Prevention of HIV and routes of transmission. Prevention of HIV infections Prevention of HIV infections includes

primary prevention - set of events aimed at preventing HIV infection among healthy populations. A very important section here is the development and implementation of educational programs, especially among young people.

For example, sex education programs for teenagers, safe sex programs, “Life without drugs”, etc.; secondary prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventive work

in “risk groups” (injecting drug users, homosexuals, neglected teenagers, convicts, persons engaged in commercial sex).

Prevention programs in this group are aimed at preventing further spread of drugs and reducing harm from their injection use (organization of stationary and mobile syringe exchange points, etc.), reducing the risk associated with sexual behavior (increasing the frequency of condom use), confidential anonymous voluntary HIV testing with pre- and post-test counseling, motivation for positive behavior change);

tertiary prevention is a set of measures aimed at improving the quality of life of people living with HIV, developing a wide network of social and rehabilitation activities.

Methods of preventive work:

conducting educational seminars on epidemiology, prevention, treatment and social aspects of HIV infection for local media correspondents, including television and radio correspondents;

preparation and publication of materials in press (articles, interviews, appeals, open letters, etc.);

preparation of radio materials (information, conversations, round tables, discussions, radio clips, etc.

organizing broadcasts on local television channels on HIV prevention;

creation of special television programs, organization of round tables to highlight HIV/AIDS problems;

creation of a specialized website on the problem of HIV infection;

training medical personnel on preventive measures in the workplace;

development of the volunteer movement “Peer to Peer”;

conducting mass information campaigns;

carrying out prevention based on community communication, aimed at the social group where the individual lives or spends time;

interdepartmental interaction of related structures on joint preventive activities.

Individual prevention of HIV infection

Individual HIV prevention is based primarily on information. It is very important to take into account the age audience - with teenagers from 14 to 17 years old inclusive and young people from 18 years old and older, different motivations should be carried out in preventive work.

When carrying out preventive work among adolescents, it is important to promote delaying the start of sexual activity until a later date, emphasizing the need to wait before starting sexual activity too early. This needs to be emphasized both in conversations with students and parents. Consciously postponing the start of sexual life until a later date gives the young man self-confidence and the feeling that he himself can manage his life and keep it under control. To make such a decision and carry it out, it is necessary for each young person to think and discuss this topic for himself. If teachers or parents feel uncomfortable broaching this topic, they can be invited to speak with appropriate training.

With an older audience, when preventing the sexual transmission of HIV infection, the emphasis should be on safe behavior - this is limiting the number of sexual partners, using protective equipment during sex, preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), treating inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract (as inflammation increases the permeability of mucous membranes).

The more sexual partners you have, the more likely you are to acquire and transmit HIV infection to others.

AIDS is one of the most terrible diseases, a scourge of modern civilization. The disease has attracted the attention of hundreds of thousands of scientists for many years, because the highest minds of mankind have not yet invented a cure for HIV. Today there is no remedy that would destroy the virus - humanity is forced to devote all its efforts to preventing AIDS. Dissemination of information about the disease, advice and recommendations on preventing the development of the disease caused by the immunodeficiency virus, as well as other activities are components of the prevention of HIV infection.

A feature of HIV infection is its ability to develop in the body of the “host” without showing noticeable symptoms. The first signs of the disease become noticeable to the patient after the end of the incubation period, the duration of which ranges from 3 weeks to 3 months.

When the cells of the immune system begin the process of producing antibodies to the virus, the disease is expressed in external symptoms and in the laboratory. This stage is called the period of primary manifestations.

Attention! When a patient comes to a medical facility with characteristic symptoms of HIV infection, the patient is immediately and subsequently subjected to a series of examinations. The level of antibodies to thyroglobulin (an indicator of autoimmune thyroid disease) is determined in the laboratory, interleukin status is assessed - a study of the patient’s immune system, etc.

The clinical picture is expressed in symptoms of influenza, ARVI: the patient suffers from muscle pain, chills, the patient’s body temperature rises, and the cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. In men, the primary manifestation of the disease is possible in the form of a rash (colorless spots) on the body.

