow Region on February 20, 2004, residential address: Moscow Region, Khimki, 8 Marta St., 1, Apt. 1),

chief accountant Glebova Alla Sergeevna (passport series 80 05 No. 567845 issued by the Internal Affairs Directorate for the Southern Administrative District on 02/05/2006, residential address: Moscow, Voronezhskaya st., 13, apt. 16)

on behalf of LLC Gazprom, sign invoices for the manager, as well as primary documents issued to counterparties.

The power of attorney was issued for one year without the right of substitution.

Deputy Director ____________ A.S. Kondratiev

Chief Accountant ____________ A.S. Glebova

Director ____________ A.V. Ivanov

DOWNLOAD POWER OF ATTORNEY(.doc 32Kb)

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Is it necessary to put a stamp on primary documents?

Organizations

From April 7, 2015 LLC and joint stock companies. This is provided for in Articles 2 and 6 of the Law of April 6, 2015 No. 82-FZ. The seal can be replaced with modern identification methods, for example, a qualified electronic signature. If you decide to refuse printing, use the following algorithm of actions.

If you have not refused to work with printing, then put it in documents where it is required. Although the seal is not a mandatory requisite of the primary documents listed in Part 2 of Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, the seal must be affixed to the document:

if the organization, at its own choice, uses an independently developed form approved by the head, which includes a seal;
if the organization, of its own choice, uses a unified form contained in the album of unified forms, which includes a seal. At the same time, the manager approved that the form is used without changes (or the changes do not affect the seal);
when applying standard mandatory forms established by authorized bodies (the Government of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, etc.) on the basis of federal laws, if the standard forms require a seal.

In agreements that an organization usually concludes (purchase and sale, provision of services, etc.), a seal also does not need to be affixed. A seal must be affixed only if this is expressly provided for in the contract (Clause 1, Article 160 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs are not required to have a seal. Such a requirement is not provided for by law. This is confirmed by the Federal Tax Service of Russia in Moscow in a letter dated February 28, 2006 No. 28-10/15239. If a businessman has a seal, it is safer to put a stamp on documents where this detail is required. And when there is no seal, executed documents are valid without a stamp.

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What liability is provided for the absence of primary documents?

The absence (failure to submit) of primary documents is an offense (,), for which tax and administrative liability is provided.

The absence of primary documents, invoices, as well as accounting and tax registers is recognized as a gross violation of the rules for keeping records of income and expenses. Responsibility for it is provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

If such a violation was committed during one tax period, the inspectorate has the right to fine the organization in the amount of 10,000 rubles. If a violation is detected in different tax periods, the fine will increase to RUB 30,000.

A violation that led to an understatement of the tax base in the amount of 20 percent of the amount of each unpaid tax, but not less than RUB 40,000.

In addition, at the request of the tax inspectorate, the court may impose administrative liability on officials of the organization in the form of a fine in the amount of 300 to 500 rubles. for failure to submit primary documents necessary for tax control (part 1 of article 23.1, part 1 of article 15.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

For officials of organizations that belong to small and medium-sized businesses, inspectors can replace the administrative fine with a warning if:

the violation was committed for the first time;
no material damage;
there is no threat of natural or man-made emergency situations;
there is no harm or threat to: – human life and health; – animals and vegetation, the environment; – historical and cultural monuments; – security of Russia.

Note: Part 3 of Article 1.4, Part 3 of Article 3.4, Part 3.5 of Article 4.1, Article 4.1.1 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences.

Punishment upon application of the tax inspectorate is imposed by the court(Part 1 of Article 23.1, Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

In each specific case, the perpetrator of the offense is identified individually. In this case, the courts proceed from the fact that the manager is responsible for organizing accounting, and the chief accountant is responsible for its correct maintenance and timely preparation of reports (clause 24 of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2006 No. 18). Therefore, the subject of such an offense is usually recognized as the chief accountant (an accountant with the rights of the chief). The head of an organization may be found guilty of:

if the organization did not have a chief accountant at all (resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2005 No. 77-ad06-2);
if accounting and tax calculation were transferred to a specialized organization (clause 26 of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2006 No. 18);
if the reason for the violation was a written order from the manager, with which the chief accountant did not agree (clause 25 of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2006 No. 18).

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Is it possible to print the primary copy on drafts?

The supplier issued a delivery note, which for some reason he printed on a draft. That is, on the back of the document there is extra information that does not apply to our transaction. Is it possible to accept expenses on such an invoice?

It is safer to replace the invoice. Let the counterparty draw it up on a blank sheet of paper. Although the law does not prohibit printing the original on drafts (Parts 2, 4, Article 9 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ). But tax authorities may state that invoices should not contain extraneous information, including on the back. For example, they make such a requirement for copies that they expect from companies upon request (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 1, 2010 No. 03-02-07/1-35).

