Composition “The theme of the Civil War in Bulgakov’s novel “The White Guard. The fate of people during the years of the revolution (based on the novel by M.

10. "White Guard" M. Bulgakov: the theme of the revolution and civil war , philosophy of man and history, poetics of novel narration. In 1925, the magazine Rossiya published the first two parts of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, which immediately attracted the attention of connoisseurs of Russian literature. According to the writer himself, “White Guard” is “a stubborn image of the Russian intelligentsia as the best layer in our country ...”, “an image of an intelligentsia-noble family thrown into the camp of the White Guard during the Civil War.” It tells about a very difficult time, when it was impossible to understand everything at once, to understand everything, to reconcile conflicting feelings and thoughts within themselves. This novel captures the still burning, burning memories of the city of Kyiv during the Civil War. "The White Guard" (1925) and the play "Days of the Turbins" (1926) created on his material. These were highly artistic works showing the white army from the inside. These are warriors full of valor, honor, faithful to the duty of protecting Russia. They give their lives for Russia, its honor - as they understand it. Bulgakov appears as a tragic and romantic artist at the same time. The house of the Turbins, where there was so much warmth, tenderness, mutual understanding, is interpreted as a symbol of Russia. Bulgakov's heroes die defending their Russia. In 1926, during an interrogation at the OGPU, the writer courageously and frankly admitted that during the civil war his sympathies were entirely on the side of the whites. Bulgakov saw the revolution as the greatest catastrophe for Russia and its people. I think that in his work, Bulgakov wanted to affirm the idea that people, although they perceive events differently, treat them differently, strive for peace, for the settled, familiar, established. So the Turbins want all of them to live together as a family in their parents' apartment, where everything is familiar from childhood, where the house is a fortress, there are always flowers on a snow-white tablecloth, music, books, peaceful tea parties at a large table, and in the evenings, when the whole family together, reading aloud and playing the guitar. Their life developed normally, without any shocks and mysteries, nothing unexpected or accidental came to their house. Here everything was strictly organized, ordered, determined for many years to come. And if it were not for the war and the revolution, then their life would have passed in peace and comfort. But the terrible events taking place in the city violated their plans and assumptions. The time has come when it was necessary to determine one's life and civic positions. I think that it is not external events that convey the course of the revolution and the Civil War, not a change of power, but moral conflicts and contradictions that drive the plot of The White Guard. Historical events are the backdrop against which human destinies are revealed. Bulgakov is interested in the inner world of a person who has fallen into such a cycle of events when it is difficult to keep one's face, when it is difficult to remain oneself. If at the beginning of the novel the characters try to shrug off politics, then later the course of events is drawn into the thick of revolutionary clashes. Alexei Turbin, like his friends, is for the monarchy. Everything new that enters their life brings, it seems to him, only bad things. Completely politically undeveloped, he wanted only one thing - peace, the opportunity to joyfully live near his mother, his beloved brother and sister. And only at the end of the novel, the Turbins are disappointed in the old and understand that there is no return to it. The turning point for the Turbins and other heroes of the novel is December 14, 1918, the battle with the Petliura troops, which was supposed to be a test of strength before subsequent battles with the Red Army, but turned into a defeat, a rout. It seems to me that the description of this day of battle is the heart of the novel, its central part. In this catastrophe, the “white” movement and such heroes of the novel as Itman, Petliura and Talberg are revealed to the participants in the events in their true light - with humanity and betrayal, with cowardice and meanness of the “generals” and “staff”. A hunch flashes that everything is a chain of mistakes and delusions, that the duty is not to protect the collapsed monarchy and the traitor hetman, and honor is in something else. perishes royal Russia, but Russia is alive ... On the day of the battle, a decision arises on the surrender of the White Guard. Colonel Malyshev learns in time about the flight of the hetman and manages to withdraw his division without loss. But this act was not easy for him - perhaps the most decisive, most courageous act in his life. “I, a career officer who endured the war with the Germans ... I take responsibility on my conscience, everything!., everything!., I warn you! I'm sending you home! Understandably? ” Colonel Nai-Turs will have to make this decision several hours later, under enemy fire, in the middle of a fateful day: “Guys! Guys! .. Staff stegs! ..” The last words that the colonel uttered in his life were addressed to Nikolka: “Unteg-tseg, please be a hero to the che-ty ...” But he, it seems, did not draw any conclusions. At night after the death of Nai, Nikolka hides - in case of Petliura searches - the revolvers of Nai-Turs and Alexei, shoulder straps, a chevron and a card of Alexei's heir. But the day of the battle and the subsequent month and a half of Petliura's domination, I believe, is too short a time for the recent hatred of the Bolsheviks, "hot and direct hatred, that which can move into a fight," turned into recognition of opponents. But this event made such recognition possible in the future. Bulgakov devotes much attention to clarifying Thalberg's position. This is the antipode of the Turbins. He is a careerist and opportunist, a coward, a person devoid of moral foundations and moral principles. It costs nothing for him to change his beliefs, as long as it is beneficial for his career. IN February Revolution he was the first to put on a red bow, took part in the arrest of General Petrov. But events quickly flickered, the authorities often changed in the city. And Thalberg did not have time to understand them. The position of the hetman, supported by German bayonets, seemed to him so solid, but even this, yesterday so unshakable, today fell apart like dust. And now he needs to run, to save himself, and he leaves his wife Elena, for whom he has tenderness, leaves the service and the hetman, whom he recently worshiped. He leaves his home, family, hearth and, in fear of danger, runs into the unknown... All the heroes of the “White Guard” have withstood the test of time and suffering. Only Thalberg, in pursuit of success and fame, lost the most valuable thing in life - friends, love, and his homeland. Turbines were able to save their home, save life values, and most importantly - honor, managed to resist the whirlpool of events that swept Russia. This family, following Bulgakov's thought, is the embodiment of the color of the Russian intelligentsia, that generation of young people who are trying to honestly understand what is happening. This is the guard that made its choice and stayed with its people, found its place in the new Russia. The novel by M. Bulgakov “The White Guard” is a book of path and choice, a book of insight. But the main idea of the author, I think, is in the following words of the novel: “Everything will pass. Suffering, torment, blood, hunger and pestilence. The sword will disappear, but the stars will remain, when the shadow of our deeds and bodies will not remain on earth. There is not a single person who does not know this. So why don't we want to turn our eyes to them? Why? "And the whole novel is the author's call for peace, justice, truth on earth.

