Which country is a monarchy. European monarchs of the 20th century
| No. p / p | Region | The country | Form of government |
| E V R O P A | United Kingdom (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) | KM | |
| Spain (Kingdom of Spain) | KM | ||
| Belgium (Kingdom of Belgium) | KM | ||
| Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) | KM | ||
| Monaco (Principality of Monaco) | KM | ||
| Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein) | KM | ||
| Sweden (Kingdom of Sweden) | KM | ||
| Norway (Kingdom of Norway) | KM | ||
| Denmark (Kingdom of Denmark) | KM | ||
| Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) | KM | ||
| Andorra (Principality of Andorra) | KM | ||
| Vatican | ATM | ||
| A Z I | Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) | ATM | |
| Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) | ATM | ||
| Qatar (State of Qatar) | AM | ||
| Oman (Sultanate of Oman) | AM | ||
| Kuwait (State of Kuwait) | KM | ||
| Bahrain (State of Bahrain) | KM | ||
| United Arab Emirates (UAE) | KM | ||
| Bhutan (Kingdom of Bhutan) | KM | ||
| Cambodia (Kingdom of Cambodia) | KM | ||
| Thailand (Kingdom of Thailand) | KM | ||
| Malaysia (Federation of Malaysia) | KM | ||
| Japan | KM | ||
| Jordan (Jordanian Hashemite Kingdom) | KM | ||
| AFRICA | Morocco (Kingdom of Morocco) | KM | |
| Swaziland (Kingdom of Swaziland) | KM | ||
| Lesotho (Kingdom of Lesotho) | KM | ||
| Oceania | Tonga (Kingdom of Tonga) | KM |
Note: CM - constitutional monarchy;
AM - absolute monarchy;
ATM is an absolute theocratic monarchy.
Republican form of government originated in antiquity, but became most widespread in the periods of modern and recent history. In 1991, there were 127 republics in the world, but after the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, their total number exceeded 140.
Under a republican system, the legislature usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive - to the government. At the same time, a distinction is made between presidential, parliamentary and mixed republics.
Presidential republic characterized by a significant role of the president in the system government agencies, the combination in his hands of the powers of the head of state and head of government. It is also called a dualistic republic, thereby emphasizing the fact of the concentration of a strong executive power in the hands of the president, and the legislature - in the hands of parliament.
Distinctive features of this form of government:
extra-parliamentary method of electing the president (either by the population - Brazil, France, or by the electoral college - the USA),
· extra-parliamentary method of forming the government, that is, it is formed by the president. The president is both formally and legally the head of government (there is no prime minister as in the United States), or he appoints the head of government. The government is only responsible to the president and not to the parliament, since only the president can dismiss him,
In general, with this form of government, the president has much greater powers compared to a parliamentary republic (he is the head of the executive branch, approves laws by signing, has the right to dismiss the government), but in a presidential republic, the president, as a rule, is deprived of the right to dissolve parliament , and the parliament is deprived of the right to express no confidence in the government, but can remove the president (impeachment procedure).
The classical presidential republic is the United States of America. The United States Constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers. Under this constitution, legislative power is vested in Congress, executive power is in the president, and judicial power is in Supreme Court. The president, elected by the electoral college, forms the government from persons belonging to his party.
Presidential republics are common in Latin America. This form of government is also found in some countries of Asia and Africa. True, sometimes in these countries the power of the head of state actually goes beyond the constitutional framework, and, in particular, the Latin American presidential republics were characterized by researchers as super-presidential.
Parliamentary (parliamentary) republic characterized by the proclamation of the principle of the supremacy of parliament, to which the government bears full responsibility for its activities.
In such a republic, the government is formed by parliamentary means from among the deputies of the parties that have a majority of votes in parliament. It remains in power as long as it has the support of a parliamentary majority. This form of government exists in countries with developed, largely self-regulating economies (Italy, Turkey, Germany, Greece, Israel). Elections under such a system of democracy are usually held according to party lists, that is, voters do not vote for a candidate, but for a party.
The main function of the parliament, in addition to the legislative, is to control the government. In addition, the parliament has important financial powers, since it develops and adopts the state budget, determines the ways of the country's socio-economic development, decides on the main issues of internal, external and defense policy states.
The head of state in such republics, as a rule, is elected by the parliament or a specially formed broader collegium, which includes, along with members of parliament, representatives of the constituent entities of the federation or representative regional self-government bodies. This is the main form of parliamentary control over the executive branch.
In Italy, for example, the president of the republic is elected by the members of both chambers at their joint meeting, but at the same time, three representatives from each region, elected by regional councils, participate in the elections. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the President is elected by the Federal Assembly, consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of persons elected by the Landtags on the basis of proportional representation. In parliamentary republics, elections can also be universal, for example, in Austria, where the president is elected by the population for a term of 6 years.
Under this form of government, one speaks of a "weak" president. However, the head of state has quite broad powers. He promulgates laws, issues decrees, has the right to dissolve parliament, formally appoints the head of government (only the head of the party that won the election), is the commander in chief armed forces has the right to grant amnesty to convicts.
The president, being the head of state, is not the head of the executive branch, that is, the government. The prime minister is formally appointed by the president, but this can only be the head of the faction with a parliamentary majority, and not necessarily the head of the winning party. It should be noted that the government is competent to govern the state only when it enjoys the confidence of parliament.
mixed republic(also called a semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary republic) - a form of government that cannot be considered a variety of either a presidential or a parliamentary republic. Of the modern, mixed ones include the fifth republic in France (after 1962), Portugal, Armenia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovakia.
A special form of state government - socialist republic (which arose in the 20th century in a number of countries as a result of the victory of socialist revolutions). Its varieties: Soviet Republic and People's Democratic Republic ( former USSR, country of Eastern Europe until 1991, as well as China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, which remain socialist republics to this day).