Due to unnecessary information in the invoice, tax authorities may not recognize it as a primary document. The risks increase if the supplier has printed the invoice on the back of any other primary item. For example, an invoice that relates to a transaction with an outside company. They will say that the organization did not document the expenses, which means it wrote them off illegally.

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PBU 22/2010 - correction of errors in accounting and reporting

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The procedure is mandatory for all legal entities, except for credit organizations and budgetary institutions.

All errors are divided into significant and insignificant. The organization determines the nature of the error independently. Errors that may affect economic decisions made by managers, founders, participants, investors, creditors, counterparties and other persons on the basis of financial statements are considered significant (clause 3).

ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS "CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING" (PBU 22/2010)

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for correcting errors and the procedure for disclosing information about errors in accounting and reporting of organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions) (hereinafter referred to as organizations).

2. Incorrect reflection (non-reflection) of facts of economic activity in the accounting and (or) financial statements of an organization (hereinafter referred to as an error) may be due, in particular:

incorrect application of the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;
incorrect application of the organization's accounting policies;
inaccuracies in calculations;
incorrect classification or assessment of facts of economic activity;
incorrect use of information available at the date of signing the financial statements;
unfair actions of officials of the organization.

Inaccuracies or omissions in the reflection of facts of economic activity in the accounting and (or) financial statements of an organization identified as a result of obtaining new information that was not available to the organization at the time of reflection (non-reflection) of such facts of economic activity are not considered errors.

3. An error is considered significant if it, individually or in combination with other errors for the same reporting period, can affect the economic decisions of users made on the basis of the financial statements prepared for this reporting period. The organization determines the materiality of the error independently, based on both the size and nature of the relevant item(s) of the financial statements.

II. The procedure for correcting errors in accounting

4. Identified errors and their consequences are subject to mandatory correction.

9. A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after approval of the financial statements for this year, is corrected:

1) entries on the relevant accounting accounts in the current reporting period. In this case, the corresponding account in the records is the account for retained earnings (uncovered loss);

2) by recalculating the comparative indicators of the financial statements for the reporting periods reflected in the financial statements of the organization for the current reporting year, except in cases where it is impossible to establish the connection of this error with a specific period or it is impossible to determine the impact of this error on a cumulative basis in relation to all previous reporting periods.

Restatement of comparative financial statements is carried out by correcting the financial statements as if the error of the previous reporting period had never been made (retrospective restatement).

III. Disclosure of information in financial statements

15. In the explanatory note to the annual financial statements, the organization is obliged to disclose the following information regarding significant errors of previous reporting periods corrected in the reporting period:

1) the nature of the error;

2) the amount of adjustment for each item in the financial statements - for each previous reporting period to the extent practicable;

3) the amount of adjustment based on data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share (if the organization is required to disclose information on earnings per share);

4) the amount of adjustment to the opening balance of the earliest reporting period presented.

16. If it is impossible to determine the impact of a significant error on one or more previous reporting periods presented in the financial statements, then the explanatory note to the annual financial statements discloses the reasons for this, and also provides a description of the method for reflecting the correction of a significant error in the financial statements of the organization and indicates the period , starting from which corrections were made.

ON APPROVAL OF THE ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS "CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING" (PBU 22/2010)

In order to improve legal regulation in the field of accounting and financial reporting and in accordance with the Regulations on the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 N 329 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 31, Art. 3258; N 49, Art. 4908; 2005, N 23, Art. 2270; N 52, Art. 5755; 2006, N 32, Art. 3569; N 47, Art. 4900; 2007, N 23, Art. 2801 ; N 45, Art. 5491; 2008, N 5, Art. 411; N 46, Art. 5337; 2009, N 3, Art. 378; N 6, Art. 738; N 8, Art. 973; N 11, Art. 1312; N 26, Art. 3212; N 31, Art. 3954; 2010, N 5, Art. 531; N 9, Art. 967; N 11, Art. 1224), I order:

1. Approve the attached Accounting Regulations “Correcting Errors in Accounting and Reporting” (PBU 22/2010).

2. Establish that this Order comes into force with the annual financial statements for 2010.

Deputy
Chairman of the Government
Russian Federation -
Minister of Finance
Russian Federation

A.L.KUDRIN

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When preparing data for the annual report, accounting employees quite often find accounting errors. And this, for the most part, leads to their presence in the previously presented reports. In this case, errors may relate to both interim periods of the reporting year and previous reporting periods.

According to paragraph 2 of the Accounting Regulations “Correcting Errors in Accounting and Reporting” (PBU 22/2010) (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 No. 63n), an error is the incorrect reflection (non-reflection) of the facts of economic activity in accounting and ( or) financial statements.

For accounting purposes, a fact of economic life is a transaction, event, operation that has or is capable of influencing the financial position of an economic entity, the financial result of its activities and (or) cash flow (Clause 8 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of 06.12. 11 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”).

Errors in recording business transactions in accounting almost always lead to incorrect calculation of taxes.

