Message from the keepers of tradition in the world's religions. Guardians of the Christian religion
And white sleeves.
The imam leads the congregation in prayer. Cairo, Egypt, 1865.
Caliph(Arabic: خليفة, governor, deputy) - the name of the highest title among Muslims. IN different times views on its content varied. Word caliphate(Arabic: خليفة - Khalifah- “heir”, “representative”) - means both the title of caliph and the vast state created after Muhammad by the conquering Arabs under the leadership of his “caliphs” (viceroys). Era of existence Arab Caliphate(630-1258), together with several subsequent centuries of the flourishing of pan-Islamic science and culture, are called in Western historiography The Golden Age of Islam. For the Umayyads and Abbasids, caliph is the hereditary title of a ruler who combines unlimited supreme spiritual and temporal power. In the Mamluk Sultanate, the caliphs were exclusively spiritual leaders, leaving secular rule to the sultans.
Mullah(Arabic المُلَّا /al-mullah/ from Arabic. مَوْلَى “viceroy; guardian; master”; Persian ملّا, Tur. Molla, Chech. Molla, Uzbek. Mulla, Indon. Mullah) - Arabic Muslim spiritual the title of theologian (ulema), learned man and jurist, usually well aware of the Koran (sometimes even by heart, that is, hafiz), hadith and Sharia norms. Among Sunnis it is often used as a synonym for the title of imam, the elected head of the community of believers. Among the Shiites, the rank of mullah is lower than the rank of imam (see. twelve imams). Such a mullah does not participate in secular government; his competence is only the interpretation of the Koran and matters of faith. In the Caucasus, muezzins, “everyday” imams and other lower clergy are also called mullah, while the “Friday” imam, qadi and sheikh-ul-Islam are called Mullah-akhund (among Shiites) or Mullah-effendi (among Sunnis).
Mullahs at a reception with Shah Safavi
The system of rabbinical positions forms a hierarchy, the highest level being the Ashkenazi and Sephardic chief rabbis; they are followed by judges ( we give) Supreme Court of Appeal, then - we give regional batey-din, numerous rabbis (overseeing kashrut, mikvahs, etc.), regional rabbis appointed by local religious councils, and finally synagogue rabbis.
Rabbi, illustration by Tatyana Doronina.
“Religion of Egypt” - 2. Funeral rites of Egypt. The Egyptians were accustomed to worshiping many gods, so the reform failed. They fell to their knees. “One god in heaven, one pharaoh on earth” (Akhenaton). They continued to sit. Stargazing. Amenhotep IV. Taxes of the population. Read the Myth of Osiris and Isis in the textbook (pp. 51-52).
“The Emergence of Religion” - Reasons for its origin. Fetishism. Spiritual. Rational. - The need to increase productivity; - ignorance of agricultural science. Love. Religious. Ancestor cult. Social. Other. Views on the emergence of religion. Classifications of magic according to the purposes of influence. Kind ones. Economic. - Differentiation of society based on age; - division of functions between generations.
"World Religions" - Christian commandments. Mecca is a center of pilgrimage for Muslims. Problem assignments: Türkiye. Blue Mosque. Orthodox churches. Buddhism is widespread in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Protestant churches. Founder: Mohammed. Buddha Buddhist monk. Don't commit adultery. John Calvin is the founder of the Calvinist church.
“Theme of Religion” - Types of World Religion: A) Buddhism – the earliest. Nirvana, samsara, reincarnation, mantra, pagoda. Make a plan for the topic “Religion.” Sidhartha Gautama. Jesus Christ, heaven and hell, sin, repentance and retribution C) Islam – the youngest. B) Christianity (Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism).
“Religion and Culture” - Specifics of morality. Specificity of art. myths, legends, tales, the Bible, the Koran... The main goal is to obtain commercial benefits. The functions of religion do not include: worldview, comforting-compensatory, regulating, hedonic. Folk culture(folklore). Specifics of religion. Monistic.
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KEEPERS OF TRADE IN THE RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
As soon as religions arose, those who kept religious traditions and legends appeared. Often only they could perform sacred actions.
In ancient religions, such people were usually called priests, that is, servants.
The ancient inhabitants of Europe - the Celts - had special priests - the Druids.
The Druids were the keepers of heroic legends and poems, which they passed down orally from generation to generation.
Anyone who wanted to become a Druid had to study for many years, know the Celtic calendar and rituals, and know how to use plants to perform these rituals and to heal the sick.