Composition

The theme of the civil war appeared in Russian literature in the 1920s. Understanding of this phenomenon proceeded in two directions. Some writers believed that the Bolsheviks were defending their ideals and a new just government, and admired their exploits and loyalty to the idea (for example, A. A. Fadeev in the novel "The Rout"). Others reflected on the fratricidal nature of the civil war and concluded that war is always blood, death, misfortune and there can be no justification for it (for example, M. A. Sholokhov in "Don Stories" and the novel " Quiet Don"). M. A. Bulgakov in the novel The White Guard (1925) looked at the events through the eyes of other people, those who lost everything, falling under the wheels of history.
The author himself loved this work more than all other things. In 1925, the novel was perceived simultaneously as modern, topical (on the pages of the novel, the storm of the Civil War howled, as it were, the reader was an eyewitness or participant yesterday), and as historical. This state of affairs determined the epochal significance of the book.
We find ourselves witnessing tense events in the City (this is how the scene is indicated in the novel, although Bulgakov gives many clues to identify Kyiv in the City). Here rulers change (hetman, Petlyura), here they rob, kill, here the real one is coming war, armies come and go. It is important to pay attention to the epigraphs to parts of the novel. Words about a terrible storm from the story " Captain's daughter» A. S. Pushkin, Bulgakov pointed out how difficult it is to find the right path in a snowstorm, how much courage and endurance is needed in order not to go astray and get out of the snowy hell. The meaning of the second epigraph is absolutely transparent: “And the dead were judged according to what was written in the books in accordance with their deeds ...” Bulgakov emphasizes that in the face of history everyone is equal, regardless of beliefs and political views.
Moral, "eternal" values come to the fore. The author reveals this philosophical thought on the example of the Turbin family.
The sweet, quiet, intelligent Turbin family suddenly finds itself in the center of great events, becomes a witness and participant in terrible and amazing things. The "great and terrible" year 1918 was marked by misfortune in the Turbin family - the death of his mother. This misfortune merges with another terrible catastrophe, no longer a family one - the collapse of the old, seemingly strong and beautiful world.
There are two spatial scales in Bulgakov's novel - small and large space, Home and World. These spaces are opposed to each other. The Turbin House, an island of warmth and tranquility in a snow-covered space, opposes the outside world, where destruction, horror, and death reign. But the House cannot be separated, it is part of the city, and the city, in turn, is part of a huge country.
“There”, outside the windows (and the reader is, as it were, in the Turbins’ house), the merciless destruction of everything that was valuable in Russia. “Here”, in the house, is an unshakable belief that everything beautiful must be protected and preserved, that this is necessary under any circumstances, that this is feasible. It is warm here, it is cozy here, in a word, here is a house filled with memories. Here, time seems to have stopped: “... The clock, fortunately, is completely immortal, both the Saardam Carpenter and the Dutch tile are immortal, like a wise rock, life-giving and hot in the most difficult time.”