The republican form of government can be considered the most progressive and democratic. It was chosen for themselves not only by economically developed states, but also by most of the countries of Latin America, which freed themselves from colonial dependence in the last century, and almost all former colonies in Asia, which gained independence in the middle of our century, as well as African states, most of which achieved independence only in the 60-70s of the XX century. and even later.
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that such a progressive form of government by no means unifies the republics. They are quite different from each other in political, social and other respects.
It should be noted a peculiar form of government - interstate associations: Commonwealth, UK led (commonwealth) And Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS, which includes Russia).
Legally, the British Commonwealth of Nations was formalized back in 1931. Then it included Great Britain and its dominions - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Newfoundland and Ireland. After World War II and the collapse of the British colonial empire The Commonwealth included the vast majority of the former possessions of Britain - about 50 countries with a total territory of more than 30 million km 2 and a population of over 1.2 billion people located in all parts of the world.
Members of the Commonwealth have the unconditional right to unilaterally withdraw from it whenever they wish. They were used by Myanmar (Burma), Ireland, Pakistan. All states that are members of the Commonwealth have full sovereignty in their internal and external affairs.
In Commonwealth states that have a republican form of government, the Queen of Great Britain is proclaimed "the head of the Commonwealth ... a symbol of a free association of independent states - its members." Some members of the Commonwealth - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia (Australia), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Mauritius, Jamaica and some others - are officially referred to as "states within the Commonwealth". The supreme power in these countries formally continues to belong to the British monarch, who is represented in them by the governor-general, appointed on the recommendation of the government of this state. The supreme body of the Commonwealth is the conference of heads of government.
In 1991, simultaneously with the signing of the Belovezhskaya agreements on the dissolution of the USSR, it was decided to create Commonwealth of Independent States(Russia, Ukraine, Belarus). Subsequently, all the former republics of the USSR joined the CIS, except for the three Baltic states. Objectives: to promote the integration of the CIS member countries in the economic, political and humanitarian fields, to maintain and develop contacts and cooperation between peoples, state institutions of the Commonwealth countries. The CIS is an open organization for other countries to join. IN different years within the framework of the CIS, subregional associations emerged: the Central Asian Economic Community (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Russia, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine were accepted as observers) and GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova). In 1996, the Customs Union was created, uniting the economic space of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (subsequently Tajikistan joined them. In October 2000, the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was formed on the basis of the customs union. Continue to form among the member countries CIS and military-political associations (for example, the Collective Security Treaty) In September 2008, after the conflict in South Ossetia, Georgia announced its desire to leave the Commonwealth.
Form of government(administrative-territorial structure of states) is an important element of the political map of the world. It is directly related to the nature of the political system and the form of government, reflects the national-ethnic (in some cases also confessional) composition of the population, historical and geographical features of the formation of the country.
There are two main forms of administrative-territorial structure - unitary and federal.
unitary state - this is a single integral state formation, consisting of administrative-territorial units, which are subordinate to the central authorities and do not possess signs of state sovereignty. In a unitary state, there is usually a single legislative and executive power, a single system of state bodies, a single constitution. Such states in the world - the vast majority.
Federation - the form of the device, in which several state formations, legally possessing a certain political independence, form one union state.
Characteristic features of the federation:
The territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects (for example, states - in Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, India, USA; provinces - in Argentina, Canada; cantons - in Switzerland; lands - in Germany and Austria; republics, as well as other administrative entities (autonomous districts, territories, regions - in Russia);
Federal subjects are usually given the right to adopt their own constitutions;
The competence between the federation and its subjects is delimited by the federal constitution;
Each subject of the federation has its own legal and judicial systems;
In most federations, there is a single union citizenship, as well as citizenship of union units;
The federation usually has a single armed forces, a federal budget.
In a number of federations in the union parliament there is a chamber representing the interests of the members of the federation.
However, in many modern federal states, the role of general federal bodies is so great that they can essentially be considered as unitary, rather than federal states. Thus, the constitutions of such federations as Argentina, Canada, the USA, Germany, Switzerland do not recognize the right of the members of the federation to secede from it.
Federations are built along territorial (USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) and national lines (Russia, India, Nigeria, etc.), which largely determine the nature, content, and structure of the state system.
Confederation - it is a temporary legal union of sovereign states, created to ensure their common interests (members of the confederation retain their sovereign rights in both internal and external affairs). Confederate states are short-lived: they either break up or turn into federations (examples: the Swiss Union, Austria-Hungary, and also the USA, where a federation of states was formed from a confederation established in 1781, enshrined in the US Constitution of 1787).
Most of the world's states are unitary. Today only 24 states are federations (Table 4).
At present, monarchies (we are talking about constitutional forms of government) exist in many European countries, including the most developed of them. For example, in all the Scandinavian countries there are reigning rulers: in Sweden - Carl XVI Gustaf, in Norway - Harald V, in Denmark - Queen Margaret II. One of the highest standards of living is in Luxembourg, which, in fact, is also a constitutional monarchy in terms of the form of government. Luxembourg has a GDP per capita of over $100,000. In addition to these countries, the monarchy is also preserved in Spain, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and some dwarf states - Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco. It is interesting that another new monarch appeared not so long ago - this is the newly elected French President Emmanuel Macron. This happened because since the time of the Middle Ages, the French ruler receives the title of co-ruler of Andorra, which Macron became.
Evolution of European Monarchies
Monarchies began to disappear en masse in Europe in the 20th century. If we look at Europe at the beginning of the last century, we will see that almost all countries of that time had a monarchical form of government - the only exception was the French Republic (at that time already the Third, now the Fifth Republic in France). Back in the 19th century, there were disputes about who the French were - monarchists or republicans. These views changed along with the form of government in France: after the plebiscite proclaimed Emperor Napoleon, after it there was the Restoration and a short resumption of the rule of the Bourbon dynasty, which survived another revolution.