THE SAGES OF THE JEWS The Bible tells: when the ancient Jews made a Covenant with the One God, they entrusted one family with performing all the sacred rites in the Temple of Jerusalem.
THE SAGES OF THE JEWS Later, the sages began to play an increasingly important role in the Jewish community, explaining the Holy Scriptures to the people, interpreting the commandments and regulations of the law.
Believing Jews began to call such knowledgeable people rabbis, that is, teachers. SAGES OF THE JEWS
CHRISTIAN PRIESTS According to Christian teaching, Jesus Christ founded the church, that is, a collection of all those who believe in him, who form one big family. Together they preserve the memory of Christ and his teachings.
The disciples of Christ, the apostles, told people about him. CHRISTIAN CLERGIES
In those cities where new communities appeared, the apostles left bishops. These words translated from Greek mean “overseeing.” Bishops performed divine services, preached, and cared for their communities. CHRISTIAN CLERGIES
Later, priests and deacons appeared to help the bishops. CHRISTIAN CLERGIES
CHRISTIAN CLERGIES IN christian church bishops, priests and deacons form a hierarchy. On its top step there is a bishop, on the bottom – a deacon. You can only rise up the hierarchy step by step: first you need to become a deacon, then a priest, and then only a bishop.
MUSLIM COMMUNITY There is no church organization in Islam. All Muslims are a large single community - the ummah. She is the collective bearer and custodian of the Islamic religion.
Muslims trust their most competent representatives - imams (literally translated - leaders) to lead prayers. MUSLIM COMMUNITY
Among them, people who remember the Koran by heart (hafiz), as well as those who can read it according to specially established rules, are held in great esteem among them. MUSLIM COMMUNITY
BUDDHIST COMMUNITY IN Buddhism important role played by the Buddhist community - sangha (assembly).
Sometimes all Buddhist believers are called this, but more often only the community of Buddhist monks is called sangha, that is, people who have renounced family and property, wear special orange robes and live on donations. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY
According to legend, the first sangha was organized by the Buddha himself and his 18 closest disciples. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY
Later, in many countries, lamas (from the word “highest”) - authoritative teachers who lead believers along the path indicated by the Buddha - began to enjoy special honor among Buddhist monks. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY
Orthodox Culture Islamic Culture Buddhist Culture Jewish Culture Christian Clergy Apostles Bishops Priests Deacons Muslim Community - Umma. Imam - leader Hafiz - who knows the Koran by heart Buddhist community - Sangha. Lama - religious teacher Sages of the Jews, rabbi
Municipal autonomous educational institution Secondary comprehensive school No. 18 KEEPERS OF TRADE IN THE RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE SUBJECT: FUNDAMENTALS OF RELIGIOUS CULTURES AND SECULAR ETHICS (ORKSE) Implementation period: 1 lesson Age of children: 1012 years Developer: Shagina O.S., teacher
village October 2017 Lesson No. 8 “Keepers of Tradition in the Religions of the World” Module “Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures” Course “Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia” Lesson topic: “Keepers of Tradition in the Religions of the World.” The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world. Objectives: to introduce students to the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world, to the hierarchy of clergy; develop skills in comparing religious events and phenomena; master skills semantic reading text of various genres in accordance with the tasks; develop a willingness to listen to the interlocutor and conduct a dialogue; to form a tolerant, respectful attitude towards world religions. Forms and types educational activities: Conversation, commented reading, oral narrative on a topic, work in groups, independent work with sources of information, creating presentations, compiling and filling the cluster. Equipment: textbook, interactive whiteboard, blackboard, projector, netbooks, cards, presentation. Basic concepts: priest, rabbi, bishop, priest, deacon, hierarchy, umma, imam, hafiz, sangha, lama. Universal educational activities: search and selection of necessary information, including using computer tools; ability to structure knowledge;
the ability to consciously and voluntarily construct a speech statement in oral and written form; reflection on methods and conditions of action; students’ organization of their learning activities: goal setting, setting a learning task; asking questions - proactive cooperation in searching and collecting information; establishment by students of a connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive. Lesson plan Organizational moment. Repetition. I. Students stand facing each other, holding hands. Hello world! (raise their hands up) Hello, friend! (turn to face each other) Hello, generous circle of songs! (sway from side to side) Hello, moment! (take a step forward) Hello, age! (take a step back) Hello, good man! (put their hands on each other's shoulders) 1. Fill out the cluster. Each child has one card on their desks: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Christ, Abraham, Muhammad, Gautama, Israel, Arabia, Jerusalem, India, Tripitaka, Tanakh, Bible, Koran. Children answer questions, correlate the names on the cards with a specific religion, thereby forming groups: Jewish community Christian community Muslim community Buddhist community Name the traditional religions of Russia; Who are the founders of these religions?; Where did the traditional religions of Russia originate?; What holy books did you learn about in the last lesson?
