Eden Minister for Foreign Affairs. Exact reference to Stalin's words that the devil is with him
IDEN, ANTHONY(Eden, Anthony) (1897-1977), Prime Minister of Great Britain. Born June 12, 1897 in Windleston. He was educated at Eton, in 1922 he graduated from Christ Church College, Oxford University. During the First World War, he served in France in the Regiment of Royal Fusiliers. In 1923, Eden was elected to Parliament from Warwick and Leamington from the Conservatives and in 1926 became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary Austin Chamberlain. In 1931 Eden was Deputy Foreign Minister, in 1934 Lord Privy Seal, and in 1935 Minister for the League of Nations. Working under John Simon, then Samuel Hoare, Eden became known for his peace campaigning. He expressed disagreement with the policy of appeasement and objected to Hoare's position regarding the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935-1936. When Hoare resigned in 1935, Eden became Minister of Foreign Affairs and held this post until 1938. He was forced to resign in protest against N. Chamberlain's policy.
When the war began, Eden returned to the government and became Minister for Dominion Affairs, in 1940 he headed the War Department in the government of W. Churchill. In the same 1940 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and remained in this post until 1945. When the Labor Party came to power, he became deputy leader of the Conservative faction in Parliament. In 1942-1945 Eden was the leader of the House of Commons. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1951, Eden again received the post of Foreign Minister and became Deputy Prime Minister (in the Churchill government). In 1954 he played important role in the work of the Geneva meeting, which discussed the issue of a peaceful settlement in Korea and the cessation of the war in Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia), and the London Conference (in September) on security in Europe.
Eden became prime minister after Churchill's resignation on April 6, 1955. His activity in this post began with the support of voters, but in 1956 the popularity of the prime minister declined significantly. In March 1956, after the expulsion of Archbishop Makarios III, the situation in Cyprus deteriorated significantly, until the end of the year there were riots, strikes and bloody skirmishes on the island. In July, President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company in Egypt, jeopardizing Britain's vital communications in the East. Attempts by the UN to start a negotiation process were thwarted by a surprise attack on Egypt by Israel, England and France. Having occupied the Port Said area within a few days, Great Britain and France were forced to transfer this territory under UN control by the end of the year. World public opinion The United States, in particular, was opposed to the use of force, and Eden's prestige was seriously damaged. Finding himself unable to solve the problems in Cyprus and Egypt, Eden resigned on January 10, 1957.
In 1954, Eden was consecrated by Elizabeth II to the Knights of the Garter (becoming the seventh non-titled person since 1350 to be awarded this title), and on June 18, 1956, the official ceremony of his elevation to the Knights of the Order was performed. In July 1961 he was raised to the peerage and received the title of Earl of Avon. Eden is the author of a number of books - Freedom and order (Freedom and Order, 1947), Decision days (Days of Decision, 1949), Full circle (Full Circle, 1960), Face to face the dictators (Facing the Dictators, 1962), Reflections (Reckoning, 1965).