And outside the windows - "the eighteenth year is flying to an end and every day it looks more menacing, bristly." But Aleksey Turbin anxiously thinks not about his possible death, but about the death of the House: “Walls will fall, an alarmed falcon will fly from a white mitten, the fire will go out in a bronze lamp, and the Captain’s Daughter will be burned in the furnace.” Each member of this family does not think about himself, but about the house and the family. The only exception is Captain Talberg, Elena's husband. He leaves the City, hiding from danger. But his betrayal helps to unite the rest: a large family includes not only the Turbins themselves, but also Anyuta, who grew up in their house, and the clumsy Lariosik, a relative of Talberg; besides, guests often come to the Turbins, also almost native people.
It is such a friendly, close-knit family that can survive in the terrible meat grinder of the civil war, which in Bulgakov's novel takes on apocalyptic features. There is a constant change of power in the City, turning into virtual anarchy. Hetman, Petliura, the Bolsheviks - the inhabitants are losing their bearings, they do not know who will win in this senseless and cruel war. It is scary to go out into the street, because there they can injure and even kill. Moreover, it is worse if they get hurt - this can endanger the whole family: the wounded Alexei Turbin cannot even be sent to the hospital, because, as the doctor says, "the devil knows what is happening in the city."
In wartime, the age-old traditions of rendering last honors to the dead are forgotten: when Nikolka tries to find the murdered Nai Tours, he has to visit the room “behind the most terrible doors”, where there is a “terrible heavy smell” and human bodies, male and female, indiscriminately, lie, “like firewood in piles,” and the watchman rudely scatters them, trying to pull out the right one.
The civil war sticks out in people those features that do not appear during a peaceful life: the cowardice of Vasilisa (“If anything happens, he will blurt out to anyone that Alexei was wounded, if only to shield himself”), the courage of Nai Tours (threatening with a colt the general, senior in rank, demands to give boots to the soldiers, because they must go on the offensive in severe frost).
Everywhere death, cold, fear. Robbers, like those two who robbed Vasilisa, take advantage of the fear and confusion of the townsfolk. But, despite any hardships, the light is on in the Turbins' house and people live. They live, trying, without losing honor, dignity and faith (remember how Elena prayed for Alexei's recovery), to survive in this difficult time. The novel is downloaded when the civil war is still in full swing, and we can't know if the characters will live to see it end. Elena has a terrible dream about Nikolka and thinks that he will die. But on the same night, the little boy Petka Shcheglov, who “was not interested in either the Bolsheviks, or Petlyura, or the demon,” sees another dream, “simple and joyful, like a ball of sunshine,” which means that happiness is possible even in difficult times.
At the end of the novel, we see how the cross of Vladimir over the Dnieper "turned into a threatening sharp sword" that hangs over the City, over the country, over the whole world. But “... he is not scary. All will pass". The suffering will pass, the war will end, there will be neither Petlyura nor the Bolsheviks. If you don't believe in it, how can you survive at a time like this!?