The development of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is preceded by 3 more stages of the disease: asymptomatic, generalized lymphadenopathy and the stage of secondary manifestations.

The development of the immunodeficiency virus at the “last station” reaches its peak. An HIV-infected person experiences an exacerbation of diagnosed secondary diseases. In most cases, the development of diseases is a consequence of liver failure at the terminal stage of the disease - the person soon dies.

How can you become infected with HIV?

Let's start with a brief excursion into the topic of infection. The source of infection with the virus is a sick person - the carrier of the infectious dose.

The immunodeficiency virus exists safely in biological fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretion and breast milk. Accordingly, people become infected with AIDS in the following ways:

during unprotected sexual intercourse (the most common route of infection);
during a patient's blood transfusion (ingestion of biological material through an alternative method);
from mother to child (during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding).

Who makes up the group increased risk virus infection? Knowing the ways of contracting AIDS, it can be assumed that among HIV patients most often there are supporters of unprotected sex and drug addicts. Healthcare workers and beauty industry specialists are also at greatest risk.

Before we learn how to avoid getting infected with HIV, let’s take a closer look at the topic of transmission routes.

Transmission of HIV through blood

It is immediately worth noting that when the blood of a sick and healthy person comes into contact, the probability of a positive result for HIV is almost 100%. This fact is explained by the high content of viral particles in the patient’s blood.

In case of dangerous contact with biological material of an infected person, the hypothalamus gives a signal about the need to produce interleukin, an active biological substance (interleukin status is determined based on its concentration). The beginning of the production of the component is accompanied by an increase in the patient’s body temperature. Further, the clinical picture develops traditionally.

As mentioned earlier, one of the most common ways of infection is through unprotected sexual activity. In this case, the virus enters the body through the mucous membranes.

How HIV is transmitted through sexual contact

If we talk about preventing HIV infection, we cannot help but touch upon the issue of infection of the population during unprotected sexual intercourse. According to statistics, 70-80% of transmission cases are associated with human infection after an unprotected act.

Why is the percentage of people infected during “open” sex so high? The fact is that during intimate intimacy, microcracks form on the mucous membrane of the partners’ genital organs, which play the role of conductors of the virus to the body.

Attention! In case of intimacy with an HIV-infected partner, in addition to using a condom, they resort to pre-exposure prophylaxis for AIDS, which involves taking antiretroviral drugs. The agents prevent the penetration of the virus that causes the development of infection.

It should also be taken into account that the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus increases significantly if the partner has an STD: as the disease develops, the mucous membrane becomes irritated and becomes very vulnerable.

There is a clear fact of the need to ensure one’s own safety by taking precautions during sexual activity.

What other risk factors for infection should be taken into account when coming into contact with a sick person or their biological material? This issue also needs to be addressed in the topic “HIV Prevention”.

Risk factors for HIV

Among the risk factors for the development of infection, medicine includes:

injection drug use. Modern youth are more susceptible to drug addiction. At risk are minor adolescents who, under the influence of substances, use one syringe to administer a dose. Among the drug addicts there may be an infected person - the virus will go around in a circle;
work in medical institutions, beauty salons. During medical or cosmetic procedures, employees come into daily contact with biomaterial that may contain a virus;
birth from a sick mother;
frequent change of sexual partners. A barrier means of protection will help prevent infection; in case of regular contact with an infected person, they resort to HIV pre-contact prophylaxis;
presence of a sexually transmitted disease (or several).

Preventive measures for HIV are in many ways similar to prevention of other types of sexually transmitted diseases. An example is PVH (parenteral viral hepatitis), the development of which is prevented by the same safety measures as in the case of HIV.

So, what AIDS prevention measures exist?

Features of HIV prevention

HIV prevention is divided into three groups. Primary prevention of HIV infection means taking measures aimed at eliminating the likelihood of viral particles entering the human body. These measures involve complete exclusion of contact with the patient and refusal to administer narcotic substances. All measures in this case have a single goal: to eliminate from life all conditions that, to one degree or another, can lead to infection. In particular, the exclusion of potentially threatening sexual partners (those in the window period or another “infectious” stage), contact with blood and semen that may be infected, and the use of only disposable syringes for injections.

