Why is the economic activity of the population of the Western and Eastern. Human economic activity in natural areas
A person is an inherently purposeful activity, i.e. the efforts made by people are based on a certain calculation, and their direction is in the nature of satisfying human needs.
Economic influences his life activity, because in the process of managing people, on the one hand, spend energy, resources, etc., and on the other hand, they make up for living expenses. In this state of affairs (a person in economic activity) has to strive to rationalize his own actions. It is possible to act rationally only if costs and benefits are correctly compared, which, however, does not guarantee the absence of errors when making decisions that human economic activity requires.
Economic activity human life in the biosphere is a very complex and intricate complex, consisting of phenomena and processes of various kinds. Theoretical economics in this aspect distinguishes four stages, represented by production itself, distribution, exchange and consumption.
These are processes that result in the creation of material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for humanity to exist and develop.
Distribution is a process during which the shares (quantity, proportions) are determined, according to which each business entity takes part in the creation of the manufactured product.
Exchange is a process of movement material goods from one business entity to another. In addition, exchange is a form of social communication between producers and consumers.
Consumption at its core is the process of using production results to satisfy some needs. Each stage of economic activity is interconnected with the others, and they all interact with each other.
Characterizing the relationship between the stages of economic activity requires understanding the fact that any production is a social and continuous process. Constantly repeating itself, production develops - from the simplest forms to Although these seem completely dissimilar, general points, which are inherent in production as such, can still be identified.
Production is the basis of life and the source of progressive development of society in which people exist, the starting point of economic activity. Consumption is the final point, and distribution and exchange are the accompanying stages that link production and consumption. Given that production is the primary stage, it serves only for consumption. Consumption forms the final goal, as well as the motives for production, since in consumption products are destroyed, it has the right to dictate a new order to production. If the need is satisfied, it gives rise to a new need. It is the development of needs that serves as the driving force due to the influence of which production develops. At the same time, the emergence of needs is determined precisely by production - when new products appear, a corresponding need for these products and their consumption appears.
Just as production depends on consumption, so distribution and exchange depend on production, since in order to distribute or exchange something, it is necessary that something be produced. At the same time, distribution and exchange are not passive in relation to production, and are capable of having a reverse effect on it.
All natural areas have long been developed by humans. It actively conducts economic activities, thereby changing the characteristics of natural areas. How do human economic activities differ in natural areas?
Polar deserts
These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for farming. The soil here is permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.
The coastal areas are home to Arctic foxes, whose fur is highly prized throughout the world. Arctic foxes are actively hunted, which could lead to the extinction of this species.
Rice. 1. The most unsuitable natural zone for farming is the Arctic desert
Tundra and forest-tundra
Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here?
The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, their extraction is actively carried out here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.
Forest zone
This includes taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized by cold winters and relatively warm summers. Thanks to the large number of forests, plant and animal world. Favorable conditions allow you to thrive various types human economic activity. A large number of factories and factories have been built in these regions. People here are engaged in livestock farming, farming, fishing, and the woodworking industry. This is one of the natural areas modified by humans to the greatest extent.
Rice. 2. The world is experiencing active deforestation
Forest-steppe and steppe
These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient precipitation. The soil here is the most fertile, and the fauna is very diverse. Agriculture and livestock farming flourish most in these areas. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits and cereals are grown here. Coal and iron ore are actively mined. This leads to distortion of the relief and destruction of some species of animals and plants.
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Semi-deserts and deserts
The conditions here are not the most favorable for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is deserted and not fertile. The main type of economic activity in deserts is animal husbandry. The population here raises sheep, rams, and horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.
Rice. 3. Livestock farming in the desert
Subtropics and tropics
This region has undergone the most changes due to human activity. This is due to the fact that this is where civilizations arose and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.
Subtropical and tropical forests have been practically cut down, and the territories are occupied by agricultural plantings. Huge areas are occupied by fruit trees.
What have we learned?
Man is engaged in economic activities in almost all natural areas of the world. This leads to their significant modification, which ultimately can lead to the extinction of some species of animals and plants.
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More than 10 thousand years ago, people produced almost nothing, but only drew everything they needed from the natural environment. Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As humanity “matured,” people’s occupations changed greatly.
What is modern farming?