Other writings on this work

“Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood ties with the fatherland” (V. G. Belinsky) (based on the novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The White Guard”) "Life is given for good deeds" (based on the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The White Guard") "Family Thought" in Russian literature based on the novel "White Guard" “Man is a Particle of History” (based on the novel by M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”) Analysis of the 1st chapter of the 1st part of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The White Guard" Analysis of the episode "Scene in the Alexander Gymnasium" (based on the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The White Guard") Talberg's flight (analysis of an episode from chapter 2 of part 1 of M. A. Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard"). Fight or Surrender: The Theme of Intelligentsia and Revolution in M.A. Bulgakov (the novel "The White Guard" and the plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Running") The death of Nai-Turs and the salvation of Nikolai (analysis of an episode from chapter 11 of part 2 of M. A. 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In the novel by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov "The White Guard", the first two parts of which were published in 1925 in the magazine "Russia", the author captured one of the episodes of the civil war in Ukraine. An eyewitness to the events, he was in Kyiv at the very height of the fratricidal war, where he witnessed the German occupation, the rise and flight of Hetman Skoropadsky, the short-term triumph of Petliura and the liberation of Kiev from his gangs by the Red Army. “According to the number of Kievans, they had eighteen coups ... I can definitely report that there were fourteen of them, and I personally experienced ten of them,” wrote Bulgakov. One of the coups - the capture of Kyiv by Petlyura and the flight of his "troops" (from December 15, 1918 to February 1919) - served as historical basis for a novel.

The protagonist of the novel is the Tubrin family, consisting of two brothers, the eldest twenty-eight-year-old Alexei, seventeen-year-old Nikolka and their sister Elena, who married Captain Talberg a year ago. Having lost their parents (the father died a long time ago, and the mother - last year), the children, clinging even closer to each other, managed to save the family, where the memory of their father and mother, the "bright queen" lives, and the House, where it is always warm, light and cosy.

Elena, the soul of the house, sacredly preserves all the traditions of the family: everything in the house is the same as with her mother:

... the floors are shiny, and in December, now, on the table, in a matte, column, vase, blue hydrangeas and two gloomy and sultry roses, affirming the beauty and strength of life ...

Blue service on a white tablecloth; cream curtains on the windows, "bronze lamp under the shade." In the book room, golden letters on the spines of the book gleam, which are an integral part of family life. They have eternal spiritual values, eternal, like Goethe's Faust. In front of Elena on the table is “The Gentleman from San Francisco” by Bunin, her eyes stop at the description of the night ocean (“Darkness, ocean, blizzard”); "The Captain's Daughter" is a favorite story from childhood (it is no coincidence that Bulgakov took a quote from Pushkin's story "Well, master, trouble" as an epigraph to the novel). And in the city "and sweeps, and sweeps, and does not stop, and the further, the worse" - and anxiety settles in the souls of the heroes. In addition, shooting is heard in Svyatoshyn, which is 12 kilometers from the city. It is impossible to isolate oneself, to take refuge in one's own house, as in a fortress. Will the House survive in storms and snowstorms - in the elements of civil war? A house whose solid foundation was faith in the inviolability of comfort; Houses with windows overlooking the garden, where young voices and music can be heard behind the cream curtains; A home resting on solid foundations of faith in God and enduring moral values - love, mercy, conscience, duty and honor. Belief in the inviolability of the native, dearly loved Kyiv, the beauty of which is admired by both the author and his heroes: in May, the city shines “like a pearl in turquoise”; in winter - "beautiful in frost and fog on the mountains, above the Dnieper."

And there were as many gardens in the city as in any other city in the world. They spread out everywhere in huge spots, with avenues, chestnut trees, ravines, maples and lindens. Gardens flaunted on the beautiful mountains that hung over us by the Dnieper, and, rising in ledges, expanding, sometimes full of millions of sunspots, sometimes the eternal Royal City reigned in gentle twilight.

Kyiv is fabulously beautiful in the lighting of electric lamps. “But the electric white cross sparkled best of all in the hands of the enormous Vladimir on Vladimirskaya Gorka.” This cross repeatedly appears in the novel as a symbol of the indestructible Orthodox history of Russia, as a symbol of hope and faith in the brotherhood of people and peace on earth.

History invades the lives of the heroes of the novel, forcing them to evaluate the historical situation and make a choice according to their concepts of honor and duty.