Secondary prevention includes activities that involve the prevention and treatment of diseases that play the role of HIV provocateurs. In addition, it is necessary to avoid conditions in which successful infection with the virus is possible. The process is accompanied by tests and periodic studies of the immune status (interleukin status).

Tertiary preventive measures are carried out by employees of clinics and specialized centers for combating HIV. Such therapy includes the following actions: informing patients about possible complications of the disease, ensuring accessibility to information, and propaganda activities.

The next stage is secondary prevention

Such AIDS prevention is aimed at diagnosing and controlling the development of an infection that is sexually transmitted. The purpose of the measures is to reduce the risk of infection of other people, which occurs during sexual intercourse or other contact with an infected person.

The same set of measures includes counseling AIDS patients, conducting conversations, and lectures. As part of the secondary prevention of HIV and AIDS syndrome (HAIDS), treatment of secondary ailments is carried out, accompanied by detailed studies of the patient's immune status (interleukin status).

An excursion into tertiary AIDS prevention

When AIDS develops in the human body, measures to prevent the disease continue to be remembered. Specific activities are carried out by doctors from clinics and centers whose activities are aimed at combating HIV. AIDS and its tertiary prevention within the walls of institutions is expressed in informing patients about possible complications of the disease (secondary infections and malignant formations). Patients are guaranteed access to data, and many centers engage in promotional activities.

All those measures that are used in the case of tertiary HIV prevention help sick people understand the motivation of their own actions, get to know the infection from the inside, and gain confidence and meaning in life. As a rule, in most cases, the intended goals of disease prevention are achieved.

HIV infection has boldly entered the 21st century. HIV affects and kills huge numbers of young people in many countries around the world. A vaccine against the disease has not yet been developed, so preventing HIV infection is becoming increasingly important.

To prevent the spread of infection in our country, a whole complex has been developed and used preventive And anti-epidemic activities, including sanitary and hygienic, treatment, preventive and administrative measures. The fight against drug addiction, prostitution and homosexuality, financing of treatment and preventive measures (expanding the scale of HIV testing, purchasing the necessary medications for providing antiretroviral therapy in full to all those in need, etc.) are only part of the significant tasks of the state in the fight against HIV.

Suppressing the spread of HIV infection is the main measure to combat the disease.

Rice. 1. Newly created HIV virions leave the target cell.

Activities to prevent HIV infection

I. Preventive measures aimed at preventing the spread of an infectious disease.

Public prevention (carried out by the state and health authorities).
Health promotion and health education.
Personal prevention.

II. Prevention of HIV infection in medical institutions.

III. Prevention of AIDS.

Rice. 2. In our country, you can donate blood for HIV anonymously and free of charge.

Stopping the spread of infection

Suppressing the spread of infection is the main measure in the fight against HIV infection.

Measures to suppress the spread of HIV infection are aimed at: preventing the transmission of HIV through sexual contact, drug injection, vertical transmission (from mother to fetus), with donor blood and other donor material (organ transplantation, artificial insemination), and during medical procedures.

Rice. 3. Sexual and parenteral (through blood) routes of transmission of infection are the main and most dangerous epidemiologically.

Health education and health promotion

Moral and correct sexual education of a person is of great importance in the fight against HIV. It is necessary to constantly conduct educational work on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, the promotion of protected sex and the need for drug addicts to use only disposable syringes.

Rice. 4. The use of disposable syringes and condoms by drug addicts during sexual intercourse will protect against HIV infection.

Personal prevention of HIV infection

Personal prevention of HIV infection includes a number of activities to protect yourself and loved ones from HIV infection. Healthy image life, monogamous relationships, HIV testing, drug abstinence, protected sex, personal hygiene are the main ones. The use of membrane contraceptives in combination with spermicides is the most effective remedy prevention of HIV infection.

A condom must be used for any form of sexual intercourse.

Rice. 5. Protected sex will protect you from sexually transmitted infections.