Geography of main types of economic activities
With the advent of new types of economic activities of people, their economies also changed. Agriculture involves growing plants (crop farming) and raising animals (livestock farming). Therefore, its placement strongly depends on both the characteristics of these living organisms and natural conditions: relief, climate, soil. The busiest people in agriculture are most of of the world's working population - almost 50% But the share Agriculture in total world production - only about 10%.
Industry is divided into mining and manufacturing. The extractive industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, fishing and sea animals. Obviously, its placement is determined by the location of the extracted natural resources.
Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws, depending on what products and how they produce.
The service sector is a special part of the economy. Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not any kind of thing. Services are activities that are important to modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communications. Enterprises in this area - shops, schools, cafes - serve people. Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises there are.
1. What types of economic activities were engaged in by people in primitive society?
Gathering and hunting.
2. What types of economic activities appeared later?
Agriculture and cattle breeding.
3. What types of economic activities are engaged in by people in your area.
Manufacturing, service sector.
PRACTICUM
1. Compare the lifestyle of a city dweller and a resident rural areas, draw a conclusion.
The rhythm of a city dweller's life is higher, with a large number changes and “surprises”, while for a resident of a rural area the opposite is true. A city resident has high mental stress and low physical stress (therefore, there is energy left for fitness, exercise equipment and jogging), while a rural resident exercise stress higher. But the standard of living of urban residents is higher, which is reflected in life expectancy and economic indicators.
2. What functions do cities perform? Give examples of these cities, show them on the map.
Variety. From the industrial center (Magnitogorsk) to the religious center (Mecca). Eat cultural centers(Athens), there are educational centers (Oxford). There are resort cities (Anapa). Cities-political centers (Moscow), etc.
4. Within each cultural and historical region, highlight the largest countries.
Western Europe - France, Germany, Italy.
Central-Eastern Europe – Hungary, Poland.
Russian-Eurasian region – Russia, Kazakhstan.
North Africa and the Middle East - Algeria, Tunisia, Iran, Egypt, Israel.
Africa - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea.
South Asia - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
East Asia– China, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, Republic of Korea.
Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia.
North America – USA, Canada.
Latin America – Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Cuba.
Australia and Oceania – Australia, New Zealand.
5. Find and systematize information about cultural heritage monuments in any cultural and historical region.
Monuments of the cultural heritage of Africa. In total, there were several dozen such cities, and 11 of them, located on the territory of modern Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Libya, were included in the list World Heritage. Of course we're talking about about the ruins of these once flourishing cities, which is explained by the subsequent history of North Africa, which after the Romans was successively ruled by the Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks. But what remains of these cities is of even greater historical and cultural value.
Four Tunisian monuments dating back to Phoenician-Roman times are included in the World Heritage List. These are Carthage, Kerkuan, El-Jem and Dougga (Tugga).
Three "dead" cities in Algeria are included in the world cultural heritage. The most ancient of them is Tipasa, which existed in pre-Roman times, while Timgad and Dzhemila trace their ancestry back to the reign of Emperor Trajan. In Morocco there is the Roman city of Volubilis, which is in many ways similar to them.
Of the ancient cities on the territory of modern Libya, three are included in the World Heritage List. All of them are located on the Mediterranean coast: Sabratha and Leptis Magna in Tripolitania, Cyrene in Cyrenaica. Nowadays these are “dead” cities, ruins, the special value of which, like most cities of the Maghreb, lies in the fact that since ancient times they have never been built up again.
6. Name the countries that are currently experiencing special weather phenomena (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc.), as well as important events in the lives of nations.
There are many earthquakes in China and Japan. Hurricanes most often occur in the United States, and floods most often occur in Russia.
GENERALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE BY SECTION
1. How did man explore the Earth? What impact did this have on the nature of the Earth?
The first stage of settlement, during which ancient upright people began to migrate from East Africa to Eurasia and explore new lands, began about 2 million years ago and ended 500,000 years ago. Later, ancient people die out, and with the appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000 years ago, the second stage began. The main settlement of people was observed along the mouths of large rivers - the Tigris, Indus, Euphrates, and Nile. It was in these places that the first civilizations, called river civilizations, arose. The vast majority of historians and archaeologists consider Africa and Southwestern Eurasia to be the homeland of the first people. Over time, humanity has conquered almost all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. The impact on Earth was minor, but noticeable to Earth. When man populated the Earth, he prepared it so that he could live on it, trees were cut down, and rivers were influenced.
