Using a tide chart, determine how high the tides reach: on the Mediterranean coast of Africa ___________________________ in the southeast
1) The equator crosses Africa almost in the middle.
2) The prime meridian does not pass through
territory of Africa.
2. Set the correspondence between the extreme
geographical points of Africa and their
coordinates.
1) Cape Agulhas A) 10°N 51°E
2) Cape Ras Hafun B) 14°N 17°W
C) 35° S 19°W
D) 37° N 9° E
3. Determine the name of a famous English
traveler who explored the interior
parts of Africa.
1. Ch. Dickens 3) D. Livingston
2. K. Linnaeus 4) Ch. Darwin
4. Match the name
researcher, the direction of his work in
Africa and the area he studied.
name of researcher study area
1) D. Livingston A) Central and
East Africa
2) V. Juncker B) Central and South
Africa
3) N. Vavilov C) northeastern part
mainland
direction of his work
a) collected samples of cultivated plants,
determined the birthplace of wheat
b) discovered a waterfall, explored rivers and lakes
interior of Africa
c) carried out a topographic survey
territories, hydrological and
meteorological observations
5. Determine the correct statement.
1. Africa has the world's highest
mountain systems.
2. In the north of the mainland there are vast
plains, but often they are highly elevated
above sea level.
6. Determine the name of the mountains located on
northwest Africa.
1. Cape Mountains 3) Atlas Mountains
2. Dragon Mountains 4) Ethiopian
highlands
7. North Africa is different
1. Wealth of minerals
sedimentary origin
2. Wealth of minerals
igneous origin
8. Determine the type of climate according to the description.
“Here there is a change of air masses according to
seasons of the year. Atmospheric precipitation falls in
during one season. Precipitation falls up to 1000
mm".
1) subequatorial
2) tropical marine
3. subtropical
4. equatorial
9. Why is Africa the hottest continent on Earth?
1) Most of Africa is between
tropics
2) Africa is washed by the warmest ocean on Earth -
Indian
3) Here are the largest deserts in the world
4) Hot samum winds are born here
10. Determine the correct statement,
1. The Nile is full of water throughout the year.
2. The Nile only floods during the rainy season.
11. Determine the correct statement.
1. The lakes of East Africa have
predominantly tectonic origin
basins.
2. The basin of Lake Victoria has
glacial origin.
12. There are many rapids and waterfalls on the rivers of Africa.
1. This is due to the features
terrain relief.
2. This is due to the history of development
territory.
3. This makes navigation on the rivers difficult.
13. Is it true that the natural areas of Africa
do they follow each other regularly from north to south?
1) yes 2) no
14. Select natural areas found in
Africa.
1) a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and
bushes
2) tropical deserts
3) savannah
4) mixed forests
15. Identify the types of animals that match
natural zone of humid equatorial forests
1) tsetse fly, bakers, okapi
2) hippos, elephants, termites, secretary bird,
hyenas and jackals
16. Choose statements that correctly characterize
the population of Africa.
1. In northern Africa live in
mostly negroids.
2. Negroids live mainly in
central parts of the mainland.
3. Representatives of the Caucasian race
live in the northern part of the mainland and on
extreme south.
4. The dwellings of local residents reflect
natural features of the area.
17. Choose statements that correctly characterize
North Africa.
1. 1) The climate of North Africa
tropical continental and subtropical.
2. 2) The most famous country with
ancient history and culture is Egypt,
3. 3) In all countries of North Africa
The population is Caucasian.
4. 4) Savannahs and woodlands - the most
common natural area Northern
Africa.
18. Identify the country by its description.
This country is one of the largest
territory on the mainland, washed by the waters of two
mine. The population is mostly Arabs. Tourism
is one of the main sources of income of the country.
Here is one of the wonders of the world.
The State Oceanographic Institute of the Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service (GUGMS) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR publishes "Permanent Tide Tables", consisting of three books: "Waters of the European Part of the USSR and Adjacent Foreign Regions", "Waters of the Asian Part of the USSR and Adjacent Foreign Regions" and "Foreign water". Each book contains two parts: part I - prediction of moments and heights of high and low waters in the main ports, part II - corrections for calculating tides at additional points, tide harmonic constants and a number of auxiliary tables. In the Permanent Tables, the input argument in part I is the astronomical parameters of the tides, calculated from the time of the culmination of the moon N and taking into account changes in the parallax of the moon C. These parameters are selected in the appendix "Astronomical data N and C" to part I for a given date.