In 1848, a republic was again restored in France, but Napoleon's nephew, elected president, decided to return imperial power to his family. However, the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and other problems led to another change in the political system in favor of the republic. At present, the external symbols of the French Republic are purely revolutionary: the banner, the Marseillaise, Marianne. Although the uniform of the guardsmen is Napoleonic. This is a pretty important difference. The descendants of Napoleon are still alive in France to this day, although some of them adhere to socialist views.
Queen Elizabeth II and Commonwealth Prime Ministers, May 1960
// wikipedia.org
The most famous of modern monarchies is, of course, British. In England, talk periodically breaks out that the monarchy should be abolished and a republic should be introduced. But the British like the monarchy, it is a kind of symbol of the country. Residents of republics in this sense can find it difficult to understand those who live in kingdoms: they do not understand why a monarchy is needed at all. Indeed, the presence of constitutional monarchies in modern world, in modern Europe it seems almost absurd: the king, for example, in Sweden has absolutely no power, but everyone honors and respects him, despite the fact that he suffers from dyslexia.
king and law
Modern monarchs also violate established traditions when entering into marriages. For example, the current king of Norway, Harald V, did not look for a bride among persons of royal blood. While still crown prince, he fell in love with Sonya Haraldsen, whom he secretly dated for nine years. Sonya came from a wealthy family, she was engaged in design, but according to the then laws, Harald could not marry her. When he threatened to give up the throne in order to marry her, the Norwegian government decided to revise the law of succession to the throne. As a result, Harald married his chosen one in 1968. He was followed by the Swedish king Carl XVI Gustaf, who made Silvia Sommerlath of German-Brazilian origin his queen.
Another legal precedent is associated with the Swedish royal family: Queen Silvia first gave birth to a daughter, Victoria, and Prince Carl Philip was born second. According to the then Swedish laws, Karl Philip should have the first right to the throne. But since Victoria was first proclaimed crown princess, after the birth of the prince, serious debate unfolded on the topic of whether to transfer the title of heir to a newborn boy or leave it to Victoria. A more liberal point of view has won, so now Victoria is first in line for the Swedish throne (by the way, in 2010 she married her fitness trainer).
King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia at the celebration in honor of the 40th anniversary of the coronation, September 15, 2013
// wikipedia.org
Now the visits of kings and members of their families to other countries, including Russia, are an important reason for strengthening international ties, especially in business. For many businessmen and company representatives great importance have meetings at the level of heads of state, which formally are the kings of Sweden, Norway and the queen of Denmark.
Norway is a more democratic country, its inhabitants rarely remember the king, and even the heir to the throne, Haakon, while studying at the naval school, did not particularly advertise his origin, lived among other students, and they did not recognize him until a rumor spread that that he is from the royal family. After graduating from Berkeley, he even wanted to renounce the throne, besides, he had all the data for a good start in ordinary life: education, capital, the opportunity to get a job. Good work. In the modern world, a lot of formalities that burden the life of royal families seem to be something completely unnecessary, and at the same time they do not give real powers. Naturally, sometimes the temptation to give up the crown is great. However, the prince was persuaded not to leave the throne: after all, his duty to his homeland. Nevertheless, he, like his “colleagues”, married a girl of non-royal blood, whose biography was also the subject of extensive discussion: by the time of the engagement, she managed to give birth to a child whose father was in prison at that time for drug trafficking, and she herself she confessed to using them. Nevertheless, after deliberation, the government agreed to this marriage, but her son did not receive a title of nobility.
The way of life of monarchs
The royal family is not completely, but only partially, as a rule, supported by the state budget. There is, of course, the so-called civil list - the amount allocated from the budget for the maintenance of the monarch, his family, home, court, as well as expenses for art and charity. Sometimes this amount can be quite large. In the UK, the Civil List was abolished in 2012 and replaced by a Royal Grant, which is now renewed every year. This is due to the fact that in England the amount of the civil list was usually approved for the entire period of the reign of the monarch, but over the past decades, the pound sterling has noticeably depreciated.
Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the British monarchs
// wikipedia.org
In Sweden, the size of the civil list is approved by the Riksdag. But in addition, the king has, for example, his own farm. And the most common type of business for royal families is the exploitation of their own title and image of the royal family. Postcards, books, brochures, all kinds of souvenirs are produced in large quantities, which ultimately brings families a significant income. Publications about newborns in the royal family come out almost every year - the whole country can follow the growing up of the heir. The royal family usually has its own photographer, who has the right to arrange photo shoots for them for such souvenir publications. Such products are usually very popular with tourists and generally work to maintain the image of the monarchy.
The symbolism of the monarchy is reflected in many state signs, in particular on state money. The rulers themselves take part in this: for example, in Denmark, Queen Margrethe II of her youth was traditionally depicted on coins, and when the question arose of making her image more relevant, reflecting age-related changes, she herself spoke in favor of this.
The same Danish queen has a spouse - a Frenchman of non-royal origin, so he only has the title of prince consort. At the same time, neither the queen nor the prince-consort has real power. They can participate in the opening of a meeting of parliament, formally approve the composition of the government - after all, the queen is formally the head of the executive branch. These are all symbols of royalty. And even the radical left parties are not so actively in favor of the introduction of the republic - the image of the monarchy is so familiar and important.