Traditional religions of Russia Why was the fifth line left blank? (children's statements) Why do you think the sacred books have survived to this day, despite the fact that they are already thousands of years old? (children's statements) What can be stored? What do you keep at home? What can be stored in the religions of the world? II. Studying new material 1. Working with the textbook (p. 29) – independent reading of the introductory article and “This is interesting.” Mark “+” if you know it, “” I don’t know or I’m hearing it for the first time, “0” your knowledge requires clarification or addition. 2. Brief conversation on the content of what was read: When did the keepers of legends appear?
From what word did the word “guardian” come from? Let's clarify the meaning of the word “keeper” Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova Guardian is a person who keeps, protects someone, protects something. What do they store? How do you understand what legends are? (Associations) Tradition is a story about the past passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, a legend. Who are the priests? Who are the Druids? Do you think all religions have guardians? What question do we need to answer? (formulation of a problematic question). Problematic question: Who are the keepers of traditions in Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism? Formulate the topic of the lesson (children's statements). Lesson topic. Keepers of tradition in the world's religions. We will also get to know their role in religion. 3. Work in groups. Creation of presentations. Work plan for group 1: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Creating a presentation. By what objects in the picture can you guess that this is a rabbi? The rabbi's head is covered with a cape. On the head under the cape there is a box with prayers. What are these items called? Work plan for group 2:
1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Creating a presentation. Questions: What is the name of the Muslim community? Who do Muslims trust to lead prayers? What religious rite are the people depicted in the picture performing? who is shown in the foreground? Work plan for group 3: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Creating a presentation. Questions: Who is the keeper of tradition in Christian teaching? What levels of hierarchy do church ministers go through in Christianity? What particularly interested you in the new material? Work plan for group 4: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Creating a presentation. Questions: What is called “sangha” in Buddhism? Who keeps the religious traditions of Buddhists? What particularly interested you in the new material? 4. Group performance. Students present their presentations and talk about the “guardians.” As the performance progresses, the cluster fills up. III. Reflection (presentation)
1. Complete the sentence: In ancient religions, religious traditions, rituals, legends were kept ________________, i.e. _______________________. 2. Dictionary S.I. Ozhegov’s Hierarchy is the order of subordination of lower (ranks, positions) to higher ones, in general the arrangement from lower to higher or vice versa. Arrange Christian clergy - bishop, deacon, priest in accordance with the levels of the hierarchy. 3. Complete the sentences. The Muslim community is called __________________. During prayer, believers are led by ________________. The Buddhist community is called ____________________. _____________________ is held in special esteem among community members. The sages who explained the Holy Scripture to the people, interpreted the commandments and regulations of the law, were called ______________________ in Judaism. 4. Match using the arrows. Rabbi Imam Christianity Judaism Islam Buddhism Lama Priest IV. Homework. Talk about the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world; Compose a syncwine on the topic. Literature:
1 Textbook. Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics. Fundamentals of world religious cultures. 4th grade: textbook for general education organizations with an application on electronic media / [A.L. Beglov, E.V. Saplina, E.S. Tokarev, A.A. Yarlykapov]. M.: Education, 2014. 2 Levitsky A.V. Methodological features of teaching complex training course“Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics”: Educational manual. – Ekaterinburg, 2011 3 Internet resources: http://connect1.webinar.ru/play/ [email protected]/2387orkse orkse / magdnv.ru›predmety/teaching methods
The keeper
- The keeper
- A person who keeps, protects someone, protects something.
- Exist different opinions about the role of priests in life Ancient Egypt. Thus, some believe that the control of the priests had a negative impact on the life of the Egyptians and on the development of the state. According to others, priests - guardians of sacred traditions - played a positive role in the history and culture of Ancient Egypt. The priesthood of Egypt played an important role in the formation and prosperity of the state, the development of the spiritual health of the nation, and the preservation of historical and cultural values. (Judaism)
- RABBI is a title awarded upon receipt of a higher Jewish religious education, which gives the right to lead a community, teach and be a member of a religious court.
- In a word Rav(literally 'big', 'great', also 'lord') are called teachers of the law.