The tables ("Waters of the European part of the USSR and adjacent foreign regions") give data on tides for the main ports and 149 additional points. Data on the height and time of tides in the main ports are given in the form of constant characteristics, referred to the astronomical values of N and C.
The tables make it possible, with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes, to preliminarily calculate the times and heights of high and low waters, as well as the heights of the levels at intermediate moments for a number of individual points. Part I contains the most complete and accurate tide information for a small number of major ports, Part II contains corrections for obtaining tide data at additional points. Tide data is given in standard time, daylight hours are not taken into account.
The calculation of heights and moments of high and low waters in the main ports for a given day is carried out in the following order.
According to the date from the appendix to part I “Astronomical data”, the values \u200b\u200bof N and C are selected and, according to the contents of part I, they find the page on which the table is placed. 1 for this primary port. After that, from Table 1 for argument C, write out the values of moments and heights for the integer part of N and interpolation corrections for the fractional part of N (these corrections are entered in the table between the moments of high and low water adjacent in the vertical direction and indicate the number of minutes of change in tide time by 0.1 N); if for a given integer value N any moment is missing (dashes in the table), then it is restored. To do this, take the moment above the line and increase it by 10D /, and the height is found as the average of the values \u200b\u200blocated above and below the dash (At is the time change in the moment in minutes corresponding to a change in N by 0.1). Then the tabular values are added with interpolation corrections and the time of high and low waters is obtained; interpolation corrections to heights are found by linear interpolation between adjacent tabular values.
The calculation of the sea level height in the main port at a given (intermediate) moment between high and low waters is carried out in the following order. First, the level heights are calculated for two moments of high and low water, between which the given moment is located; after that, the time of growth Tr or the fall of the TP of the tide is determined, depending on where the intermediate level is located - on the rise or on the decline in the level: T p \u003d t pv - t mv; T P \u003d t mv - t p.v, and the time interval AT from a given moment to the nearest moment of full or low water. Then the tide value B = h PB - h mv is calculated, and from the interpolation table in part I, the height correction Ah in meters is selected using the arguments TP(P), AT and B. If in this moment atmospheric pressure differs from normal (760 mm or 1010 mb), then from the table. 8 (permanent) or tab. 6 (annual) "Atmospheric Sea Level Altitude Correction" selects the altitude correction for Ahp pressure.
The actual sea depth (Dl) is calculated from the depth shown on the map (Dlk) and the sea level height (h):
The time when the tide reaches a given value is determined using a lookup table in the following order.
The correction value Ah is calculated, which, when added to the low height or subtracted from the high water height, would give the given tide value:
Then, in the lower part of the interpolation table in the line corresponding to the tide value, the correction Ah is found, and from Ah in the line corresponding to Tr(n), the correction to the moment of high or low water is taken. Further, adding it with the moment of full (low) water, the time of the onset of the tide of a given height is obtained.
Precalculation of tides at additional points is performed using part II by the comparison method.
First, in the alphabetical index of the Tables, the serial number of the additional item is found and with it, as with an argument, they are included in the table. I part II, choose the name of the main port to which the additional item refers, corrections to the moments of high and low waters and the tide coefficient. After that, for the main port, the moments and heights of high and low waters are calculated and, having given them the appropriate time corrections, the moments of high and low waters are obtained at an additional point.
To obtain the heights of high and low waters in an additional point, the heights of high and low waters of the main port are multiplied by the tide coefficient.
Calculations related to finding the moments and heights of intermediate levels for an additional point are similar to those for the main port.
For additional points having corrections for mean spring and quadrature tides, the mean heights of spring and quadrature tides are determined by adding these corrections to the corresponding heights of the main port. On intermediate days between syzygy and quadrature, you can use the average corrections.
To find the dates of syzygy and quadrature tides, the Tide Tables contain information on the phases and declinations of the Moon (Table III). By adding the age of the tide to the moments of the onset of the various phases of the moon, it is possible to determine the date of the syzygy or quadrature tide. In practice, spring or quadrature tides are considered to be within ±2 days of the corresponding calculated tide date.