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and Prince Consort Henrik of Denmark in Stockholm, at the wedding of the Swedish Princess Victoria, 2010
// wikipedia.org
Monarchies during World War II
During World War II, when Denmark and Norway were occupied by the Germans, the Norwegian king managed to emigrate to England. Nevertheless, he was considered the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Norway, which resisted the Germans, and said that the struggle does not stop as long as there is at least one occupier on the territory of Norway. His wife and son were in Sweden at the time, and Norway actually surrendered to the Germans in June 1940. The Germans planned to declare a four-year-old prince as ruler and appoint regents, so it was necessary to take the Norwegian royal family out of Sweden. This was done with the help of special services through the territory of Finland, adjacent to the ocean. Then they were sent to America.
royal family and little Prince became a symbol of resistance, he was even enrolled in the Norwegian Air Force, which was based in Canada. Photos of a little boy in military uniform circulated everywhere. The Danish king was under house arrest in Copenhagen. Nevertheless, he performed various symbolic actions: he rode a horse, walked without guards. Crowds often gathered around him - this was such a sign of Danish resistance to the initially mild German occupation. After the war in Northern Europe there was no longer any Republican sentiment. Now the royal families in these countries are an important symbol.
From absolute to constitutional monarchy: the case of Sweden
The transition from absolute to constitutional monarchies occurred gradually. In England, this happened at the beginning of the 18th century, and before that, as you know, there was. In Sweden, starting from the 16th century, the Vasa dynasty ruled (before that, the country was under the control of Denmark), and from that moment they count their new history. They had a so-called mixed monarchy: there was a king, there was an aristocracy, there was also a parliament - the Riksdag. And each was considered a source of power, so there was a constant struggle between them. Moreover, the Riksdag included four estates: the nobility, the clergy, the burghers and the peasants, which was not the case in other countries. Therefore, the internal political history of Sweden for a long time was like a tug of war: for example, in 1632 the king died, his six-year-old daughter Christina remained queen, under whom a regency council was immediately created, the aristocrats began to empty the treasury, sign off their possessions, and so on. However, when the queen matured and came of age, they had to stop. Christina was a strong ruler, very educated, but she soon got tired of power and in 1654 abdicated the throne, bequeathing the reign to her husband Carl Gustav of the Palatinate. After him, royal power and absolutism were successfully developed by Charles XI, and then by Charles XII, well known in Russia thanks to.
Charles XII, King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718
// wikipedia.org
It is noteworthy that in Denmark and Sweden at that moment there was a so-called constitutional absolutism, no matter how contradictory it may sound. It was written in the laws that all power belongs to the king. Charles XII was already an absolute monarch, although the Riksdag was preserved under him, but the state council became royal with advisory functions. But, as we know, Charles XII devoted himself foreign policy and wars, and therefore left no heirs. Moreover, having left Stockholm in 1700, he never returned there. His military campaigns greatly crippled the financial condition of the country. In addition, the Swedish noblewomen simply had no one to marry: all the young nobility went to fight the king, many died. Many had to marry a commoner and lose their noble status.
Charles XII died during a campaign against Norway. His death has long been the subject of controversy and all sorts of conspiracy theories: were his enemies killed, or his own, who were tired of fighting, or even the British? As a result, after his death, two of his sisters remained, one of whom, Ulrika Eleonora, the wife of a Hessian prince, became queen. But she was forced to sign many conditions, as a result of which she practically lost power.
This period, associated with an increase in civil rights, lasted until 1772 and was called the "era of freedom." In 1772, King Gustav III made a coup and temporarily restored absolutism, becoming one of the enlightened rulers of Europe. It is noteworthy that he talked and corresponded quite a lot with Catherine II (not so long ago they published their full correspondence - in French, of course, the language; it is curious that they mainly discussed not politics, but the upbringing of children and other everyday issues). But in 1792 he was killed at the opera. The throne was taken by his son, Gustav IV, who was overthrown in 1809. His uncle, brother of Gustav III, Duke Karl of Södermanland ascended the throne, who went down in history under the name of Charles XIII. But he was already old and had no legitimate heirs. His reign fell on the era of the Napoleonic Wars. Everything that happened ended with the Napoleonic Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte coming to power, who founded a new dynasty that rules in Sweden to this day. The descendants of Jean-Baptiste in the last quarter of the 19th century carried out a series of reforms that contributed to the expansion of the powers of the Riksdag, as a result of which Sweden finally became a constitutional monarchy.
In the modern world, there are just over 230 states and self-governing territories with international status. Of these, only 41 states have a monarchical form of government, not counting several dozen territories under the rule of the British crown.
It would seem that in the modern world a clear advantage is on the side of the republican states. But upon closer examination, it turns out that these countries mostly belong to the third world and were formed as a result of the collapse of the colonial system.
Often established along colonial administrative lines, these states are highly unstable entities. They can be fragmented and modified, which is seen, for example, in Iraq. They are engulfed in ongoing conflicts, like a significant number of countries in Africa. And it is absolutely obvious that they are not included in the category of advanced states.
Today monarchy- this is an extremely flexible and diverse system ranging from a tribal form, successfully operating in the Arab states of the Middle East, to a monarchical version of a democratic state in many European countries.
Here is a list of states with a monarchical system and territories under their crown:
Europe
Andorra - co-princes Nicolas Sarkozy (since 2007) and Joan Enric Vives y Cicilla (since 2003)
Belgium - King Albert II (since 1993)
Vatican - Pope Benedict XVI(since 2005)
Great Britain - Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
Denmark - Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
Spain - King Juan Carlos I (since 1975)
Liechtenstein - Prince Hans-Adam II (since 1989)
Luxembourg - Grand Duke Henri (since 2000)
Monaco - Prince Albert II (since 2005)
Netherlands - Queen Beatrix (since 1980)
Norway - King Harald V (since 1991)
Sweden - King Carl XVI Gustaf (since 1973)
Asia
Bahrain - King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifa (since 2002, emir in 1999-2002)
Brunei - Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
Bhutan - King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck (since 2006)
Jordan - King Abdullah II (since 1999)
Cambodia - King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
Qatar - Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 1995)
Kuwait - Emir of Sabah al-Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah (since 2006)
Malaysia - King Mizan Zainal Abidin (since 2006)
United Arab Emirates UAE- President Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan (since 2004)
Oman - Sultan Qaboos bin Said (since 1970)
Saudi Arabia- King Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz al-Saud (since 2005)
Thailand - King Bhumibol Adulyadej (since 1946)
Japan - Emperor Akihito (since 1989)
Africa
Lesotho - King Letsie III (since 1996, first time in 1990-1995)
Morocco - King Mohammed VI (since 1999)
Swaziland - King Mswati III (since 1986)
Oceania
Tonga - King George Tupou V (since 2006)
Dominions
In the dominions, or Commonwealth realms, the head is the monarch of Great Britain, represented by a governor-general.