The first test is the unconditional faith of the Russian intelligentsia, the spiritual strength of the nation, in the monarchy, in autocracy as the basis of stability and order. “Only one thing is possible in Russia: the Orthodox faith, autocratic power!” shouts officer Myshlaevsky, ready to give his life for this idea. But the tsar has abdicated, already, they say, he has been shot, and Turbina and his friends are ready to believe in any rumors about his miraculous salvation and drink to his health. This is the last hangover in old Russia. The Bolsheviks are in power in Moscow: “Rumours are formidable, terrible, Red gangs are advancing” - Nikolka's impromptu, recorded on the tiles of the stove. But even more terrible is Petliura's gang, who gathered a huge army, using the hatred of the peasants for the Germans who occupied Ukraine under the terms of the Brest peace, for the hetman of the Germans, Hetman Skoropadsky, for the officers commanding punitive detachments:

“... And there was something else - fierce hatred. There were four hundred thousand Germans, and around four hundred and forty times four hundred thousand peasants with hearts burning with unquenched malice. And blows of lieutenant stacks on the faces, and shrapnel rapid fire on recalcitrant villages, backs, backs, slashed with ramrods of Hetman Serdyuks and receipts on scraps of paper in the handwriting of majors and lieutenants of the German army: "To give a Russian pig for a pig bought from her 25 marks ...". ... And requisitioned horses, confiscated bread, and landowners with fat faces, returning to their estates under the hetman, - a tremor of hatred at the word "officer".

This "black malice" was used by the impostor Petlyura to win over the peasants with a promise to give all the land and all power to the peasants, "so that no punks from the city come running to demand bread." The slogan of “independent Ukraine; where everyone speaks Ukrainian, everyone has Ukrainian surnames, everyone loves magical, imaginary Ukraine, without lords, without “Muscovite officers”, also turned out to be attractive to Ukrainians.

Black clouds of Petlyura's gangs have surrounded the City, and its fall is becoming inevitable. And the great flight begins. Those who fled from Bolshevik Russia to Kiev are leaving the city, and now they are hurrying abroad, to where the terrible battle and the roar of the Bolshevik military regiments will in no case reach. Now, no less danger threatens from Petliura's bands. Everyone thought about salvation own life- and no one about saving Russia. Officers of the tsarist army: cuirassiers, cavalry guards, horse guards and guards hussars - flooded the city. They hated the Bolsheviks "with cowardly, hissing hatred, from around the corner, from the darkness", but did not want to fight, kill, sacrifice themselves. They have found shelter at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief or in the convoy of the hetman, and now they are in a hurry to escape together with the hetman and the commander-in-chief at the tail of the German army. Skoropadsky takes off his hetman's vestments and changes into the uniform of a German officer. Not without reason, ironically, the place of election of this "fakir for an hour" was the Kyiv circus. The Russian officer, careerist and coward Captain Talberg, who left the city and his wife Elena Turbina to the mercy of fate, also fled abroad with them.

The city was defended by “army staff captains, military army hussars, like Colonel Nai-Tours, hundreds of ensigns and second lieutenants, former students, like Stepan Karas, knocked off the propellers of life by war and revolution, and lieutenants, also former students, but finished for University forever, like Viktor Viktorovich Myshlaevsky ... They hate the Bolsheviks with a hot and direct hatred, one that can move into a fight. And the pupils of four cadet schools stood up to defend the City. One of them is Nikolka Turbin. And Alexei Turbin, a doctor who went through the front of the First World War, who no longer wants to be "an unwitting accomplice in the cruelty and crime of the belligerents", nevertheless goes to the defense of the City. And yet - Colonel Malyshev.

The moment of truth for the heroes of the novel is the day of December 14, 1918, when the battle with Pelyur's gangs took place. This is the climax of the novel. The white movement has revealed its true essence.

On the one hand, mass betrayal, starting with the hetman Skoropadsky, the general and cavalry guard, the commander in chief and the staff officers who fled with them, and ending with the irresponsible commanders who send cadets and officers to certain death - "bastards", as they are called in the novel.

On the other hand, the fulfillment of military duty to the end, loyalty to the oath, heroism and self-sacrifice. sample, carrier ideal qualities Russian officer-intellectual is shown Colonel Nai-Tours.

Nai-Tours, "a hussar with mournful eyes", embodies the traits of knightly nobility and honor. He forms a detachment of two hundred junkers; how a real “father-commander” took care of uniforms, got boots and hats from a soulless general-bureaucrat who was afraid of a colonel at gunpoint. Junkers of Nai-Turs fought heroically with the regiment of Kozyr-Leshko, who had victoriously entered the city (“Horse black ribbons broke in the distance, scattered and disappeared from the highway”). But after the cavalry came regiments of haidamaks, Sich Riflemen, the blue division, six batteries; a detachment of 200 junkers and one battery could not resist them - and Nai-Turs gave the order to retreat. One colonel remained to cover the withdrawal of his detachment. His heroic death was witnessed by Nikolka Turbin, who, on an irresponsible order from the headquarters, led 28 cadets to fight the Petliurists.