In accounting, all errors, depending on the nature of their occurrence and consequences, can be divided into three groups.

The first of these is technical errors. Such errors do not distort the economic essence of business transactions. These include, in particular, arithmetic errors, typos, and omissions. Their presence usually leads to inequality in the final reporting indicators or the appearance of values that do not correspond to what is actually possible. Inaccuracies in calculations are also mentioned in the list of errors leading to incorrect reflection of the facts of economic activity in the accounting and (or) financial statements of the organization, which is given in paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010.

The second group consists of content errors. They lead to incorrect reflection of economic information about transactions performed. The occurrence of such errors may be due, in particular, to incorrect ones (clause 2 of PBU 22/2010):

application of the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;
application of the organization's accounting policies;
classification or assessment of facts of economic activity;
using information available on the date of signing the financial statements -

as well as dishonest actions of officials of the organization.

Content errors include:

errors in documenting operations - reflection of an operation in the absence of primary documents or, conversely, the presence of falsified documents for operations that were not actually carried out;
errors in the reflection period, when a business transaction carried out in one reporting period is reflected in accounting and reporting in the next period;
errors in the correspondence of accounts, expressed in the preparation of incorrect entries that distort the economic essence of the transactions performed;
errors in valuation associated with violation of established rules for determining the initial and actual cost of accounting objects, calculating depreciation, forming reserves, etc.;
errors in the presentation of information in the reporting, which lead to incorrect reflection of the information generated on the accounting accounts along the lines of the financial statements, for example, an unreasonable offset between items of assets and liabilities in accounts 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 76, etc.

Errors in documenting transactions are associated with violation of the rules for drawing up primary accounting documents, as well as with violation of the document flow schedule. Such errors often lead to errors in periodization, since there are often cases when documents arrive at the organization some time after the actual operation. In this case, this period of time may fall between two reporting periods. Thus, the business transaction will be reflected in the financial statements of the next period. In addition, errors associated with documenting operations can lead to a distortion in the assessment of accounting objects.

Accounting is carried out on the basis of primary documents, which serve as confirmation of the fact of a particular business transaction. Accordingly, in the absence of primary documents (even if the operation was actually carried out), no accounting entries are made. Moreover, the situation when a business transaction was carried out, but the primary document was not drawn up either at the time of its completion or after its completion, is a direct violation of the accounting legislation by virtue of paragraph 3 of Article 9 of Law No. 402-FZ.

Meanwhile, untimely (with a time delay) receipt by an organization of primary documents may be due to:

as the slowness of the organization’s counterparties, who provide, for example, various types of services (utilities or communication services) in submitting primary documents,
and by the actions of officials of the organization itself, responsible for the preparation of primary documentation.

In the case when a business transaction has been carried out, but there are no documents on it due to the fact that the organization’s employees did not draw them up in a timely manner, it is appropriate to talk about dishonest actions of the organization’s officials. After all, such actions, as mentioned above, are named in paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010 as the cause of the error. Consequently, the use of information reflected in such “late” documents should be regarded as an error (and not the receipt of new information that was previously unavailable to the organization), which should be corrected according to the rules of PBU 22/2010.

The creation of primary accounting documents, the procedure and timing of their transfer for reflection in accounting in accordance with paragraph 15 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n) are regulated by the document flow schedule included in composition of the organization’s accounting policies for accounting purposes.

Therefore, with proper organization of document flow, the requirement for timely execution of primary accounting documents must be met, especially since, by virtue of the aforementioned paragraph 3 of Article 9 of Law No. 402-FZ and paragraph 15 of the regulations on accounting and financial reporting, ensure timely and high-quality execution of primary documents , their transfer in a timely manner for reflection in accounting, as well as the reliability of the information reflected in them, must be carried out by persons with appropriate authority.

To regard the information contained in documents received late from counterparties as an error in the sense of PBU 22/2010, in our opinion, is, to put it mildly, incorrect.

Unlawful recognition of certain types of expenses as part of the expenses of the reporting period or, conversely, non-recognition of expenses in the reporting period to which they actually relate, in addition to violation of the document flow schedule, can also arise due to the incorrect use of certain concepts, in particular “deferred expenses”, “deferred income”, etc.

There are often cases when the “linking” of accounting and tax accounting is carried out according to the assessment methodology established for profit tax purposes, and this, in turn, does not comply with the requirements of accounting regulations. An example is the use of tax rules when creating a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting.

Errors in invoice correspondence are most often associated with:

with incorrect interpretation of certain business transactions;
non-application or incorrect application of the requirements of accounting regulations;
the use of accounting accounts not intended for accounting for property and liabilities due to non-compliance with the recommendations of the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of an organization (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Errors in documentation, in our opinion, are a consequence of the inattention of the accounting service. Errors in the correspondence of accounts for the most part indicate a lack of competence of this service.