America
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas Bahamas
Barbados
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon islands
First place
Asia holds the first place in the number of countries with monarchical statehood. This is a progressive and democratic Japan. The leaders of the Muslim world are Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman. Two monarchical confederations - Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. And also - Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan.
Second place
Second place belongs to Europe. The monarchy is represented here not only in a limited form - in the countries occupying a leading position in the EEC (Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, etc.). But also an absolute form of government - in the "dwarf" states: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Vatican.
Third place
The third place is for the countries of Polynesia, and the fourth for Africa, where only three full-fledged monarchies have survived at present: Morocco, Lesotho, Swaziland, plus several hundred "tourist" ones.
Nevertheless, a number of republican countries are forced to put up with the presence of traditional local monarchical or tribal formations on their territory, and even enshrine their rights in the constitution. These include: Uganda, Nigeria, Indonesia, Chad and others. Even such countries as India and Pakistan, which abolished the sovereign rights of local monarchs (khans, sultans, rajas, maharajas) in the early 70s of the 20th century, are often forced to accept the existence of these rights, which is called de facto. Governments turn to the authority of the holders of monarchical rights in resolving regional religious, ethnic, cultural disputes and other conflict situations.
stability and well-being
Of course, the monarchy does not automatically solve all social, economic and political problems. But, nevertheless, it can provide a certain amount of stability and balance in the political, social and national structure of society. That is why even those countries where it exists only nominally, say, Canada or Australia, are in no hurry to get rid of the monarchy.
For the most part, the political elite of these countries understands how important it is for the balance in society that the supreme power be a priori fixed in the same hands and that political circles do not fight for it, but work in the name of the interests of the entire nation.
Moreover, historical experience shows that the best systems in the world social security built precisely in monarchical states. And we are talking not only about the monarchies of Scandinavia, where even the Soviet agitprop in monarchical Sweden managed to find a variant of "socialism with a human face." This system is built in modern countries ah of the Persian Gulf, where oil is often much less than in some fields of the Russian Federation.
Despite this, in the 40-60 years since the independence of the Persian Gulf countries, without revolutions and civil wars, liberalization of everything and everything, without utopian social experiments, in a rigid, sometimes absolutist, political system, in the absence of parliamentarism and constitution, when all the bowels of the country belong to one ruling family, most of the citizens of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other neighboring states turned from poor Bedouins grazing camels into quite wealthy citizens.
Without delving into the endless enumeration of the advantages of the Arab social system, only a few strokes can be given. Any citizen of the country has the right to free medical care, including that which is provided in any, even the most expensive, clinic located in any country in the world.
Also, any citizen of the country has the right to free education, coupled with free content, in any higher educational institution in the world (Cambridge, Oxford, Yale, Sorbonne). Housing is provided to young families at the expense of the state. The monarchies of the Persian Gulf are truly social states in which all conditions have been created for the progressive growth of the well-being of the population.
Turning from flourishing Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar to their neighbors in the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, who for a number of reasons abandoned the monarchy (Yemen, Iraq, Iran), we will see a striking difference in the internal climate of these states.
Who in monarchies holds together the unity of the people?
As historical experience shows, in multinational states, the integrity of the country is primarily associated with the monarchy. We see this in the past, for example Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia, Iraq. The coming to replace the monarchical regime, as it was, for example, in Yugoslavia and Iraq, no longer has that authority and is forced to resort to cruelties that were not characteristic of the monarchical system of government.
With the slightest weakening of this regime, the state, as a rule, is doomed to disintegration. So it was with Russia (USSR), we see it in Yugoslavia and Iraq. The abolition of the monarchy in a number of modern countries would inevitably lead to the cessation of their existence as multinational, united states. This primarily applies to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia.
So the year 2007 clearly showed that in the conditions of the parliamentary crisis that arose due to the national contradictions of the Flemish and Walloon politicians, only the authority of King Albert II of the Belgians kept Belgium from disintegrating into two or even more independent state entities. In multilingual Belgium, even a joke was born that the unity of its people is held together by only three things - beer, chocolate and the king. Whereas the abolition of the monarchical system in 2008 in Nepal plunged this state into a chain political crises and permanent civil strife.
The second half of the 20th century provides us with several successful examples of the return of peoples who survived an era of instability, civil wars and other conflicts to a monarchical form of government. The most famous and, undoubtedly, in many respects a successful example is Spain. passed through civil war, economic crisis and right-wing dictatorship, she returned to a monarchical form of government, taking her rightful place among the family of European peoples.
Cambodia is another example. Also, monarchical regimes at the local level were restored in Uganda, after the fall of the dictatorship of Marshal Idi Amin (1928-2003), and in Indonesia, which, after the departure of General Mohammed-Khoja Sukarto (1921-2008), is experiencing a real monarchical renaissance. One of the local sultanates was restored in this country two centuries later, after it was destroyed by the Dutch.
Restoration ideas are quite strong in Europe, first of all, this applies to the Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria), where many politicians, public and spiritual figures constantly have to speak out on this issue, and in some cases even support the heads of the Royal Houses, former in exile.
This is proved by the experience of King Leka of Albania, who almost carried out an armed coup in his country, and the amazing successes of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, who created his own national movement, named after him, who managed to become the country's prime minister and is currently the leader of the largest opposition party. in the Parliament of Bulgaria, which entered the coalition government.