In addition to the Permanent Tables, Annual Tide Tables are published, consisting of four books. "Foreign Waters" is represented by two books: "The Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Ocean" and " Pacific Ocean". Each book of the Yearly Tables consists, in the same way as the Permanent Tables, of two parts.
Part I - Moments of the onset and heights of high and low waters in the main ports. They are received without any intermediate steps. According to the table of contents and date, they find the corresponding page of the yearbook (there are several of them for each point), which contains complete data on the moments of occurrence and heights of high and low waters in this point on a given date.
The calculation of intermediate level heights at points where the correct intermediate and daily tides operate is made using the Interpolation Table.
For areas where the nature of the tide is distorted by shallow water or other causes, special additional interpolation tables are placed in the Tide Tables for calculating intermediate tide heights.
The construction of Part II of the Annual Tables and the methods for solving problems for additional items are the same as for the Permanent Tables.
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WEATHER CARDS
Just as geographers make topographic maps using contour lines connecting points of equal height, meteorologists mark areas of high and low pressure with lines connecting points of equal pressure. These lines are called isobars. On weather maps (synoptic maps), isobars make it possible to estimate the direction and speed of the gradient wind. From the pattern of isobars, it is possible to determine the areas of cyclones with a center of low pressure and anticyclones with a center high pressure. Generally speaking, the lower the pressure at the center of the cyclone, the higher the chance of heavy rain. The deeper the cyclone, the greater the pressure drops and, accordingly, the stronger the wind. Similarly, the higher the pressure in the anticyclone, the weaker the wind will be. The sailor must be able to read these charts in order to be aware of the changes in the weather and to organize the upcoming voyage accordingly.
The yachtsman can draw up his own isobaric chart based on the information of the meteorological service in the forecast for ships, transferring it to a specially printed chart blank. The forecast for ships contains about 500 words, and, as a rule, none of them is superfluous. In order not to miss any of this information, it is necessary to develop some kind of shorthand record. It is also possible to use the official meteorological service conventions with some modifications.
The forecast for ships usually consists of four parts:
the first contains a brief message about storm warnings;
the second - information about the state of the weather;
the third is the forecast in the area for the next 24 hours;
the fourth is reports on special conditions in coastal areas received from sea observation stations along the coast.
Let's consider the record of the forecast for ships for one day in December, which is given by a special service. First, in the list of sea areas, marks should be made where storms are expected. The general synoptic data recorded at the top of the sheet will provide information on the location of cyclones, anticyclones, warm and cold fronts. Next, you need to record the details of the forecasts for the area. It is here that the yachtsman will need shorthand, because otherwise he will not have time to write down almost anything. However, one must be sure that the system of notation used is efficient and understandable enough. This part provides wind, weather and visibility data. Let the first three districts (in this example) over the radio give the following details of wind, weather and visibility: Viking, Fortis, Cromatrie, north, seven-nine, decreasing to five from the west. Snow with rain. Moderate to good." This is recorded on the map as a series of numbers, letters, and symbols. Coastal reports are then to be considered. For the first one is transmitted: "Tyri, north, five, 27 miles, 1033, growing." These details, like the previous ones, are stenographed. The change in pressure is recorded in the table. The constructed curve will show the nature of the change in pressure: whether it rises slowly, falls gradually or sharply, etc.
This information, with some complications, can be translated into a weather map. As you gain experience, this process becomes surprisingly simple. First, you need to record wind forecasts for each sea area at the appropriate location on the map. The position of sea observation stations is marked with dots and arrows and shows the direction of the wind according to the meteorological service. The plumage of the arrow is used to indicate the strength of the wind on the Beaufort scale: one stroke - 2 points, half a line - 1 point. The barometric pressure is also shown here.
The isobars are then plotted from the pressure values given in coastal reports. Points of equal pressure are connected by lines, the pattern of which determines the positions of cyclones and anticyclones (information about them is obtained from meteorological reports). First, draw light lines with a soft pencil, as they may need to be adjusted. In this example, the pressure in the area of the islands of Scilly and Bell Rock is the same (1028 mbar), therefore, the isobar will pass between these islands. The direction of the gradient wind is parallel to the isobars, but one must take into account that there are distortions in the surface layer (see p. 272), and arrows plotted with this in mind will give some idea of the direction in which the isobars will go. The logarithmic isobar scale at the top of the chart is an approximate relationship between the Beaufort wind force and the pressure gradient over the sea.