Errors in the presentation of information in the reporting occur if the accounting entries were made correctly and the account balances were calculated correctly, but during the preparation of the reporting there was an accidental error in entering data or one or another accounting object was incorrectly classified. For example, the balance of settlement accounts 60, 62, 76 was “collapsed” or the balance of account 58 was reflected as part of current assets, while the organization’s financial investments included not only short-term, but also long-term investments.

Errors in documentation are most easily identified by conducting an inventory of the organization’s property or mutual reconciliation of debts with debtors and creditors.

Analytical procedures are used to detect errors in estimation or periodization. Thus, the dynamics of revenue and cost of sales (turnover in subaccounts 90-1 and 90-2) should be unidirectional. Therefore, if the turnover under subaccount 90-1 increased, and the turnover under subaccount 90-2 for the same month decreased, most likely an error was made in the periodization of revenue recognition or write-off of shipped products (goods, works, services).

A change in the amount of accrued depreciation for a month when using the linear method of its calculation can occur only if in the previous month a fixed asset was introduced or written off, or for any of the objects the accrual of depreciation stopped.

Testing of accounting records allows you to detect errors associated with incorrect correspondence of accounts. Drawing up a chess turnover sheet can provide significant assistance in this regard. This statement allows you to track all transactions that affected the debit of this account with the credits of other accounts and vice versa. Therefore, based on it, it will be possible to detect “non-standard” or generally unacceptable postings, into which an error may creep in.

Arithmetic-logical control and checking the linking of indicators allow you to avoid errors in reporting. There are certain “control points” in reporting, the values of which must coincide in properly compiled financial statements. Checking them allows you to independently identify errors.

Fixes

In accounting, there are various technical approaches to correcting errors, depending on their type. The method for correcting erroneously made entries in primary documents and accounting registers depends on the moment of detection and the nature of the error.

By virtue of paragraph 7 of Article 9 of Law No. 402-FZ, corrections are allowed in the primary accounting document, unless otherwise established by federal laws or regulations of state accounting regulatory bodies. Such a correction must contain the date of the correction, as well as the signatures of the persons who compiled the document in which the correction was made, indicating their last names and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons.

Clause 8 of Article 10 of Law No. 402-FZ allows for corrections in the accounting register. It must contain the date of correction, as well as the signatures of the persons responsible for maintaining this register, indicating their surnames and initials or other details necessary to identify these persons. At the same time, corrections not authorized by the persons responsible for maintaining this register are not allowed. Such corrections are also made by proofreading.

The same corrective method is used in cases where an accounting entry was made on the proper accounting accounts, but in the wrong amount: the erroneous entry is crossed out and the correct amount is written, and, if necessary, the text. Correction of an error is confirmed by the signature of the person making the correction. This method is mainly used if an error is made in one register and is discovered before the totals are calculated. For the most part, it is used when accounting is done manually, without the use of automation tools.

The additional entry method is used if a business transaction was not recorded in a timely manner (as of the date it was completed) or the transaction was recorded in an amount that was less than it should be. In this case, an additional accounting entry is made for the entire transaction amount or for the difference between the correct transaction amount and the transaction amount reflected in the register. In this case, an accounting certificate is drawn up, on the basis of which the error in the register(s) is corrected. It is desirable to record the fact of incorrect reflection of business transactions in accounting accounts and justify the need for corrective entries made in accounting registers.

An accounting statement can be drawn up in any form, with any details that allow the accountant to quickly find out by whom, when and on what basis this corrective entry was made. If you attach photocopies of the primary documents of the business transaction in which errors were made and the corresponding clarifying calculations to the certificate, this will allow you not to waste time in the future confirming the validity of corrective entries. At the same time, it is advisable to provide all the mandatory attributes of the primary accounting document given in paragraph 2 of Article 9 of Law No. 402-FZ.

The additional entry method is used when an error is detected after calculating the totals in the register (registers) or the general ledger. It can be used to correct errors identified both in the current reporting period and in previous periods. This method is always used when calculating additional taxes.

The reversal accounting entry method (“red reversal”) is used when the correspondence of accounts is incorrect and when recording a transaction in a larger amount than necessary. This method reverses all erroneous entries and then records them with the correct account balances and/or in the correct amount.

A second correction option is also possible: an entry is made for the same amount only with “reverse” correspondence of accounts, that is, the amount previously credited to the debit of the account is written to the credit of this account, and the amount credited to another account is recorded to the debit of this account . As a result, the incorrect posting is “neutralized” and the ending balances in these accounts will be correct. However, such a correction leads to doubling the amount in the turnover of the current reporting period.

To make a reversal entry, you must also issue an accounting certificate.