Among the existing monarchies there are quite a few that are openly absolutist in their essence, although they are forced, bringing tribute to the times, to dress up in the clothes of popular representation and democracy. European monarchs in most cases do not even use the rights given to them by the constitution.
And here the Principality of Liechtenstein occupies a special place on the map of Europe. Sixty years ago, it was a large village that, by an absurd accident, gained independence. However, now, thanks to the activities of Prince Franz Joseph II and his son and successor, Prince Hans Adam II, this is one of the largest business and financial centers that has managed not to succumb to the promises of creating a "single European home", to defend its sovereignty and an independent view of its own state device.
The stability of the political and economic systems of most monarchical countries makes them not only not obsolete, but progressive and attractive, makes them equal to them in a number of ways.
So the monarchy is not an attachment to stability and prosperity, but an additional resource that makes it easier to endure the disease, recover faster from political and economic adversities.
"Without a king in my head" (former monarchies)
The situation is quite common in the world when there is no monarchy in the country, but there are monarchs (sometimes they are outside the country). The heirs of royal families either claim (even formally) the throne lost by their ancestors, or, having lost official power, retain a real influence on the life of the country. Here is a list of such states.
Austria. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The contender for the throne is Archduke Otto von Habsburg, son of the deposed Emperor Charles.
Albania. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1944 after the communists came to power. The pretender to the throne is Leka, son of the deposed King Zog I.
Andorra Principality. The nominal co-rulers of which are considered the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell (Spain); some observers consider it necessary to classify Andorra as a monarchy.
Afghanistan. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1973 after the overthrow of King Mohammed Zahir Shah, who returned to the country in 2002 after a long stay in Italy, but did not become actively involved in political life.
Benin Republic. An important role in the life of which is played by traditional kings (ahosu) and tribal leaders. The most famous is the current ruling king (ahosu) of Abomey - Agoli Agbo III, the 17th representative of his dynasty.
Bulgaria. The monarchy ceased to exist after the overthrow of Tsar Simeon II in 1946. Decree on the nationalization of lands belonging to royal family, was canceled in 1997. Since 2001 former king occupies the post of Prime Minister of Bulgaria under the name of Simeon of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
Botswana. Republic since independence in 1966. The number of deputies of one of the chambers of the country's parliament - the chamber of leaders - includes the leaders (kgosi) of the eight largest tribes of the country.
Brazil. Republic since the abdication of Emperor Don Pedro II in 1889. The pretender to the throne is the great-great-grandson of the abdicated emperor, Prince Luis Gastao.
Burkina Faso. Republic since independence in 1960. There are a large number of traditional states on the territory of the country, the most significant of which is Vogogogo (on the territory of the country's capital Ouagudugou), where the ruler (moogo-naaba) Baongo II is currently on the throne.
Vatican. Theocracy (some analysts consider it one of the forms of monarchy - an absolute theocratic monarchy - however, it should be borne in mind that it is not and cannot be hereditary).
Hungary. Republic since 1946, before that since 1918 was a nominal monarchy - the regent ruled in the absence of the king. Until 1918, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (the emperors of Austria were also kings of Hungary), so the potential contender for the Hungarian royal throne is the same as in Austria.
East Timor . Republic since independence in 2002. On the territory of the country there are a number of traditional states, the rulers of which have the titles of rajas.
Vietnam. The monarchy on the territory of the country finally ceased to exist in 1955, when a republic was proclaimed in South Vietnam as a result of a referendum. Earlier, in 1945, the last Emperor Bao Dai had already abdicated, but the French authorities returned him to the country in 1949 and gave him the post of head of state. The pretender to the throne is the Emperor's son Prince Bao Long.
Gambia. Republic since 1970 (from independence in 1965 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). In 1995, Yvonne Prior, a Dutchwoman from Suriname, was recognized as the reincarnation of one of the kings of antiquity and proclaimed queen of the Mandingo people.
Ghana. Republic since 1960 (from independence in 1957 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). The Ghanaian constitution guarantees the right of traditional rulers (sometimes called kings, sometimes chiefs) to participate in the management of the affairs of the state.
Germany. Republic since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918. The pretender to the throne is Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia, great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Greece. The monarchy officially ceased to exist as a result of a referendum in 1974. King Constantine of Greece, who fled the country after a military coup in 1967, currently resides in the UK. In 1994, the Greek government stripped the king of his citizenship and confiscated his property in Greece. The royal family is currently challenging this decision at the International Court of Human Rights.
Georgia. Republic since independence in 1991. The pretender to the throne of the Georgian kingdom, which lost its independence as a result of joining Russia in 1801, is George Iraklievich Bagration-Mukhransky, Prince of Georgia.
Egypt. The monarchy existed until the overthrow of King Ahmad Fuad II of Egypt and Sudan in 1953. Currently, the former king, who at the time of the loss of the throne was just over a year old, lives in France.
Iraq. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1958 as a result of the revolution, during which King Faisal II was assassinated. Claims to the Iraqi throne are made by Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid, brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and Prince Sharif Ali bin Ali Hussein, great-nephew of the same king.
Iran. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1979 after a revolution that overthrew Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. The contender for the throne is the son of the deposed Shah, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi.
Italy. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1946 as a result of a referendum, King Umberto II was forced to leave the country. The pretender to the throne is the son of the last king, Crown Prince Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy.
Yemen. The republic emerged from the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990. On the territory of North Yemen, the monarchy ceased to exist in 1962. The sultanates and principalities on the territory of South Yemen were liquidated after the declaration of its independence in 1967. The pretender to the throne is Prince Ahmat al-Ghani bin Mohammed al-Mutawakkil.
Cameroon. Republic since independence in 1960. There are a large number of traditional sultanates on the territory of the country, the heads of which often occupy high positions. public office. Among the most famous traditional rulers is the Sultan of Bamun, Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya, Sultan (Baba) of the Kingdom of Rey Buba Buba Abdulaye.
Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire). Republic since independence in 1960. There are a number of traditional kingdoms throughout the country. The most famous are: the Kingdom of Cuba (King Kwete Mboke is on the throne); the kingdom of Luba (king, sometimes also called emperor, Kabongo Jacques); the state of Ruund (Luunda), headed by the ruler (mwaant yaav) Mbumb II Muteb.
Congo (Republic of the Congo). Republic since independence in 1960. In 1991, the country's authorities restored the institution of traditional leaders (revising their decision 20 years ago). The most famous among the leaders is the head of the traditional Teke kingdom - King (oonko) Makoko XI.
Korea. (DPRK and the Republic of Korea) The monarchy ceased to exist in 1945 due to the surrender of Japan, in 1945-1948 the country was under the control of the allied powers that won the Second World War, in 1948 two republics were proclaimed on the territory of the Korean Peninsula. Due to the fact that from 1910 to 1945 the rulers of Korea were vassals of Japan, it is customary to classify them as part of the Japanese imperial family. The pretender to the Korean throne is the representative of this surname, Prince Kyu Ri (sometimes his surname is written as Lee). On the territory of the DPRK, there is de facto a hereditary form of government, but de jure it is not stipulated in the legislation of the country.
Côte d'Ivoire. Republic since independence in 1960. On the territory of the country (and partly on the territory of neighboring Ghana) is the traditional kingdom of Abrons (ruled by King Nanan Ajumani Kouassi Adingra).
Laos. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1975 as a result of the communist revolution. In 1977, all members of the royal family were sent to a concentration camp ("re-education camp"). The king's two sons, Prince Sulivong Savang and Prince Danyavong Savang, were able to escape from Laos in 1981-1982. There is no official information about the fate of the king, queen, crown prince and other family members. According to unofficial reports, they all died of starvation in a concentration camp. Prince Sulivong Savang, as the eldest surviving male of the family, is the formal pretender to the throne.
Libya. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1969. After the coup organized by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, King Idris I, who was abroad during the coup, was forced to abdicate. Pretender to the throne - the official heir to the king ( Foster-son his cousin) Prince Mohammed al-Hasan al-Rida.
Malawi. Republic since 1966 (from the moment of independence in 1964 until the proclamation of the Republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). An important role in the political life of the country is played by the supreme leader (inkosi i makosi) Mmbelwa IV from the Ngoni dynasty.
Maldives. The monarchy ceased to exist after a referendum in 1968 (during the period of British rule, that is, before independence was declared in 1965, the country once became a republic for a short time). The formal contender for the throne, however, who never declared his claims, is Prince Mohammed Nureddin, son of the Sultan of the Maldives Hassan Nureddin II (reigned 1935-1943).
Mexico. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1867 after the execution by the revolutionaries of the ruler of the empire proclaimed in 1864, Archduke Maximilian of Austria. Earlier, in 1821-1823, the country had already once been an independent state with a monarchical form of structure. Representatives of the Iturbide dynasty, whose ancestor was the Mexican emperor during this period, are pretenders to the Mexican throne. The head of the Iturbide family is Baroness Maria (II) Anna Tankl Iturbide.
Mozambique. Republic since independence in 1975. On the territory of the country is the traditional state of Manyika, whose ruler (mambo) is Mutasa Pafiva.
Myanmar (until 1989 Burma). Republic since independence in 1948. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1885 after the annexation of Burma to British India. The pretender to the throne is Prince Hteiktin Tau Paya, grandson of the last king Thibau Ming.
Namibia. Republic since independence in 1990. A number of tribes are ruled by traditional rulers. The role of traditional leaders is at least indicated by the fact that Hendrik Witboui served as deputy head of government for several years.
Niger. Republic since independence in 1960. There are a number of traditional states on the territory of the country. Their rulers and tribal elders choose their own political and religious leader, who bears the title of Sultan of Zinder (the title is not hereditary). Currently, the title of the 20th Sultan of Zinder is held by Haji Mamadou Mustafa.
Nigeria. Republic since 1963 (from independence in 1960 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). There are about 100 traditional states on the territory of the country, the rulers of which carry both the familiar-sounding titles of sultan or emir, as well as more exotic ones: aku uka, olu, igwe, amanyanabo, tortiv, alafin, both, obi, ataoja, oroje, olubaka, ohimege (most often this means in translation "leader" or "supreme leader").
Palau (Belau). Republic since independence in 1994. Legislative power is exercised by the House of Delegates (council of chiefs), which includes the traditional rulers of the 16 provinces of Palau. Yutaka Gibbons, the paramount chief (ibedul) of Koror, the main city of the country, enjoys the greatest authority.
Portugal. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1910 as a result of the escape from the country of King Manuel II, who feared for his life in connection with an armed uprising. The pretender to the throne is the house of Duarte III Pio, Duke of Braganza.
Russia . The monarchy ceased to exist after February Revolution 1917. Although there are several pretenders to the Russian throne, most monarchists recognize Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II, as the legitimate heiress.
Romania. The monarchy ceased to exist after the abdication of King Michael I in 1947. After the collapse of communism, the former king visited his native country several times. In 2001, the Romanian parliament granted him the rights of a former head of state - a residence, a private car with a driver and a salary equal to 50% of the country's president's salary.
Serbia. Along with Montenegro, it was part of Yugoslavia until 2002 (the rest of the republics seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991). In Yugoslavia, the monarchy finally ceased to exist in 1945 (since 1941, King Peter II was outside the country). After his death, his son, the heir to the throne, Prince Alexander (Karageorgievich), became the head of the royal house.
United States of America. Republic since independence in 1776. The Hawaiian Islands (annexed to the United States in 1898, acquired statehood in 1959) had a monarchy until 1893. The pretender to the Hawaiian throne is Prince Quentin Kuhio Kawananakoa, a direct descendant of the last Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani.