If you place the scale on the map, aligning the isobar with the zero mark on the scale, then the point at which the next isobar (after 2 mbar) crosses the scale will show the most probable wind strength. On the other hand, knowing the strength of the wind, you can plot the isobar. The distance between the isobars depends on the direction of the wind in the surface layer and on the speed of the fronts. The other two geostrophic scales make it possible to determine the speed of front movement at the time of mapping. Conversely, the interval between isobars can be calculated knowing the speed of the fronts. The resulting isobaric chart may not be accurate, but at sea it gives the boater a better idea of the expected changes in wind speed and direction, and hence the weather over the next 24 hours. . In the process of compiling maps, one should compare one's own work with the work of professional meteorologists on weather maps in one of the printed reports.
BAROMETERS
The most important, truly indispensable piece of meteorological equipment is the aneroid barometer. Now all over the world, pressure is measured in millibars, so you should not buy a barometer with only an inch or centimeter scale. One of the defects of the aneroid barometer is that its spring gradually weakens and after one swimming season the barometer becomes inaccurate. However, you can not pay special attention to this, since it is much more important for a yachtsman to know not the pressure itself, but its change. So, a rise or fall in pressure of 3 mbar or more per hour portends bad weather. Adjust the barometer as follows. The position of the yacht is reported to the nearest weather station and the pressure in millibars at mean sea level is requested. Then the barometer readings are adjusted by carefully turning the screw on the back wall.
ORIGIN OF TIDES
The causes of tides, which have been the subject of constant study for many centuries, are among the problems that have given rise to many conflicting theories even in relatively recent times.
C. Darwin wrote in 1911: “There is no need to look for ancient literature for the sake of grotesque theories of tides.” However, sailors manage to measure their height and use the possibilities of tides without having an idea of the actual causes of their occurrence. The information about tides necessary for the navigator is given in chapter "Navigation", below an attempt is made to give a simple explanation of the origin of the tides.
Gravitational interaction
Between the Moon and the Sun there are forces of attraction. These forces, combined with centrifugal forces that develop during the rotation of the Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun systems, cause periodic fluctuations in sea level - tides. The largest of the forces - lunar - determines the main features of the tide. There are usually high and low tides twice a day. Tides are waves; their typical period is 12 hours 25 minutes, since the Moon again passes over each meridian after 24 hours 50 minutes (lunar day). The maximum rise in water is called high water (PV), the minimum is called low water (MB). Both the time of the onset and the heights of high and low waters change every day. During about a week, the high water height increases (high MW) and the low water height decreases (low MB), then the HL becomes low and MB high.
During the day, one can observe one high and one low tide (daily tide) or two high and two low tides (semidiurnal tide). Two full and two low waters every day can be unequal in height. In the polar regions, diurnal tides are formed, and in the equatorial regions - semidiurnal ones. In other areas, the tides are mixed - a combination of diurnal and semidiurnal tides with large level differences between the heights of SP and MB.
In addition, the height of the tide is also affected by the position of the Sun relative to the Moon and the Earth. Twice a month, when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in a straight line (when the Moon is either full or new), the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon will come into play, and high water will be the highest and low water the lowest. Such a tide is called spring tide (not to be confused with the similar name of the season - they have nothing in common). In the period between spring tides, the Sun and Moon are at right angles to each other, and the influence of the Sun minimizes the influence of the Moon. In this case, the PV will be low, and the MB will be high. Such a tide is called quadrature. The effect of syzygy and quadrature tides manifests itself with some delay - about two days.
Although the rise and fall of the sea level over many years is fixed at certain points, where tide forecasts are quite accurate, the vagaries of the weather can destroy the nature of the phenomenon. This is how, for example, tidal swells are formed, creating higher or lower tides than predicted. It is these tidal swells that cause so many deviations in the spring tide. When using tide tables to estimate expected high and low tide heights, do not assume that the data in the tables is absolutely accurate.
The direction and speed of the tidal current depend on the obstacles encountered in its path. For example, when going around the island, the tidal wave is divided into streams, which then join, again forming a single stream. There are areas (boaters should be aware of them) in the straight narrow channels of which the tidal current is accelerated.