British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden had a gallbladder operation in 1953. The surgeon made a mistake * damaged the bile ducts. Since then, Eden struggled with pain until the end of his life. Weakened. I had to take painkillers. And their side effects were eliminated by stimulants * amphetamines. From this combination, Eden had constant mood swings, euphoria alternated with bouts of melancholy. And he had to take all these drugs constantly. Involuntarily, Anthony Eden became a drug addict. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, now 80, has resigned. On April 7, 1955, his fellow party conservative Eden came to replace him. The Cold War was in full swing. Britain was losing ground in the Middle East. In July 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had previously belonged to the British and French. Eden called the Egyptian ruler an aggressor and compared him to Mussolini. At the time of the Suez Crisis, he was a drug addict. His personal doctor prescribed him a stimulant of the amphetamine group * the so-called benzedrine. This drug was sold without a prescription until the late 1950s because it was considered safe. Cases of its overdose or side effects not recorded at that time. "Our old one is quite ill, and all on his nerves," * a lieutenant of British foreign intelligence wrote about Eden to an American colleague. During the period when Nasser seized the canal, Eden ended up in the hospital with a temperature of 41. The doses of morphine and benzedrine had to be gradually increased. New symptoms soon appeared: agitation, insomnia, and rapid fatigue. Because of drugs, Eden could no longer effectively lead the state. The ministers did not trust him, the American President Eisenhower did not understand. Eden was losing his main ally. They started putting pressure on him. On the one hand, members of the government: the prime minister must hold out in Egypt and win back the Suez Canal. On the other * Eisenhower, who stopped providing financial assistance. In the end, Eden gave in and withdrew his troops from the occupied Egyptian territory. The ministers did not forgive him for his defeat in the Suez Crisis. On January 10, 1957, the Prime Minister resigned. Nicholas II treated a cold with cocaine During the First World War, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II complained of stomach pain and upset. The court doctors prescribed painkillers * opium and morphine to the king. It was impossible to keep track of when and what doses Nicholas II took. Tsarina Alexandra wrote in her diary that he had high pressure and the mood changed surprisingly quickly. However, during the day, especially during receptions and feasts, he was in a good mood, behaved normally. In 1916, during a feast on the occasion of the birthday of Tsarevich Alexei, one of the guests noted that - His Majesty hardly drank, but he seemed to be not himself. The eyes seemed to glow, the look was inattentive, absent. Sometimes he smiled, but somehow bewildered, and it looked very strange. Nicholas II treated colds with cocaine * then it was believed that this substance eliminates the symptoms of the disease. Morphine made Hermann Goering hysterical German Field Marshal Hermann Goering had been plagued by a long-standing wound for more than 20 years. During the Nazi beer putsch on November 9, 1923, he walked through Berlin in the forefront of the protesters. The police opened fire. A large-caliber bullet hit Goering in the thigh, almost catching his groin. It rained that day. When the wounded fell on the pavement, dirt got into the wound. She caused an infection. The doctor prescribed Goering morphine. The pain did not subside, the doses began to increase. After being wounded, Goering left for treatment in Austria, then Italy, and then to Sweden. In October 1927, the Swedish doctor Karl Lundberg, after examining the patient, recorded that he had a hysterical temperament, a split personality, often a tearful-sentimental mood, alternating with bouts of blind rage; at such moments he can go to extremes. Soon Goering ended up in a lunatic asylum for several months. - Dangerous anti-social hysteria - * such a diagnosis was made by Swedish psychiatrists. The reason was Goering's dependence on morphine. “He swallowed handfuls of painkillers every day,” * in 1944, one of the Luftwaffe officers wrote in his diary about the commander of the Third Reich aviation. Churchill washed down benzedrine with beer or absinthe British Prime Minister Winston Churchill lost the election in 1945 and went into opposition. He led a sedentary lifestyle, drank a lot, and this led to problems with being overweight and heart disease. In August 1949, he suffered the first microstroke. During a tense political campaign in January of the following year, he complained to his doctor about weakness, insanity and -fog in his eyes-. The doctor has diagnosed - a spasm of vessels of a brain -. But Churchill still ran again for the premiership. And in 1951, he did win: he again drove into the building at 10 Downing Street * the residence of the Prime Minister in London. The prime minister was already 77 years old. In the mid-1950s, he became almost completely deaf, had heart failure, and eczema. Often complained of pain and weakness. The doctors gave him the same thing they gave Anthony Eden, the stimulant benzedrine, which belongs to the amphetamine family. Secretly, to cheer up, the prime minister took cocaine, without a prescription and without the supervision of his personal doctor.
This drug was recognized as dangerous and illegal only in the 1960s, so the head of government could use the drug in any dose. How and where Churchill got cocaine* is still a mystery. However, the drugs had almost no effect, because Sir Winston had a habit of washing them down with beer or absinthe, and this neutralizes the direct effect of drugs. Cocaine and benzedrine were addictive, so the prime minister washed down every dose of everything big amount alcohol. This lasted for several years, until Churchill's death in 1965.