2. Describe the modern nature of the regions through which people moved (see Fig. 43).
Plains near seas and oceans.
3. How many people live on Earth?
More than 7 billion people live on Earth.
4. How is natural population growth determined? Where is it especially great?
By changes in population according to the ratio of people born and died. Population growth is particularly high in Africa.
5. Name and show on the map the main areas of high population density.
South and East Asia, Western Europe and Eastern North America.
6. Give examples of human migrations in different eras.
About 70 thousand years ago, the migration of Homo sapiens people began outside of Africa - namely, to Asia and the Middle East. About 45–40 thousand years ago, man reached Australia (at that time not yet separated from Eurasia) and around the same time Europe (here Homo sapiens displaced its earlier inhabitants, the Neanderthals). It is believed that tribes of future Indians penetrated into America in the area of the modern Bering Strait (at a time when, at low levels of the world's oceans, North America was connected here with Eurasia); dating of this event varies from 5 to 30 thousand years ago. One of the most important migration events of the historical period was the so-called Great Migration of Peoples (IV–VII centuries), as well as the previous migration of the Goths from northwestern Europe to the Black Sea region (late 2nd – early 3rd centuries). Most often, the beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples is associated with climate change, and it is “accounted for” by the invasion of the Black Sea region by the Huns from the Trans-Urals. As a result of the invasion of the Huns, the Visigoths were pushed out of the Black Sea region to the west, and then, pushing each other, the tribes of the Vandals, Burgundians, Franks, Anls, Saxons, Lombards, etc. began to move. The end of the migration of peoples is associated with the settlement of the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula, sometimes with the Arab conquests of the 7th–11th centuries, the campaigns of the Normans in the 8th–11th centuries, and the migration of the Hungarians to Europe (9th century). The result of this powerful migration process is believed to have been the death of the Roman Empire and the formation of the modern ethnic map of Europe: as a result of the displacement of local Celtic tribes and Romanesque peoples by migrating Germanic and other tribes (as well as their partial mixing), the “ancestors” of modern European peoples appeared: The Franks who conquered Northern Gaul formed the ethnic basis of the French, the Anglo-Saxons who came to Celtic Britain formed the basis of the British, etc.
My language is Russian. The Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family and the Slavic group of languages.
9. What is the ratio of urban and rural populations in Europe, Africa, Asia?
IN overseas Europe, North and Latin America, Australia, the urban population predominates. And in Africa and foreign Asia the majority of the population are rural residents.
10. In what historical and cultural region are the countries located: Egypt; China, Mexico; Sweden?
Egypt – North Africa and Middle East. China - East Asia. Mexico - Latin America. Sweden is the north of Western Europe.
11. By what criteria can countries be grouped? Name 4-5 signs and give examples, show the countries on the map.
By the size of the occupied territory: large (Russia, Australia), medium, dwarf (Vatican, San Marino, Liechtenstein).
By population: more than one billion people (China, India); less than 100 thousand people (San Marino, Vatican).
By level economic development: Developed countries with market economy play a leading role in the world market and in the international division of labor. Developed countries include almost all countries of Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, Israel, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. All these countries have a high level of economic and social development. But among them, the “seven” of economically developed countries stand out, which includes: the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Countries with economies in transition include states of Eastern Europe, Russia, Albania, China, Vietnam, former subjects of the USSR, Vietnam, Mongolia. Developing countries include most countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America, Malta and the former Yugoslavia. The overall GDP level of developing countries is less than a quarter of that of developed countries.
By socio-economic formation (type of business, economic structure): capitalist (USA, Germany, Russia, Japan); socialist (DPRK, Vietnam, Iran, Cuba).
By geographical location: island (Japan, Great Britain), archipelagos, peninsular, inland (Russia), coastal
By political system: republics (DPRK, Belarus) and monarchies (Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Morocco).
By administrative-territorial structure: unitary (Ukraine) and federal (Russia, USA).
By predominant language: Spanish-speaking (Chile, Argentina); English-speaking (Great Britain, USA).