When considering the tidal current, one should remember the rotation of the Earth, due to which the masses of air and water deviate from the direct path to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, in the Northern Hemisphere, for a strait stretching from east to west, the level difference due to tides will be smaller near the northern coast and larger near the southern one. An example is the English Channel, where the difference in water levels off the French coast is greater.
An interesting phenomenon is observed in shallow sea straits. In some areas of the strait, the water level difference is zero, i.e., there is no tidal current. Such areas are called amphidromic and are depicted on special maps that are used to determine the height of the tide while on the high seas. In narrow channels located on the same axis with the flow of the tidal current, the “swing” effect occurs: at one end there is full water, at the other there is low water. This can be compared with the movement of a ball along a chute - a swing: when one end is at the top (high tide), the other is at the bottom, the ball (tidal current), moving along the trough, slows down halfway, and the other end of the swing begins to rise. towards the ends of the channel.
A yachtsman needs practical information about tides more than knowledge of the causes of tidal currents. Similar information is put on navigation charts by official hydrographs, with tide heights indicated relative to a height known as zero depth - this is the lowest sea level derived from level observations, or the lowest level to which any low tide will fall under average meteorological conditions. Depths on most charts are measured from this base figure. Information about the calculations of tide heights and currents is given in Chap. "Navigation".
Transition planning and intertidal navigation involves two main tasks:
How to take into account the direction and speed of the tidal current?
How to determine the depth at a given point at a given time?
The REEDS almanac helps to cope with both of these tasks, in which tide tables and current atlases are given for different navigation areas. Let's try to figure out how the problem of determining the depth is solved.
The annual almanac contains two types of pages of interest to us: tables of tide heights and hourly atlases of tidal currents for different areas (area). To calculate the time and height of the tide, we will use tide tables and tide curves.
It may seem that the solution to the problem of determining the depth at the desired point at a selected point in time is available only to people who are seriously savvy. But I will try to show that, apart from accuracy and following a clear algorithm when using tide tables, there is nothing complicated here. If only there was an almanac at hand and (at first) an example of solving a similar problem lay before my eyes.
In almanacs it is impossible to provide tide tables for all ports, harbors and water areas. Otherwise it would be a ledger the size of …. In general, a very, very multi-volume and cumbersome publication would have turned out. Therefore, in the tidal tables, information is given for the current year according to the so-called. "primary ports". And for calculating the depths of "secondary ports" at different points in time, corrections are given. But first things first.
Task for primary ports:
For example, consider a typical case. We have chartered a yacht in St Malo in the north of France and would like to know at what time on the morning of Sunday April 24th we will be able to leave the marina. Marina St Malo, has a threshold of 2 m (Sill) at the exit. At low tide, this threshold prevents water from leaving the marina and maintains guaranteed depths in the marina water area.
For a safe passage over the threshold (as well as over any drying heights), we need to have a depth margin of at least 1 m under the keel.
The draft of our 46-foot yacht is 1.90 m. That's the whole condition of the problem. It only remains to add that the underlined figure 2 in the inscription Sill (2 m) gives the value of the drying height above the level of minimum depths (Chart Datum).
Yacht draft (Draft), 1.80
Depth margin (Safety Clearance), 1.00
Drying height, threshold (Drying Heigt, Sill), 2.00
1.80+1.00+2.00= 4.80 m.
That. to exit the marina, it is necessary that the tide height at this moment be 4.80 m.
Let us now turn to the almanac, to the tables of tide heights.
2. The next step is to find the port closest to the place of interest to us.
All almanacs are issued for individual navigation areas (areas) and they contain data for large ports or for ports located in special tidal conditions (Primery Ports or Standard Ports).
For all other ports and harbors (Secondary Ports), the tide height is calculated by reference to one of the primary ports.
We find St Malo. St Malo is the primary port.
For primary ports, the almanac table provides data on the occurrence of low water and high water (Low Water and High Water). They are tied to standard time for each day of the year. Please note that some dates are highlighted in blue or red. The dates of spring tides are marked in red, and quadrature tides are marked in blue.
It is necessary to pay attention to the times indicated in the tables.
UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) or UT - coordinated universal time - the basis of civil time - modern version Greenwich Mean Time.
3. Bring ship time to standard time.
All tide tables are built using standard time, according to which people live in the area of \u200b\u200bvoyage you are interested in.