British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden had a gallbladder operation in 1953. The surgeon made a mistake - he damaged the bile ducts. Since then, Eden struggled with pain until the end of his life. Weakened. I had to take painkillers. And their side effects were eliminated by stimulants - amphetamines.
From this combination, Eden had constant mood swings, euphoria alternated with bouts of melancholy. And he had to take all these drugs constantly. Involuntarily, Anthony Eden became a drug addict.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill, now 80, has resigned. On April 7, 1955, his fellow party conservative Eden came to replace him. The Cold War was in full swing. Britain was losing ground in the Middle East. In July 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had previously belonged to the British and French.
Eden called the Egyptian ruler an aggressor and compared him to Mussolini. At the time of the Suez Crisis, he was a drug addict. His personal doctor prescribed him a stimulant of the amphetamine group - the so-called benzedrine. This drug was sold without a prescription until the late 1950s because it was considered safe. There were no cases of overdose or side effects recorded at that time.
"Our old one is quite ill, and all on his nerves," a British foreign intelligence lieutenant wrote about Eden to an American colleague. During the period when Nasser seized the canal, Eden ended up in the hospital with a temperature of 41. The doses of morphine and benzedrine had to be gradually increased. New symptoms soon appeared: agitation, insomnia, and rapid fatigue.
Because of drugs, Eden could no longer effectively lead the state. The ministers did not trust him, the American President Eisenhower did not understand—Eden was losing his main ally. They started putting pressure on him. On the one hand, members of the government: the prime minister must stay in Egypt and win back the Suez Canal. On the other, Eisenhower, who stopped providing financial assistance. In the end, Eden gave in and withdrew his troops from the occupied Egyptian territory.
The ministers did not forgive him for his defeat in the Suez Crisis. On January 10, 1957, the Prime Minister resigned.
Nicholas II treated a cold with cocaine
During the First World War, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II complained of stomach pain and upset. The court doctors prescribed painkillers for the king - opium and morphine.
It was impossible to keep track of when and what doses Nicholas II took. Tsarina Alexandra wrote in her diary that he "had high blood pressure and his mood changed surprisingly quickly." However, "in the daytime, especially during receptions and feasts, he was in a good mood, behaved normally." In 1916, during a feast on the occasion of the birthday of Tsarevich Alexei, one of the guests noted that “His Majesty hardly drank, but he seemed to be not himself. His eyes seemed to glow, his gaze was inattentive, absent. Sometimes he smiled, but something confused, and it looked very strange."
Nicholas II treated a cold with cocaine - then it was believed that this substance eliminates the symptoms of the disease.
Hermann Goering morphine made hysterical
For more than 20 years, German Field Marshal Hermann Goering was plagued by a long-standing wound.
During the Nazi "beer putsch" on November 9, 1923, he walked through Berlin in the forefront of the protesters. The police opened fire. A large-caliber bullet hit Goering in the thigh, almost catching his groin. It rained that day. When the wounded fell on the pavement, dirt got into the wound. She caused an infection. The doctor prescribed Goering morphine. The pain did not subside, the doses began to increase.
After being wounded, Goering left for treatment in Austria, then Italy, and then to Sweden. In October 1927, the Swedish physician Karl Lundberg, after examining the patient, wrote that he had "a hysterical temperament, a split personality, often a tearful-sentimental mood, alternating with bouts of blind rage; at such moments he can go to extremes." Soon Goering ended up in a lunatic asylum for several months. "Dangerous anti-social hysteria" - such a diagnosis was made by Swedish psychiatrists. The reason was Goering's dependence on morphine.
“He swallowed handfuls of painkillers every day,” one of the Luftwaffe officers wrote in his diary about the commander of the Third Reich aviation in 1944.