Medical preventive measures

Medical preventive measures include:

timely detection and adequate treatment of patients with HIV infection;
organizing HIV testing, including anonymous testing;
HIV testing of people at risk, pregnant women, donors, etc.;
establishing strict control over donor blood, transplants, biological material used in artificial insemination, dialysis systems, etc.;
ensuring the safety of any medical activities and manipulations;
preventive measures to prevent the transmission of HIV to children from infected mothers.

Rice. 6. From an epidemiological perspective, the greatest danger is posed by biological fluids such as blood.

Prevention of HIV infection in medical institutions

Prevention of HIV infection in medical institutions includes compliance with the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in specialized clinical departments and laboratories (as for hepatitis B).

It is necessary to more widely introduce disposable medical instruments and properly process reusable medical instruments.

When working with HIV patients and infected material medical staff must use personal protective equipment and avoid damaging the skin with sharp instruments.

Rice. 7. When providing medical care to HIV patients, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment.

Professional contact. Actions of a medical worker

Immunodeficiency viruses are extremely stable in biological fluids, which leads to increased requirements for safety measures for medical workers:

if the patient’s blood gets on the mucous membranes or damaged skin, measures should be taken immediately to treat them;
If there is a high risk of infection, start drug prophylaxis within the first 24 hours.

Infection of a medical worker occurs through injuries from an infected needle or surgical instrument, through contact with infected biological material from the hands of a medical worker who has damaged skin, when infected biological material (blood, pus, etc.) gets into the nose, eyes and mouth, which occurs when splashing.

Actions of the medical worker:

When infected, areas of the skin are treated with 70% alcohol and washed with soap and water, after which they are treated again with alcohol.
The mucous membranes are treated with 0.05% potassium permanganate.
The mouth and throat are rinsed with 0.05% potassium permanganate or 70% alcohol.
The nasal cavity and eyes are washed with clean hands and instilled with a 20 - 30% solution of albucid.
For cuts and injections, blood is squeezed out of the wound, then hands are washed with running water and soap and treated with 70% alcohol, then with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. Damaged areas are sealed with a bactericidal plaster.
Work clothes are immersed in a disinfectant solution or placed in a container for autoclaving.

When working with obviously infected material, wear gloves, goggles, aprons, etc.

Rice. 8. If injured by an infected needle or surgical instrument, a healthcare professional should immediately treat the injured area.

Anti-epidemic regime in departments for HIV patients

The anti-epidemic regime in departments for HIV patients corresponds to that for hepatitis B:

Patients with an established diagnosis of HIV infection or persons suspected of infection are placed in separate boxes or wards.
Patients are treated with gloves.
Bed and underwear of patients and toothbrushes, children's toys are disinfected by boiling for 20 - 25 minutes.
Material from patients is stored and removed in special closed containers or metal cases.
Before removal, the dressing material is neutralized with a disinfectant solution or boiled for 25 minutes.
After use, instruments, catheters, probes and rubber products are immersed for 15 minutes in a washing solution heated to 70 o C.
Before being discharged into the sewer, biological material is disinfected for 1 hour with a solution of sodium hypochlorite in a ratio of 1:5.
Before washing, the patient’s linen is boiled for 25 minutes or soaked for 1 hour in a 3% chloramine solution.
Dishes and care items are disinfected by immersing them in a 3% chloramine solution or a 1.5% calcium hypochlorite solution, or a 3% clarified bleach solution.

Personnel serving patients and laboratory workers examining infected material are examined for the presence of antibodies to HIV once a year.

Rice. 9. Disinfectants used to disinfect materials in infectious diseases departments for the treatment of HIV patients and hepatitis B.

Preventive measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV

HIV infection is transmitted to children from parents. As a rule, these are families high risk, where there are AIDS patients, drug addicts, people with a tendency to engage in numerous random sexual acts, etc.

A child from a mother becomes infected during pregnancy (usually in later stages), during childbirth and during breastfeeding. Carrying out preventive measures significantly reduces the risk of transmission of infection, and if they are not carried out, the probability of the child getting sick reaches 20 - 40%.