Correction procedure

The order in which errors are corrected depends on whether the error is material or not. An error is considered significant if it, individually or in combination with other errors for the same reporting period, can affect the economic decisions of users (managers, founders, participants, investors, creditors, counterparties, etc.) made by them on the basis of financial statements, compiled for this reporting period. The organization determines the materiality of the error independently, based on both the size and the nature of the corresponding article (articles) of the financial statements (clause 3 of PBU 22/2010). If the error does not affect the economic decision taken by users of financial statements, it, logically, will be insignificant.

As we see, the decisive factor of materiality may be either the size or the nature of the relevant item in the financial statements, or a combination of both.

The organization, having assessed the level of materiality, based on its own judgments about what economic decisions different users of financial statements can make on the basis of the information presented, must itself determine what errors will be significant for users. Therefore, it begs the question of introducing in the accounting policy of the organization a criterion for determining the materiality of an error (clause 4 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n).

The degree of materiality of an error can be determined based on the ratio of the amount of adjustment to the financial reporting indicator and the value of this indicator. You can also focus on another criterion, for example, the ratio of the error and the aggregated indicator presented in the reporting.

Thus, when correcting an error that affects the indicators of balance sheet items, it is possible to link to the balance sheet currency (total total). If the error affects the indicators of the profit and loss report or applications, then you can focus on the final indicators.

In relation to misstatements of different items in the financial statements, it is quite appropriate to establish different levels of materiality. Indeed, in some cases, when making decisions by users of financial statements, a deviation of 1.5% may be significant, and in some cases, a deviation of a larger size (for example, 5–7%) will remain practically unnoticed by them.

The method of correction will depend not only on the nature of the errors (significant or insignificant), but also on when they were discovered - before or after the end of the reporting period. If a significant error is detected in the second case of PBU 22/2010, two dates are identified that significantly affect the procedure for correcting errors in accounting and reporting: the date of signing and the date of approval of the reporting. The interval between these dates may include the submission of reports to founders, authorities and other users. And this date introduces variability in the order of error correction. In this regard, the time period after the beginning of the new year can be divided into four periods:

after the end of the reporting year until the date of signing the financial statements for this year;
after the date of signing, but before the date of submission of reports to the shareholders of the JSC, participants of the LLC, and government authorities;
after the reporting is submitted to the persons indicated above, but before the date of its approval in the manner prescribed by law;
after approval of the reports

Minor errors

Example 1

In February 2013, the organization did not include expenses under the premises rental agreement in expenses for ordinary activities. These services were of a production nature. For them, 16,048 rubles were paid in advance, including VAT of 2,448 rubles. We discovered an error in November while preparing for the annual report.

Since the error was discovered in November, the error should be corrected this month. Therefore, on November 28, the following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 20 Credit 60

13,600 rub. (16,048 – 2448) - included in expenses for ordinary activities are the costs of renting production premises;

Debit 19 Credit 60

2448 rub. - the amount of VAT on rent has been allocated;

Debit 60 subaccount “Advances issued” Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”

2448 rub. - the amount of VAT previously accepted for deduction from the transferred advance was restored;

Debit 60 Credit 60 subaccount “Advances issued”

RUB 16,048 - the debt to the lessor has been repaid using the previously transferred advance payment;

Debit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” Credit 19

2448 rub. - the amount of VAT on rent is accepted for deduction.

An insignificant error from 2013 can be identified in the first time period. If such an error is identified at the end of the reporting year, but before the date of signing the financial statements for this year, then it should be corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts for December of the reporting year (the year for which the annual financial statements are prepared) (clause 6 of PBU 22/ 2010).

Example 2

In January 2014, an error was discovered in calculating depreciation of fixed assets: for an object accepted for accounting on February 1, 2013, depreciation was accrued for 11 months of this year. The amount of monthly depreciation is 6080 rubles.

The accrual of depreciation charges for an object of fixed assets begins on the first day of the month following the month in which this object was accepted for accounting (clause 21 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” (PBU 6/01), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30. 01 No. 26n). Therefore, in February, the organization unlawfully included 6,080 rubles in expenses for ordinary activities. in the form of accrued depreciation.

An error in recording a transaction carried out in 2013 was discovered in the next reporting year before the annual financial statements were approved. Consequently, at the time the error is determined, an accounting certificate is drawn up to reduce the amount of accrued depreciation. Based on it, a reversal entry is made, dated December 31, 2013:

Debit 20 Credit 02

6080 rub. - the amount of excessively accrued depreciation was reversed.

Errors found in two more time periods are corrected identically: in the second and third.

An error of the previous reporting year, which is not significant, discovered after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which it was identified. Profit or loss arising as a result of correcting this error is reflected as part of other income or expenses of the current reporting period (clause 14 of PBU 22/2010).

Example 3

In December 2012, the organization received a batch of components in the amount of 400 pieces, the actual cost per unit was 3,265 rubles. They were purchased under an agency agreement, for which the agent was transferred 63,720 rubles, including VAT of 9,720 rubles. These expenses were taken into account in the same year as expenses for ordinary activities. In the products sold in the fourth quarter of 2012, 20 pieces were used. components from the mentioned batch, the remaining components were included in the products manufactured in 2013. In November of this year, the accounting department discovered an incorrect reflection of the transaction for accounting for intermediary services. At this time, products were sold, which included 360 copies of components.