Churchill washed down benzedrine with beer or absinthe
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill lost the election in 1945 and went into opposition. He led a sedentary lifestyle, drank a lot, and this led to problems with being overweight and heart disease. In August 1949, he suffered the first microstroke. During a tense political campaign in January of the following year, he complained to his doctor about weakness, insanity and "haze in his eyes." The doctor has diagnosed "a spasm of vessels of a brain". But Churchill still ran again for the premiership. And in 1951 he did win: he again drove into the building at 10 Downing Street - the residence of the Prime Minister in London.
The prime minister was already 77 years old. In the mid-1950s, he became almost completely deaf, had heart failure, and eczema. Often complained of pain and weakness. Doctors gave him the same drug they gave Anthony Eden, the stimulant benzedrine, which belongs to the amphetamine family. Secretly, to cheer up, the prime minister took cocaine, without a prescription and without the supervision of his personal doctor. This drug was recognized as dangerous and illegal only in the 1960s, so the head of government could use the drug in any dose. How and where Churchill got cocaine is still a mystery.
However, the drugs had almost no effect, because Sir Winston had a habit of washing them down with beer or absinthe, and this neutralizes the direct effect of drugs. Cocaine and benzedrine were addictive, so the prime minister washed down each dose with more and more alcohol. This lasted for several years, until Churchill's death in 1965.
Eden, Anthony (b. 1897) - English reactionary politician. activist and diplomat, one of the leaders of the Conservative Party. From 1931-33 he was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1935-38 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs.
He pursued a policy of "appeasement" of the fascist aggressors. I. was a supporter of the policy of collusion with the fascist powers, but disagreed with Prime Minister N. Chamberlain 
Neville
CHAMBERLAIN
(1869 - 1940)
British statesman and politician, one of the leaders of the Conservative Party. From May 28, 1937 to May 10, 1940 - Prime Minister of Great Britain.
(See: Biography) in terms of methods of implementation. This was the reason for his resignation. In 1940 - Minister of War and in 1940-45 - Minister of Foreign Affairs in the coalition government of W. Churchill 
Winston
CHURCHILL
(1874 - 1965)
British statesman and politician, Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1940-1945 and 1951-1955; journalist, writer, laureate Nobel Prize in Literature (1953)
(See: Biography). I. took part in the conclusion of the Anglo-Soviet agreement of 1941 on joint actions in the war against Nazi Germany and the Anglo-Soviet treaty of 1942. He participated in the Moscow Conference of the Foreign Ministers of the Three Powers (October 1943), in the Tehran Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied Powers (28 Nov. - 1 doc. 1943), in the Crimean Conference (February 1945), in the San Francisco Conference (April - June 1945) and in the first part of the Berlin Conference of the Three Powers (July - August 1945). And. is responsible for the policy of disrupting the obligation to open a second front in 1942, undertaken by the British government. After the defeat of the Conservatives in the elections in July 1945, I., who became Churchill's deputy in charge of the leadership of the Conservative Party, actively supported the imperialist aggressive campaign, united with the Conservatives, carried out by the Labor government foreign policy. Since 1946 he has been a member of the board of directors of Westminster Bank (see). Since 1951 - Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in Churchill's conservative government.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. 2nd. Volume 17 - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1952, pp. 327-328
Eden (Eden) Anthony, (b. 12.VI.1897) - English. state activist, conservative. Comes from an aristocratic background. families. He graduated from Oxford University, where he studied the East. languages. He took part in the 1st World War. Member Parliament from the Conservative Party in 1923-57. Political began his activity in 1926 as a parl. private secretary min. foreign affairs. In 1934 - 1935 - Lord Privy Seal, in 1935 - Min. on Affairs of the League of Nations, in 1935-38 - min. foreign affairs. Criticizing the policy of encouraging fascist. aggression, carried out by Chamberlain's government, I. disagreed with Chamberlain Ch. arr. on tactics. In 1939-40 I.-min. for the affairs of the dominions. In 1940-45 - min. foreign affairs in Churchill's pr-ve. In 1951-55 - min. foreign affairs and deputy prime min. From 1955 to Jan. 1957 - prime minister. Was among the organizers of the Suez adventure (see Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt), after a shameful failure, the swarm resigned and moved away from the political. activities.