Nikolka Turbin, a romantic young man, is somewhat reminiscent of the young Nikolai Rostov. He cannot accept the general panic, the flight. For him, this is dishonor and shame. It is better for him to die than to lose honor. Disbanding his squad, he stays with Nai-Turs until the end. And then the noble young man will find the family of Nai-Turs, inform his mother about the death of her son; will find the body of the hero in order to adequately bury him "with a yard of colorful St. George's ribbon, with Nikolka's own hand laid under his shirt on a cold, viscous chest." "My son. Well, thank you, ”the heartbroken mother will say to Nikolka.

All actions of Nikolka, from small to large, are determined by the concept of honor: “But not a single person should violate the word of honor, because it will be impossible to live in the world,” he says.

In Alexei Turbin's prophetic dream, Nai-Tours and Nikolka Turbin are side by side: Nai-Tours in the form of a medieval knight: “There is a radiant helmet on his head, and his body is in chain mail, and he leaned on a sword. And behind him is an unknown cadet on foot. Both in a golden glow, both heroes.

Although Nikolka survived, the reader's anxiety for the future of a young man who dreams of a feat does not leave him. Duty would not allow Nikolka to stay away from the white movement. Increasingly, the eyes of the heroes are turned to the Don, towards the Volunteer Army of General Denikin. At the end of the novel, Elena, worried about the fate of her brothers, sees a dream in which Nikolka sang: "And death will come, we will die ...". He had a guitar in his hands, but his whole neck was covered in blood, and on his forehead there was a yellow halo with icons. Elena instantly thought that he would die ... ".

Seeing the betrayal, the betrayal of the high command, the best ideological officers remain true to their officer honor to the end. Sick, harried Alexei Turbin runs to the gathering place on the parade ground in front of the gymnasium, full of readiness to fight and, if necessary, to die. But the division was disbanded by Colonel Malyshev.

The highest dramatic point of the story is the scene in the gymnasium, when Colonel Malyshev disbands the detachment of junkers, not being afraid of being accused of treason. Only a person could convince him of the correctness of his order, for whom the unfortunate officers and cadets, "abandoned by staff scoundrels and these two scoundrels by the hetman and commander), who should have been hanged," are children. “Listen, my children,” Colonel Malyshev suddenly shouted in a broken voice, “listen! I, a career officer who endured the war with the Germans ... I take responsibility on my conscience ... I send you home.

The sobs of the entire division put the last point. To Myshlaevsky's request to set fire to the gymnasium, Malyshev replied:

Mr. Lieutenant, in three hours Petliura will get hundreds of living lives, and the only thing I regret is that at the cost of my life and even yours, even more dear, of course, I cannot stop their death. About portraits, guns and rifles, I ask you not to talk to me anymore.

Here one more idea, very dear to Bulgakov, is highlighted - not only about the officer's responsibility for the lives of his subordinates, but also about the intrinsic value of human life in general. This problem is always relevant, and especially in times of fratricidal civil wars.

The novel ends with Petliura's flight from the city and the advance of the Red detachments. Now our heroes, the best, noblest people, the flower of the Russian intelligentsia, are again faced with the need to make a choice. Perhaps some part will go to the red. In the scene when the cadets and four officers abandoned to the mercy of fate were killed by the Petliurists, the commander shot himself in the mouth. His last words were: “Staff bastard. I understand the Bolsheviks very well.”

During the period of the most severe trials, the Russian intelligentsia honestly fulfilled its civic and human duty. Turbines have kept their House. The house of the Turbins is, as it were, warm, Living being. The motif of warmth and light, so necessary on the cold blizzard days of December, is embodied not only in the comfort of heating stoves, although the wood is already running out, and in the electric light, which often goes out, and in the light of a lit candle, but also in the warmth of human hearts - anxiety for loved ones, cordial reception of an absurd cousin who unexpectedly arrived from Zhytomyr, but soon became a member of the family no longer Larion, but Lariosik. And already the City becomes a Home, where Julia, at the risk of herself, saves the life of an unknown officer, Alexei Turbin; in the city captured by the Petliurists, the doctor at night, risking his life, visits a wounded and sick Russian officer, invites two professors to a consultation. The humanity, human solidarity, disinterestedness and mercy of these people make a particularly strong impression due to the fact that they manifest themselves modestly, as the fulfillment of their professional duty.