Remunerations to the agent associated with the acquisition of inventories by virtue of clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU 5/01) (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/01 No. 44n) are included in their actual cost. Based on this, the cost per unit of components when they were capitalized should have been increased by 135 rubles. ((63,720 rub. – 9,720 rub.) / 400 pcs. × 1 pc.), thereby the actual cost increased to 3,400 rubles. (3265 + 135).

Inclusion in 2012 in expenses for ordinary activities of the entire amount of payment for agent services - 54,000 rubles. (63 720 – 9720) - carried out incorrectly. The organization had the right to take into account only part of it in expenses - 2,700 rubles. (135 rubles/piece × 20 pieces), which accounts for 20 pieces. components included in products sold in the fourth quarter of 2012. According to the accounting certificate compiled in November to correct the incorrect reflection of the transaction in 2012, the following entries are made:

Debit 10 Credit 91-1

54,000 rub. - the agent’s remuneration is reflected;

Debit 91-2 Credit 10

2700 rub. - the part of the agent’s remuneration attributable to 20 components included in the products sold in the fourth quarter of 2012 was taken into account.

The above accounting option is more detailed and clear, but it leads to an overestimation of the turnover on account 91 by 2,700 rubles. This can be circumvented by using one wiring:

Debit 10 Credit 91-1

RUB 51,300 (135 rubles/piece × (400 pieces – 20 pieces)) - reflects the part of the agent’s remuneration related to 380 copies of components registered as of January 1, 2013.

Since at the time the error was discovered, 360 pcs were used in the sold products. (380 – 20) components, then the part of the remuneration attributable to them is 48,600 rubles. (135 rubles/piece × 360 pieces), taken into account in expenses for ordinary activities:

Debit 20 Credit 10

RUB 48,600 - part of the agent’s remuneration attributable to 360 components included in products sold in 2013 was taken into account.

As of December 1, 20 copies of components worth 3,400 rubles continue to be in the accounting records.

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 22/2010, not only identified errors are subject to mandatory correction, but also their consequences. Consequently, if, as a result of correcting an error, expenses accepted for accounting lead to recalculations for income tax, then the amount of tax liabilities is also subject to correction.

Profit or loss arising as a result of correcting an insignificant error of the previous year, as mentioned above, is taken into account in account 91. Such a rule for correcting errors may lead to the need to apply the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for calculations of corporate income tax” (PBU 18/02 ) (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n). This will be required in a situation where an insignificant error is discovered, the correction of which will increase the accounting profit of the reporting period, and the taxable base for income tax - of the previous period. Then it will be necessary to submit an updated income tax return for the previous period, and reflect the permanent tax asset in the accounting records (clauses 4–7 of PBU 18/02):

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “PNA/PNO”

A permanent tax asset has been accrued.

The Federal Tax Service of Russia believes that even after the entry into force of the second sentence of paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, recalculation of the tax base and tax amount in the period when an error (distortion) was identified can be carried out only if it is impossible to determine the period of the error (distortion) in tax calculations bases. In all other cases, the taxpayer must submit updated tax calculations for the period in which the error was made (letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated August 17, 2011 No. AS-4-3/13421). Following such urgent recommendations of the fiscal authorities leads to the need to accrue a permanent tax liability:

Debit 99 subaccount “PNA/PNO” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”

A permanent tax liability has been accrued.

In this case, the taxpayer will need to reflect in the financial statements the amount of income tax that he must pay under the updated declaration. Moreover, in the profit and loss statement, the amount of additional payment of income tax in connection with the discovery of errors in previous years, which does not affect the current income tax of the reporting period, must be reflected separately - on a separate line after the current income tax indicator (clause 22 of PBU 18/02, letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2004 No. 07-05-14/328, dated August 23, 2004 No. 07-05-14/219). Thus, in the line “Current income tax” of the income statement, the same amount of income tax must be indicated as in the declaration for this tax.

Significant errors

As is known, as a general rule, an economic entity obliged to prepare accounting (financial) statements must submit one mandatory copy of the annual accounting (financial) statements to the state statistics body at the place of state registration. A mandatory copy of the prepared annual accounting (financial) statements is submitted no later than three months after the end of the reporting period (clauses 1, 2 of Article 18 of Law No. 402-FZ), that is, no later than March 31.