In 1960 publ. memoirs, in which he tried to justify his policy.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. Volume 5 - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1966, art. 748
Eden (Eden) Anthony, Lord Avon (Avon) (b. 12.6.1897, Windleston, Durham), British statesman, one of the leaders of the Conservative Party. Comes from an aristocratic family. Educated at Eton and Oxford University. During World War I (1914–18), an infantry officer. From 1923-57 he was a member of the House of Commons from the Conservative Party. For many years was closely associated with the British foreign policy. In 1935–38, the Minister of Foreign Affairs resigned this post because of his disagreements (mainly of a tactical nature) with Prime Minister N. Chamberlain, who pursued a policy of encouraging German fascist aggression. In 1939-40 Minister for Dominion Affairs. In 1940-45 Minister of Foreign Affairs in the coalition cabinet of W. Churchill; participated in the Tehran (1943), Crimean and Potsdam (1945), as well as other international conferences. In 1951-55 Minister of Foreign Affairs. In April 1955 - January 1957 Prime Minister. He attached paramount importance to the preservation of the colonial positions of Great Britain. One of the initiators of the Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt in 1956. After its failure, he was forced to resign and move away from active political activity. In 1961 he received the title of Lord.
A. M. Belonogov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. 3rd. Volume 10. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972, pp. 38-39, art. 102-103
Compositions:
- Full circle, L., 1960; The Eden memoirs. Facine the dictators, L., 1962;
in Russian translation -
- (Memoirs], International Affairs, 1963, No. 1-5.
Literature:
- Trukhanovsky V., Eden justifies himself before history, International Affairs. 1963, no. 5.
- Trukhanovsky V. G. Anthony Eden. Pages of English diplomacy, 30-50s. — M.: International relations, 1976; 2nd ed. 1983.
July 16, 1944 - the famous partisan parade in liberated Minsk. Partisan parade in Minsk. July 16, 1944 This parade rightfully stands out from all solemn military processions and parades in the history of mankind. After all, it was not soldiers of the regular army who participated in it, but fighters who fought in the occupied territory in the partisan detachments of Belarus. The Belarusian land was liberated from the German invaders in the summer of 1944 during the rapid offensive of our army during Operation Bagration. Belarusian partisans rendered great assistance to the advancing troops. By the time of the liberation of Belarus and its capital Minsk, 1255 partisan detachments, numbering about 370 thousand fighters, fought on the territory of the republic. During the occupation, the partisans of Belarus derailed 11,128 enemy echelons and 34 armored trains, defeated 29 railway stations and 948 enemy garrisons, blew up 819 railway and 4,710 other bridges, and destroyed 939 German military depots. The Soviet army liberated Minsk on July 3, 1944, and almost immediately numerous partisan detachments began to gather in the war-torn capital of Belarus. After the occupiers were expelled from their native land, the former fighters of the "partisan front" had to either join the regular army or begin work to restore peaceful life in the liberated territory. But before permanently disbanding the partisan detachments, the leaders of Belarus and the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement decided to hold a real partisan parade in Minsk. By the evening of July 15, 1944, 20 partisan brigades from the Minsk region, 9 brigades from the Baranovichi (now Brest) region and one from the Vileika (now Molodechno) region gathered in the capital of Belarus - more than 30 thousand people in total. On the eve of the parade, many of its participants were awarded medals "Partizan Patriotic War ”- for most of those who fought behind the front line, this was the first state award in their life. The partisans did not just gather in the capital of Belarus, along the way they cleared the surrounding forests from the defeated German troops. Here is how Ivan Pavlovich Bokhan, a native of the village of Skobino, Minsk Region, then a 17-year-old partisan fighter, whose parents were shot by the invaders, recalled this: “Two days before the arrival of the Red Army, we liberated Kopyl, defeated the garrison and captured the city ... Our brigade from Kopyl district was transferred to Minsk. There was a large German group surrounded, someone was taken prisoner, and part fled. The task of our brigade is to catch these groups on the way to Minsk. That's how we went. Rise in