To achieve maximum effectiveness of preventive measures, it is necessary:

reduce viral load in the mother during pregnancy, as well as during childbirth, to an undetectable level, which is achieved through full antiretroviral treatment;
prevent the child from coming into contact with blood and vaginal contents during childbirth, which is achieved through delivery using a cesarean section;
prevent the baby from coming into contact with breast milk after birth (refusal to breastfeeding).

To prevent infection of children it is necessary:

conduct routine screening of all pregnant women for HIV infection;
if a disease is detected, the pregnant woman is prescribed antiviral treatment, which reduces the risk of illness in the child to 8%;
if HIV infection is detected in a pregnant woman during childbirth, antiretroviral drugs are also prescribed;
with consent, assistance is provided to terminate an unwanted pregnancy;
Chemoprophylaxis is prescribed to children no later than 72 hours after birth.

Rice. 10. If treatment is prescribed immediately after birth, the child recovers within 18 months.

AIDS prevention

It is used for the prevention of bacterial diarrhea, respiratory infections, toxoplasmosis and nocardiosis. Co-trimoxazole.
Complex antimicrobial therapy used in the development of opportunistic flora and pathogenic microbes.
For fungal infections they are used Intraconazole And Fluconazole.
For herpesvirus infections, preventive courses are prescribed Acyclovir, Foscarnet, Ganciclovir.
A positive Mantoux reaction is an indication for preventive courses Isoniazid.
If there is a threat of development of atypical mycobacteriosis, Rifabutin, Azithromycin or Clarithromycin.
Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia is carried out with sulfonamide drugs ( Co-trimoxazole or Dapsone).
When applied antitumor therapy.

Early detection, adequate treatment and prevention of secondary diseases increase the length and quality of life of HIV-infected people.

Rice. 11. Kaposi's sarcoma accounts for 85% of all tumors developing in an AIDS patient.

HIV vaccine

There is no reliable and safe vaccine against HIV today. The development of vaccines is difficult due to the large genetic variability of viruses, the lack of animal models and the high risk associated with conducting human clinical trials. In addition, immunologists have the most stringent requirements for the vaccine. Despite this, leading scientists from many countries have been involved in the work to create a vaccine against HIV.

Rice. 12. The photo shows people with AIDS.

HIV infection in the 21st century has become a real plague, an invasion that is very difficult to fight. This problem affects not only adults, but also young children, pregnant women, young people and the elderly. Everyone is equal before HIV and absolutely each of us can become infected with this disease. That is why the prevention of HIV and AIDS today is the most hot topic, which should be raised both in families and in preschool and school institutions.

Risk factors for HIV

HIV infection is an infectious disease that, penetrating the human body, progresses very slowly. The cause of the lesion is the human immunodeficiency virus, which penetrates deeply into the human immune system, as a result of which the body can additionally become infected with a malignant tumor or infection - as a result of which the infected person dies after a certain time.

HIV is the initial stage of the disease; AIDS - acquired human immunodeficiency syndrome - is the final stage of damage to the body by HIV infection (that is, in the absence of the necessary treatment).

How can you become infected with HIV?

The main source of infection and carrier of HIV infection is humans. Moreover, it is a sick person who can transmit HIV infection to another through sexual contact, then through blood, syringes with needles, knives, pins and other piercing instruments that contain the blood of a person with HIV. The third and also very common way of transmitting HIV is from mother to fetus.

How is HIV transmitted through sexual contact?

Sexual contact with an HIV-infected person can lead to irreversible infection in 90% of cases. The risk increases significantly if an HIV-infected and healthy person has unprotected sexual intercourse (that is, without a condom).

HIV is most common among homosexual couples - in this case, HIV is transmitted much more often, 2-3 times. A man's semen contains a much higher concentration of HIV than a woman's vaginal mucus.

HIV can be transmitted not only through direct sexual penetration, but also during oral and anal sex.

Transmission of HIV through blood

The blood of an infected person contains the highest concentration of a dangerous virus. If the blood of an HIV-infected person enters the bloodstream of a healthy person, infection cannot be avoided.