- In Russia. According to the Statute on the Jews, Jews Russian Empire the right to choose rabbis was retained, but the appointment to this position was approved by the provincial authorities. Rabbis were elected for three years and received a salary from the community, but they were prohibited from charging special fees for performing rituals. In an effort to spread among the Jews general education, the authorities warned that from 1812 only those who knew Russian, Polish or German letters could be a rabbi.
- Apostle (Greek gr. άπóστολος from the verb άποστέλλω “to send”): a follower of Christ, called to the service of bringing the Good News (Gospel) to all nations;
- Twelve Apostles
- Most often, the apostles are understood as the twelve closest disciples of Christ, called by Christ so that they could be with Him, proclaim the Gospel with Him, cast out demons, and speak in His name. Christ endows the apostles with his authority: “He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives him who sent Me.” By virtue of this power, the apostles, after the Resurrection of Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit on them (Pentecost), become the head of the Christian Church.
- Bishop (Greek ἐπίσκοπος - “supervisor”, “supervisor”) in the modern Church is a person who has the third, highest degree of priesthood, otherwise a bishop.
- Originally, in apostolic times, the term “bishop,” as used in the letters of the Apostle Paul, denoted the senior leader of a particular community of followers of Jesus Christ. Bishops oversaw the Christians of a particular city or province, unlike the apostles. Subsequently, the term takes on a more specific meaning of the highest degree of priesthood.
- With the advent of various honorary episcopal degrees (archbishop, metropolitan, etc.), the term in Russian also became a designation for the youngest of them, although it did not lose more general meaning, for which the term is also used bishop. In the Greek Church the general term is usually hierarch(“priest leader”).
- Priest - in the common meaning, a minister of a religious cult. It has a special meaning in historical Judaism; now there are no priests in Judaism and it is wrong to use this term in relation to rabbis).
- In the Roman Catholic, Orthodox and a number of other Christian denominations that recognize the traditional understanding of the priesthood, a priest is a clergyman who has the 2nd degree: below a bishop and above a deacon (in Orthodoxy also called a presbyter). To use the term “priest” in relation to a person holding an episcopal rank is terminologically incorrect.
- Deacon (lit. form; colloquial deacon; ancient Greek διάκονος - minister) - a person serving in church service at the first, lowest degree of priesthood. A woman who has the office of deacon is called a deaconess (deaconess).
- Umma- Arabic word meaning " community" or " nation" IN Islam word umma denotes the community of believers, that is, the whole Islamic world. Phrase Ummah Wahida(“one community”) in Koran stands for the united Arab world. On the other hand, in Arabic the word umma can also be used in Western meaning nation, For example ( United Nations).
- IMAM (Arabic) - means “standing in front,” more broadly, “one who leads the prayer.”
- In Sunni Islam, any devout Muslim who knows the Koran well, regardless of his social status, can lead the prayer.
- In village mosques, the most respectable and theologically versed person, often without any special theological education, is usually selected for the position of imam.
- Hafiz (Arabic "learner by heart", "guardian") - a person who knows Koran by heart.
- This is also called Tajik And Uzbek singers performing traditional music.
- Sangha, Samgha,(“collection, multitude”) - name Buddhist communities. This term may be used to denote religious brotherhood as a whole. In a narrower sense - host creatures that have reached a certain degree enlightenment.
- In the broad sense of the “Buddhist community,” the term “fourfold sangha” is used: a community of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen. This is a community, the presence of which, for example, indicates the prevalence of the Buddha’s teachings in a country or region.
- In a narrow sense, for example when accepting Refuges, by Sangha it is recommended to understand the Liberated Sangha, the community of saints freed from the illusion of “ego” beings.
- Lama (and in Buryat and Kalmyk pronunciation the emphasis is on the last syllable Lama) ( Tib. Wiley:bla ma) - V Tibetan Buddhism- religious teacher.
- This name is similar Sanskrit concept " guru" and can be used as a respectful address to monk(nun) in order to emphasize their level of spiritual perfection and mastery, or may be an integral part of title in the religious hierarchy of Tibetan lamas, such as: Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama (Tulku).
- Perhaps due to the mixed reception of Tibetan Buddhism by Western scholars, the term lama historically and often erroneously used to refer to all Tibetan monks. Likewise, Tibetan Buddhism has often been called Lamaism, since Western scholars and travelers did not perceive Tibetan Buddhism as a form of Buddhism in general. Currently the concept lamaism is considered incorrect.