Within the same time frame, annual accounting (financial) statements must be submitted to the tax authority at the location of the organization (subclause 5, clause 1, article 23 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

This reporting must be approved by the owners in the manner established in the constituent documents. But the constituent documents of both limited liability companies and joint stock companies may provide for longer periods for holding an annual meeting at which financial statements are approved. So, the next general meeting:

in an LLC must be carried out no later than 4 months after the end of the reporting year (until April 30 inclusive) (Article 34 of the Federal Law of 02/08/98 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”);
JSC - no later than 6 months after the end of the financial year (until June 30) (clause 1, article 47, subclause 11, clause 1, article 48 of the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies”) .

The annual report of these companies is subject to preliminary approval by the person performing the functions of the sole executive body of the company (for joint-stock companies - in the absence of a board of directors (supervisory board) in the company), no later than 30 days before the date of the annual general meeting of shareholders (clause 4 of Art. 88 of Law No. 208-FZ, paragraph 3 of Article 37 of Law No. 14-FZ). Consequently, the date of signing of the annual reports (the date indicated on the reports sent to users) may be earlier than the date of its approval.

A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, but before the date of submission of such statements to shareholders of a joint-stock company, participants of a limited liability company, a state authority, local government or other body authorized to exercise the rights of the owner, etc. etc., is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts for December of the reporting year. If the specified financial statements were presented to any other users, then they must be replaced with statements in which the identified significant error has been corrected (hereinafter referred to as the revised financial statements) (clause 7 of PBU 22/2010).

Example 4

When preparing the reports for 2013, a significant error was identified: in the costs of repairing the production facility, the cost of materials in the amount of 940,000 rubles was taken into account twice. The error was discovered in March 2014. The annual report for 2013 has already been signed, but has not yet been presented to the company's participants. However, by this time the reporting with a significant error had already been transferred to the counterparty in order to consider the possibility of concluding an agreement.

In this case, in the accounting records of the organization in March 2014, a corrective entry (reversal) must be made, dated December 31, 2013:

Debit 20 Credit 10

940,000 rub. - the amount of materials incorrectly taken into account in 2013 in the material costs of repairing a production facility was reversed.

This entry entails a revision of the indicators of the reporting forms and re-submission of the corrected statements to the counterparty.

A significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the presentation of the financial statements for this year to the persons indicated above, but before the date of approval of such statements in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is also corrected by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts for December of the reporting year. At the same time, revised financial statements are submitted to all addresses at which the original financial statements were submitted. The revised financial statements disclose information that these financial statements replace the originally presented financial statements, as well as the grounds for their preparation (clause 8 of PBU 22/2010).

Example 5

Let us slightly change the condition of example 4: before a significant error was found, the financial statements were submitted to the tax office.

The revised financial statements, which take into account the correction of a significant error in double counting of materials in the costs of repairing a production facility, must be submitted to the inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service of Russia. By submitting it, the taxpayer indicates that it replaces the originally submitted financial statements.

Correction of a significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, is carried out as follows.

The error is corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the current reporting period. In this case, the corresponding account in the records is account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.

In addition, the comparative indicators of the financial statements for the reporting periods reflected in the financial statements of the organization for the current reporting year are recalculated. Recalculation of comparative indicators of financial statements is carried out by correcting the indicators of financial statements, as if the error of the previous reporting period had never been made (retrospective recalculation).

The specified recalculation of comparative reporting indicators may not be carried out if it is impossible:

establish a connection between this error and a specific period;
determine the impact of the error cumulatively in relation to all previous reporting periods.

If a significant error was made before the beginning of the earliest previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year, then the opening balances for the corresponding items of assets, liabilities and capital at the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented are subject to adjustment.

Example 6

At the end of 2013, the accounting department discovered an error in the formation of the initial cost of the industrial building, which was put into operation in 2003. Because of this, the amount of monthly depreciation was underestimated, but the amount of expenses for ordinary activities was overestimated.

This error affected a number of indicators in subsequent years:

firstly, the amount of production costs;
secondly, the cost of manufactured products;
thirdly, on the cost of sales and, ultimately, on the financial result.

The organization’s accounting department found it too difficult to recalculate all the indicators for more than ten years. In reality, it is only possible to recalculate data for 2011–2013.

Based on this, it is necessary to calculate the total amount of depreciation underaccrued for 2003–2010. After which it is necessary to adjust in the reporting as of January 1, 2011 at least the indicators on the residual value of fixed assets and the amount of retained earnings (loss).

In the profit and loss report in the column “for 2012”, the indicator entered on line 2110 “Cost of sales” is increased by the additional accrued amount of depreciation for the year, and the values indicated on lines 2100 “Gross profit (loss)”, 2200 “Profit (loss) ) from sales", 2300 "Profit (loss) before tax" are reduced by this amount.

Indicators entered on lines 2410 “Current income tax” and “Net profit (loss)” are also reduced.

In addition to the annual forms of the balance sheet and profit and loss statement, the annual form of the report on changes in capital is subject to adjustment. In particular, in section 2 “Adjustment due to changes in accounting policies and correction of errors” of the said form in the column “Change in capital due to net profit (loss)” on lines 3421 “Adjustment due to correction of errors” and 3501 “Retained earnings ( loss) after adjustments” the indicators will change.