Transmission of HIV through blood can occur during medical procedures - blood collection for analysis, operations, blood transfusions. It is the transmission of HIV through blood that is the main method of infection for those who “sit” on injecting drugs (in such a society it is customary to share a needle and syringe).

The HIV virus can penetrate from a healthy person to a sick person through the mucous membranes (for example, when blood enters the eye area or into the oral cavity). There are known cases of HIV infection through a razor, a tattoo procedure or permanent makeup, as well as through manicure accessories in a salon.

Transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child

A mother infected with HIV transmits the virus to the fetus during pregnancy, that is, the virus penetrates even when the child is conceived; in the process of labor; during breastfeeding, that is, after the birth of the child.

In 100% of cases, a child becomes infected with HIV from an infected mother.

HIV cannot be transmitted if...

Now it's time to debunk some myths regarding the routes of HIV transmission. So, a healthy person cannot become infected with HIV if:

Hugs;
Kisses on the cheek (here we are not talking about deep kisses with tongue penetration);
Through a handshake of an infected/healthy person;
Through household items;
After visiting the pool, shower, sauna, etc.
After .

HIV dies immediately if it is treated with alcohol, essential oils or acetone. HIV can be completely destroyed by heating to 60 degrees, as well as by full boiling.

After HIV infection, symptoms appear within 3 weeks. The development and course of HIV in the human body can last from several months to several decades.

First symptoms of HIV/AIDS

The first most characteristic symptoms of HIV/AIDS are:

A sharp decrease in a person’s body weight;
Increased drowsiness;
Feeling of persistent fatigue;
Complete or partial loss of appetite;
Diarrhea;
Periodically occurring severe headaches;
Pathological enlargement of lymph nodes almost throughout the body.

HIV prevention

When having sexual contact with an HIV-infected person, the only possible way to prevent infection is to use a condom. At the same time, it is not recommended to use vasiline-based lubricants, as they significantly reduce the strength of condoms. The risk of HIV infection is present in the following cases: during any type of sexual contact, when sperm or vaginal secretions come into contact with the oral cavity or mucous membranes, as well as on injured, damaged skin (wounds, cuts).

The only prevention of HIV in drug users is treatment for this addiction and the use of individual needles and syringes.

For HIV-positive parents, HIV prevention for the unborn child is taking antiviral drugs during pregnancy, delivery by cesarean section, and avoiding breastfeeding.

When carrying out medical procedures, the only method of prevention is the use of disposable injection instruments. If we are talking about donation, then only careful testing of donor blood for HIV will reduce the risk of contracting the infection.

Until now, doctors have not invented a vaccine against HIV infection, therefore, the only measure of protection against death as a result of AIDS is timely prevention.

According to statistics, HIV occurs mainly in young people under 30 years of age. The leading routes of its infection are sexual intercourse and through drug injections, and, basically, the possible result (infection) depends on the behavior of the person himself. For this reason, HIV prevention is considered the main opportunity to protect the body from a specific disease, from infection with a dangerous virus.

What is HIV

When talking about such a disease, it is necessary to distinguish between HIV infection and AIDS. HIV is a disease caused by the immunodeficiency virus, while the human body is in a state of inability to resist infections. The disease affects humans immune system, it gradually loses activity and cannot resist the spread of HIV and other infections and tumors provoked by the underlying disease.

The result is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, an advanced stage of the HIV process. During the AIDS stage, the human body is so weakened that diseases that develop against its background become irreversible, and the patient inevitably dies. Until a medicine is developed that can remove the virus from the body, measures to prevent HIV infection are the only option to protect yourself from contracting an incurable disease.

Transmission routes

It is possible to become infected only from an infected person: no cases of transmission from insects or animals have been found. To become infected, the virus must enter the bloodstream from the patient. In the body, the immunodeficiency virus is present in various biological fluids, but the concentration is in vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk, sperm, in the pre-seminal fluid reaches an amount sufficient to infect healthy people. HIV can enter the body in the following ways:

Exposure to infected blood due to:
- using non-sterile instruments for medical and cosmetic procedures;
- organ transplantation, blood transfusion from an infected donor;
- general use syringes, needles, injection equipment for the preparation and administration of drugs.
Unprotected sexual intercourse, regardless of sexual orientation and form of contact.
Infection of a fetus from a mother with HIV during:
- pregnancy;
- childbirth;
- breastfeeding a baby, where there is also a risk of infection of the mother from an HIV-infected child.