Tanzania. The republic was formed in 1964 as a result of the unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. On the island of Zanzibar, shortly before the unification, the monarchy was overthrown. The 10th Sultan of Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah was forced to leave the country. In 2000, the Tanzanian authorities announced the rehabilitation of the monarch and that he has the right to return to his homeland as an ordinary citizen.
Tunisia. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1957, the year after independence was declared. The contender for the throne is Crown Prince Sidi Ali Ibrahim.
Turkey. It was proclaimed a republic in 1923 (the sultanate was abolished a year earlier, and the caliphate a year later). The pretender to the throne is Prince Osman VI.
Uganda. Republic since 1963 (from independence in 1962 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). Some traditional kingdoms on the territory of the country were liquidated in 1966-1967 and almost all were restored in 1993-1994. Others managed to avoid liquidation.
Philippines. Republic since independence in 1946. There are many traditional sultanates on the territory of the country. 28 of them are concentrated in the area of Lake Lanao (Mindanao Island). The Philippine government officially recognizes the confederation of the Sultans of Lanao (Ranao) as a political force representing the interests of certain segments of the island's population. The throne of the Sultanate of Sulu (located on the archipelago of the same name) is claimed by at least six people representing two clans, which is explained by various political and financial benefits.
France. The monarchy was abolished in 1871. Heirs of various families claim the French throne: Prince Henry of Orleans, Count of Paris and Duke of France (Orleanist pretender); Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Legitimist pretender) and Prince Charles Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon (Bonapartist pretender).
Central African Republic. After gaining independence from France in 1960, a republic was proclaimed. Colonel Jean-Bedel Bokassa, who came to power in 1966 as a result of a military coup, in 1976 proclaimed the country an empire, and himself emperor. In 1979 Bokassa was overthrown and the Central African Empire became the Central African Republic again. The contender for the throne is the son of Bokassa, Crown Prince Jean-Bedel Georges Bokassa.
Chad. Republic since independence in 1960. Among the numerous traditional states on the territory of Chad, two should be singled out: the sultanates of Bagirmi and Wadari (both were formally liquidated after the declaration of independence and restored in 1970). Sultan (mbang) Bagirmi - Muhammad Yusuf, Sultan (kolak) Vadari - Ibrahim ibn-Muhammad Urada.
Montenegro. See Serbia
Ethiopia. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1975 after the abolition of the post of emperor. The last of the reigning emperors was Haile Selassie I, belonging to the dynasty, the founders of which are considered to be Menelik I, son of Solomon, king of Israel, from the queen of Sheba. In 1988, in a private ceremony in London, Haile Selassie's son, Amha Selassie I, was proclaimed the new Emperor of Ethiopia (in exile).
Republic of South Africa. Since 1961 (from the moment of independence in 1910 until the proclamation of the republic, the Queen of Great Britain was the head of state). In the life of the country important role played by tribal leaders (amakosi), as well as the ruler of the traditional kingdom of KwaZulu Goodwil Zwelitini KaBekuzulu. Separately, it is worth highlighting the supreme leader of the Tembu tribe, Baelekhai Dalindiebo a Sabata, who, in accordance with the customs of the tribe, is considered the nephew of former South African President Nelson Mandela. The leader of the tribe is also a well-known politician, leader of the Inkata Freedom Party Mangosutu Gatshi Buthelezi from the Buthelezi tribe. During the apartheid period, the South African authorities created ten "autonomous" formations on a tribal basis, which were called bantustans (homelands).
- (Greek, from monos one, and archo I control). A single-power state, i.e., where one person, the monarch, controls the state. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. MONARCHY Greek. monarchia, from monos, one, and ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
MONARCHY (from the Greek μον κρχία autocracy) is one of the forms of monocracy and the name of the state system headed by the monarch. From other forms of monocracy (dictatorship, presidential rule, party leadership) ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Monarchy- (from Gr. monarchia autocracy; English monarchy) a form of government in which, unlike oligarchy and democracy, the supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state ... Encyclopedia of Law
- (gr. monarchia autocracy) a form of government in which the head of state is the monarch. In the modern world, there are two historical type M. absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. The latter exists in two forms, differing ... Law Dictionary
A form of government in which the supreme state power belongs to the monarch (king, prince, sultan, shah, emir) and is inherited. Monarchy can be absolute when the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar, ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
MONARCHY, monarchies, women. (Greek monarchia autocracy) (books, polit.). The most despotic, dominant form of state government in the era of feudalism, in which the supreme power belongs to one person, the monarch; unity ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
- (Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government. The essential characteristic of the monarchy is the concentration, the concentration in the hands of one person - the monarch - the supreme power, which is inherited. Distinguish… … Political science. Dictionary.
Monarchy- Monarchy ♦ Monarchie The power of one person, but subject to the laws (as opposed to despotism, which does not recognize any norms and rules). When these laws themselves depend on the will of the monarch (called the autocrat), we are talking about absolute ... ... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville
Female government, where the supreme power is in the hands of one person, monarchical truth, one or the state itself. | The state is a monarchy. Russian monarchy. Monarch husband. monocratic sovereign or autocrat. female monarch. autocrat; spouse ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolutism, despotism, autocracy, kingdom, monocracy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. monarchy n., number of synonyms: 5 absolutism (7) ... Synonym dictionary
MONARCHY, a state headed by a monarch (for example, king, king, shah, emir, kaiser), who receives power, usually by succession. Distinguish between unlimited (absolute) monarchy and limited (so-called ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
Books
- Monarchy or republic? Imperial letters to neighbors, Smolin Mikhail Borisovich. Mikhail Smolin's book "Monarchy or Republic?" consists of texts that form the basis of the program "White Word", which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to...
- Honor State. Monarchy is the future of Russia, Shafran Anna. Since the earliest times, humanity has been looking for an answer to the question: what form of government is closest to the ideal? Winston Churchill expressed the idea that a better state system than ...