M.A. Bulgakov in his novel The White Guard managed to rise above the mood of class and national strife and affirm the idea of humanity and universal moral values.

In Alexei Turbin's dream, both whites and reds find themselves in paradise. In response to the perplexed question why the atheists - the Bolsheviks ended up in paradise, God says: "... you are all the same with me - killed in the battlefield." Bulgakov asserts peace for everyone: both for the sentry red armored train “Proletary”, freezing at his post, and for the boy Petya Shcheglov, who suddenly appears on the last page of the book to confidently grab a sparkling diamond ball of happiness in a dream, and, of course, for "red-haired, clear" Elena and her brothers, so fond of us; peace, tranquility and prosperity in their home. The wish for peace for all people on earth is expressed by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov at the end of the novel:

All will pass. Suffering, torment, blood, famine and pestilence... for all the people of the Earth, over which shines the shepherd's star Venus, a symbol of love and happiness in a peaceful life, and let the bloody star Mars remind people of the misfortunes that war brings with it.

“I love this novel more than all my things,” M. Bulgakov wrote about the novel “The White Guard”. True, the pinnacle novel The Master and Margarita had not yet been written. But, of course, The White Guard occupies a very important place in the literary heritage of M. Bulgakov. This is a historical novel, a strict and sad story about the great turning point of the revolution and the tragedy of the civil war, about the fate of people in these difficult times. As if from the height of time, the writer is looking at this tragedy, although the civil war has just ended. “The year after the birth of Christ 1918 was great and terrible ', he writes. Events swept their whirlpool of ordinary people, mere mortals. These people are rushing about, cursing, like Alexei Turbin, who involuntarily became a participant in the created evil. Infected with the hatred of the crowd, he attacks the boy, the paperboy: the chain reaction of evil also affects good people. Nikolka looks at life incomprehensibly, Elena looks for her ways. But they all live, suffer, love.

City, love, home, war... This novel is about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in the revolution. M. Bulgakov painted the life of the Russian intelligentsia. Here they are condescending to human weaknesses, attentive, sincere. There is no arrogance, arrogance, stiffness here. In the house of the Turbins, they are irreconcilable to everything that is beyond the bounds of human decency. But next to the Turbins live Talbergs, Lisovichi. The most cruel blows of fate are taken by those who are faithful to duty, who are decent. But Thalberg and his ilk know how to settle down, know how to survive. Leaving his wife Elena and her brothers, he flees from Kyiv with the Petliurites.

There is a war of ideas. But do ideas fight? Turbins are monarchists in their views, but for them the monarchy is not so much a tsar as the most holy pages of Russian history, which are traditionally associated with the names of tsars.
With all the rejection of the ideology of the revolution, M. Bulgakov understood the main thing: it is the result of the most shameful centuries-old moral and physical oppression of the masses. While narrating, the writer remains neutral. He notes with equal objectivity the courage of the Bolsheviks, the honor of the White Guard officers.

But M. Bulgakov hates. He hates Petliura and the Petliurists, for whom human life is worth nothing. He despises politicians who incite hatred and malice in the hearts of people, because hatred rules their actions. With the highest words about the city, the mother of Russian cities, they cover up their cowardly deeds, and the city was flooded with blood. Love and hate clashed in the novel, and love wins. This is the love of Elena and Shervinsky above all. Love is above everything in the world. There can be no more humane conclusion from the drama that we become witnesses while reading a novel.
Man and humanity above all else. This is stated by M. Bulgakov in his novel. Turbines managed to preserve honor from a young age and therefore survived, having lost a lot and paying dearly for mistakes and naivety. Enlightenment, albeit later, nevertheless came. Such main point and a lesson in the historical novel by M. Bulgakov "The White Guard", which makes this book modern and timely.

The novel "The Master and Margarita" is not in vain called the "sunset novel" by M. Bulgakov. For many years he rebuilt, supplemented and polished his final work. Everything that M. Bulgakov experienced in his lifetime - both happy and difficult - he gave all his most important thoughts, all his soul and all his talent to this novel. And a truly extraordinary creation was born. The work is unusual, first of all, in terms of genre. Researchers still cannot determine it. Many consider The Master and Margarita to be a mystical novel, […]
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The first chapters of the novel "White Guard" appeared on the pages of the magazine "Russia" in 1924. But due to the closure of the journal, the writer could not publish the novel in its entirety. In the center of the work are several episodes of the civil war in Ukraine.