Prevention of HIV infection

For those who know how the virus is transmitted into the body, protection from the disease lies in reducing the personal risk of infection. Primary prevention of AIDS and HIV infection consists of following simple but effective rules:

Avoid casual sex. The risk of infection through sexual contact is proportional to the number of spontaneous sexual relationships.
To be completely sure, partners should both be tested for the immunodeficiency virus. There is a risk of infection by the virus in all forms of sexual intercourse - in contact with sperm, vaginal secretions, pre-ejaculate from the genitals, injured mucous membranes oral cavity(for example, during a deep kiss).
If partners have not been tested for HIV, condoms must be used during sexual intercourse. When used regularly and correctly, protective equipment creates a reliable barrier to various infections.
When using drugs, it is not enough to prevent the risk solely by using individual syringes and equipment. Under the influence of drugs, a person does not control himself and is capable of actions that provoke infection (unprotected sex, using one syringe for a group of drug addicts), therefore, only complete abstinence from drugs removes him from the risk group.
The speed at which HIV symptoms develop depends on the state of the immune system. The virus can develop if there is infectious diseases Therefore, it is necessary to promptly treat the body and strengthen the immune system.

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Prevention of AIDS involves antiretroviral treatment in emergency situations - possible entry of infected biological fluid into cuts, wounds, etc. ART drugs suppress the replication of HIV. As prescribed by SanPiN SP 3.1.5. 2826-10, you must start taking them in the first 2 hours and no later than three days after a dangerous situation. Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Zidovudine, Lamivudine or other antiretroviral drugs are prescribed as standard if these are not available.

Prevention of occupational infection

Medical clinics are a potential place for HIV infection for workers, doctors and nurses, especially if the procedures involve violation of the integrity of the skin or biological fluids. According to the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10, all medical procedures begin with hand disinfection using a disposable towel. Disposable latex gloves are required.

Before performing procedures that involve breaking the skin (blood sampling, injections, biopsy), the health worker is instructed to use an alcohol-based antiseptic to treat the area where the procedure is being performed on the patient’s body. Syringes, scarifiers-lances, catheters must be used strictly for one-time use, devices, instruments must be processed according to their antiseptic treatment standards.

Individual HIV prevention measures during sexual intercourse

Sexual transmission of AIDS is identified as the leading route, accounting for up to 80% of all cases. To protect yourself from infection, you must avoid sexual contact during the menstrual period, practices such as sadomasochism with damage to the integument. You must use a condom. Among the types of barrier contraception, only male condoms protect against HIV. It is better to purchase thick products from well-known brands with a lubricant that includes spermicide, and use lubricants to prevent rupture.

Prevention of HIV and routes of transmission. Prevention of HIV infections Prevention of HIV infections includes

Individual prevention of HIV infection

How can you become infected with HIV?

Transmission of HIV through blood

How HIV is transmitted through sexual contact

Risk factors for HIV

Features of HIV prevention

Read more about primary prevention activities

The next stage is secondary prevention

An excursion into tertiary AIDS prevention

Activities to prevent HIV infection

Stopping the spread of infection

Health education and health promotion

Personal prevention of HIV infection

Medical preventive measures

Prevention of HIV infection in medical institutions

Professional contact. Actions of a medical worker

Anti-epidemic regime in departments for HIV patients

AIDS prevention

HIV vaccine

Risk factors for HIV

How can you become infected with HIV?

How is HIV transmitted through sexual contact?

Transmission of HIV through blood

Transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child

HIV cannot be transmitted if...

First symptoms of HIV/AIDS

HIV prevention

What is HIV

Transmission routes

Prevention of HIV infection

Post-exposure prophylaxis

Prevention of occupational infection

Individual HIV prevention measures during sexual intercourse