If it is not possible to determine the impact of a material error on one prior reporting period presented in the financial statements or more, the organization must adjust the opening balance for the relevant items of assets, liabilities and equity at the beginning of the earliest period for which restatement is possible.

The impact of a significant error on the previous reporting period cannot be determined if (clause 13 of PBU 22/2010):

complex and (or) numerous calculations are required, during which it is impossible to identify information indicating the circumstances that existed at the date of the error, or
it is necessary to use information received after the date of approval of the financial statements for such previous reporting period.

In case of correction of a significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements, the approved financial statements for the previous reporting periods are not subject to revision, replacement and re-presentation to users of the financial statements (clause 10 of PBU 22/2010).

If it is impossible to determine the impact of a significant error on one or more previous reporting periods presented in the financial statements, then in the explanations to the annual financial statements, by virtue of paragraph 16 of PBU 22/2010, the reasons for this must be disclosed, as well as a description of the method for reflecting the correction of the significant error in financial statements of the organization and indicate the period from which corrections were made.

Small businesses have the right to correct a significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, in the manner prescribed for correcting errors of the previous reporting year that are not significant, identified after the date of signing the financial statements for this year, without retrospective recalculation (para. 6 clause 9 PBU 22/2010). Consequently, these economic entities correct this error by making entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which it was detected. Profit or loss arising as a result of correcting such an error is reflected as part of other income or expenses of the current reporting period.

Errors made in accounting distort the real financial condition of the organization. And this, in turn, may mislead interested users of such information. Therefore, it is advisable for an economic entity not only to promptly identify such errors, but also to correctly classify them in order to properly reflect changes in accounting and reporting.

Not in all cases, incorrect reflection (non-reflection) of facts of economic activity should be considered an error for the purposes of PBU 22/2010. According to paragraph 8 of paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010, inaccuracies or omissions in the reflection of facts of economic activity in the accounting and (or) financial statements of the organization, identified as a result of obtaining new information that was not available to the organization at the time of reflection (non-reflection) of such, are not considered errors. facts of economic activity. Therefore, discovering errors in the future is in no way related to obtaining new information.

Errors in valuation are associated with incorrect determination of the original or actual value of assets, depreciation, calculation of the value of inventories when they are written off, etc. Most often they arise due to incomplete or incorrect application of the requirements of the relevant PBUs and other accounting regulations.

Specific errors constitute the third group of errors. They usually arise when using incorrectly configured accounting computer programs (changes in accounting regulations or accounting policies are not tracked), as well as due to computer failures. For example, some of the data entered into a computer may be lost due to computer viruses, a sudden power outage, or a computer breakdown.

Errors in primary documents created manually are corrected by proofreading: the incorrect text or amount is crossed out and the corrected text or amount is written above the crossed out. Crossing out is done with one line so that the correction can be read. Correction of an error must be accompanied by the inscription “corrected”, confirmed by the signature of the persons who signed the document, and the date of correction must also be indicated (Section 4 of the Regulations on Documents and Document Flow in Accounting, approved by the USSR Ministry of Finance on July 29, 1983 No. 105, letter from the Russian Ministry of Finance dated 31.03.09 No. 03-07-14/38).

With the “generalization” method, a generalized entry is made, bringing the entries in the accounting accounts in the reporting period to the state that it would have been if the transaction had been initially correctly reflected. This method allows you not to distort the indicators (cost, revenue, etc.) of the current reporting period. This method is used based on errors from past periods.

The rules for correcting significant errors that will be found in each of these periods are different. And the later the error is discovered, the more difficult the procedure for correcting it. But before we consider them, let us turn to the provisions for correcting minor errors.

If, during the preparation of the annual report, an insignificant error relating to 2013 is found in any month of the fourth quarter, then it should be corrected by entries in the relevant accounting accounts in the month of the reporting year in which it was identified (clause 5 of PBU 22/2010 ).

When correcting an error in both accounting and tax accounting in one period, there is no need to refer to PBU 18/02. For example, if an error led to an excessive payment of income tax last year, then the taxpayer, by virtue of paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, has the right to correct it in the current tax period. Consequently, there is no difference in the amounts of expenses taken into account in accounting and tax accounting during the period when the error was discovered.

The procedure for correcting significant errors identified before the end of the reporting year or after the end of this year, but before the date of signing the financial statements for this year, is the same as for correcting identical immaterial errors. They are corrected by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts (clauses 5 and 6 of PBU 22/2010):

in the first case - in the month of the reporting year in which the error was detected;
in the second - for December of the reporting year.

Retrospective recalculation is carried out in relation to comparative indicators starting from the previous reporting period presented in the financial statements for the current reporting year in which the corresponding error was made.

Vladimir MALYSHKO, PBU expert