The novel action ends in 1925, and the work tells about the revolutionary events in Kyiv in the winter of 1918-1919. It was a difficult, disturbing time when the Soviet government was hard to win its right to exist. M. Voloshin wrote that Bulgakov became the first writer "who captured the soul of Russian strife."

M.A. Bulgakov in his novel truthfully showed that confusion, turmoil, and then a bloody orgy that reigned in Kyiv at that time. But The White Guard is also a book about Russian history, its philosophy, and the fate of classical Russian culture. Bulgakov emphasized that his novel is about people tragically lost in the "iron blizzard of the revolution." In his work, the author reflects on the fate of Russia, the people, the intelligentsia.

Bulgakov's book is autobiographical. The writer's father was a teacher at the Kiev Theological Academy. Mikhail himself graduated from the 1st Kiev gymnasium, then the medical faculty of the university. During the First World War, the future writer worked as a zemstvo doctor in the countryside. Then he moved to Vyazma. Here he found the revolution. From here, in 1918, Mikhail Afanasyevich made his way to his native Kyiv. There he and his family had a chance to go through a difficult and instructive phase of the civil war, which was later described in the novel The White Guard.

In the center of the story is a friendly and intelligent, a little sentimental family. Alexei, Elena, Nikolka The turbines are drawn into the whirlpool of dramatic and fateful events of the winter of 1918-1919 in Kyiv.

Ukraine of that time becomes the scene of fierce battles between the Red Army, Germans, White Guards and Petliurists. It was difficult then to figure out who to follow, who to oppose, on whose side the truth was. And at the beginning of the novel, the writer shows how Aleksey, Nikolka, their close friends - Myshlaevsky, Karas and just officers they know from work - are trying to organize the defense of the city, not to let Petlyura in. But, deceived by the General Staff and allies, they become hostages of their own oath and sense of honor.

We see the situation of the Turbins, army officers, ensigns, former students, "knocked off the screws of life by war and revolution." It is they who take upon themselves the most brutal blows of wartime. Sympathizing in their hearts with the peasants who are being robbed and shot by the Germans, they rally into the White Guard to fight for the monarchy.

When Shervinsky reports that the sovereign has not been killed, the Turbins are drunk for "the health of his imperial majesty." The author shows the white junkers not as villains, but as youths from their class environment. Turbines are not involved in politics.

Bulgakov deliberately departs from the emphatically negative image of the White Guards. The position of the writer brought on him accusations of justifying the white movement: after all, he makes his heroes victims of history, a tragic collision from which there is no way out.

G. Adamovich noted that the author showed his heroes in "misfortunes and defeats." The events of the revolution in the novel are "humanized to the maximum." “This was especially noticeable against the background of the familiar image of the “revolutionary masses” in the works of A. Serafimovich, B. Pilnyak, A. Bely and others,” Muromsky wrote.

The author constructs an original space using the chronicle style: “Great was the year and terrible year after the birth of Christ 1918, from the beginning of the second revolution ... Great was the year and terrible year after the birth of Christ 1918, but 1919 was even more terrible.” The phrases, as it were, cut the story, reinforcing the general idea of the work and giving epic depth to specific facts.

The wise Bulgakov, a witness of the revolution and its consequences for the life of Russia, mourns equally for all those who died and suffered at the sharp turns of history - both the “reds” and the “whites”, because he does not see the guilty and the right in the civil war. It is no coincidence that in the prophetic dream of Alexei Turbin, the Lord says to the deceased Zhilin: "All of you, Zhilin, are the same - killed in the battlefield."

There are eternal values that exist outside of time, and Bulgakov was able to talentedly and sincerely tell about them in his novel The White Guard. The author ends his story with prophetic words. His heroes on the eve of a new life. They believe that the worst is in the past. And together with the author, the characters, we believe in the good and we: “Everything will pass. Suffering, torment, blood, hunger and pestilence. The sword will disappear, but the stars will remain when even the shadow of our bodies does not remain on the earth. There is not a single person who does not know this. So why don't we want to turn our eyes to them? Why?"