Time is summer and winter. given in the almanac winter time, and the summer must be obtained from the values of the almanac. To do this, a reminder is made in the upper left part of the header:
subtract (or add) __ hours for UT
For (region name) Summer Time add (or subtract) ___ hour in non-shaded areas
i.e. (for example):
Time zone - 0100,
subtracted 1 hour from the World time.
For French Daylight Savings Time, add 1 hour to the unshaded zone data.
Attention! In the almanac, data related to winter time is shaded (so as not to accidentally confuse).
It is customary to write time in tables and on maps without separating hours from minutes with dots or dashes: 1030
3. Determining the time of low and high water
To determine the time of low and high water (LW and HW), one hour must be added to the tabular time value.
And then the corrected time with the corresponding data (LW and HW) in the table would look like this.
From the values obtained in the table, it is clear that we can leave the marina at 12-18, when the depth of full water will be 9.8 m. But we calculated that in order to pass over the ill-fated threshold, it is enough for us that the tide height at the time of exit was 4.80 m. How can we define this “moment we need”?
4. Determining the time when there will be a safe passage depth at the point we need
Let's turn to the tidal curve (Tidal Curves).
This is a sea level chart that is used to determine the current height of the tide. Usually, two curves are indicated on the graph: red for syzygy and blue for quadrature.
We need to leave between the first low and the first high water, i.e. in the morning between 0644 (3.4 m) and 1218 (9.8 m).
On the lower axis of low water (L.W.Hts.m) we put point A, corresponding to the first (morning) low water - 3.4 m.
On the upper axis of high water (H.W.Hts.m) we put point B, corresponding to the first (morning) high water - 9.8 m. We connect the points with a straight line. This line conditionally characterizes the rise in the water level during high tide.
We are interested in the level of 4.80 m. We raise the perpendicular from the mark of 4.80 to the intersection with the straight line AB and find point C. From point C we draw a horizontal line until it intersects with the tidal curve.
Since our exit date is close to the quadrature tide date (April 26, Tuesday), we can assume that the point of intersection of D with the blue quadrature curve will be close to the desired result.
Now, to determine the exact exit time, you need to use the time axis located under the tidal curve.
In the center we see the high water time (HW), we have it determined from the table - 1218.
On the left, 6 hours ago, the time of the first low water (LW) is located, on the right, 6 hours ahead - the time of the second low water for this day.
From the point D of intersection with the tidal curve, we lower the perpendicular to the time axis and get the exact exit time when the tide level reaches the value we need.
It turned out that the tide will reach the desired level 3 hours 50 minutes before high water time, i.e. at 8 hours 28 minutes. Starting from this time, we can calmly and safely leave the marina, having a depth margin of at least 1 meter when crossing the threshold. For convenience, under the time axis there are empty rectangles where you can enter the values of each moment of time before and after the onset of high water in 1218.
1. Make a classification of the movements of water in the ocean, based on the cause of their occurrence. Fill in the diagram
2. How is a tsunami different from storm surges?
Tsunamis are waves that occur as a result of seaquakes, and wind waves are the result of wind activity. Tsunami is the translational movement of water, and wind waves are oscillatory.
3. What is the importance of ocean currents?
Ocean currents affect the climate of the territory, Cold currents bring cooling and dryness, and warm currents bring warming and precipitation. Currents also carry organic matter, contributing to their distribution across the oceans.
4. Using the map of the oceans in the atlas, plot on the contour map:
a) places of the highest tides - in green
b) warm currents Gulf Stream, North Atlantic, Kuroshio, South Tradewind, North Tradewind, Brazilian and Guiana - in red
c) cold currents Peruvian, Labrador, Canary, Western Winds, Benguela - in blue
Sign the currents with the initial letters of their names
5. Imagine that there was an accident on an oil tanker near the equator off the eastern coast. South America. The accident resulted in an oil spill. In what areas of the ocean can traces of this accident be found? Use the map of the oceans in the atlas to answer.
Traces of this accident can be found in any part of the ocean, because the currents will carry the oil. For example, the North Trade Wind Current will transfer oil to the Gulf Stream, then in turn to the North Atlantic, then to the Canary or Norwegian. The South Trade Wind Current will carry oil into the Brazil Current, then through the West Winds, and then across the South Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.