the morning, we go, you look - smoke in the forest. You come up - 4-5 Germans are sitting by the fire. They immediately: "Halt!" If only he grabs a weapon, we kill him right away... We came to Minsk. On July 16, 1944, a partisan parade took place, in which I participated. It was an indescribable sight - how many partisans there were! By 9 am on July 16, 1944, 30 thousand partisans lined up on the field in the bend of the Svisloch River for the parade and 50 thousand residents of Minsk who survived the occupation gathered. There was a large delegation of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army at the parade, headed by the commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front, General of the Army Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky - it was his troops who liberated the capital of Belarus from the Germans. Here is how one of its participants, a fighter of the Kommunar partisan detachment, Vasily Morokhovich, recalled the partisan parade: “Overgrown and emaciated partisans marched between the destroyed and burned houses of Minsk. In their hands was the most amazing collection of weapons of the then fighting armies, speckled with weapons that blacksmiths made in the forests. They were greeted with enthusiasm, they walked proudly with awards on their chests! They were winners!" Partisan equipment, mostly German trophies, also participated in the parade. But there were also samples with an amazing fate - for example, a ZIS-21 truck with a gas generator engine capable of running on wood. First, he was captured by the advancing Germans, and then hijacked by Belarusian partisans - the German truck driver Hans Kulyas went over to the side of the partisans and remained in our country after the war. Another very unusual participant in the unprecedented parade walked in the ranks of the partisans - a goat named Malysh. In 1943, after the defeat of the German garrison at the Kurenets station, the partisan detachment "Struggle" from the "People's Avengers" brigade, among other trophies, took a goat with them. The animal was supposed to go to dinner for the partisans, but the fighters liked it and soon the goat, nicknamed the Kid, became the favorite and talisman of the partisan detachment "Struggle". Vasily Petrovich Davzhonak, in 1944, a 19-year-old fighter of the “Struggle” detachment, recalled the unusual companion of the partisans in this way: “The kid endured with us all the hardships of field life, we practically ate with him, slept ... even fought! Somehow there was a major skirmish with the Germans near the village of Okolovo, not far from Pleshchenitsy. I remember this battle very well, at that time I was the second number of the machine-gun crew - I fed cartridges. All the time of the battle, the Kid did not leave us. Moreover, he acted very competently: as soon as the Germans opened heavy fire, he calmly retreated under cover, behind a pine tree, waited, and then went out again and carefully watched the course of the battle. However, the goat was not only a talisman - during hiking through the forests, he dragged a laden bag with medicines. Together with a partisan detachment on July 16, 1944, Malysh was among the participants in an unusual parade. “We decided that Malysh deserved to be with us at this solemn moment. Vasily Davzhonak recalled. - The partisans from our detachment thoroughly cleaned it, dressed it up in a ribbon decorated with German orders. Hitler's awards went to us as a trophy when we captured the German staff car - we decided that they had the right place on the Kid's neck. The parade began, and our dressed-up goat immediately took its usual place - in front of the column. I remember I noticed how Chernyakhovsky looked in surprise at our "pet" and, gesticulating animatedly, was talking about something to his assistants. In general, in my opinion, the authorities liked our initiative ... ". It was assumed that the Kid would go unnoticed inside the column, but during the solemn march, the fighting goat, escaping from the hands of the escorts, was attached next to the command of the detachment, causing frenzied delight among the audience. Decorated with trophy Hitler's crosses, the Kid got into the lens of the cameraman filming the parade and remained forever in history. Almost immediately, a legend arose that the goat in German orders was specially invented by Soviet propaganda. In reality, this was the initiative of ordinary victorious partisans, who thus expressed their contempt for the defeated invaders. The partisan parade on July 16, 1944 in Minsk rightfully went down in history as the brightest symbol of the victory of the fraternal peoples of the USSR over an external enemy.