Most often, an adverb refers to a noun. What is an adverb in Russian and how to distinguish it from an adjective
An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a characteristic (of an object, an action, or another characteristic). The question that is posed to an adverb depends entirely on the meaning that expresses it.
An adverb does not change (that is, they cannot be inflected and conjugated); in a sentence it is usually a circumstance, a definition, or in some cases a nominal part.
The attribute of an object is usually denoted by adverbs attached to a noun. For example: a walk (what?) on a bicycle, steps (what?) back, coffee (what?) in the oriental style, movement (what?) forward.
The sign of action is usually indicated by adverbs attached to a gerund or verb. For example: Study (how?) well, live (how?) cheerfully,
the ocean (how?) grumbled dully, and the waves rolled (how?) noisily and loudly.
The hunter bent down and, lifting the killed game (how?) up, disappeared into the thicket of the forest.
A characteristic of another characteristic is denoted by adverbs attached to an adjective. For example: a very controversial dilemma, a very tall building, rather unpleasant news.
Joined to the sacrament. For example: beautifully designed, fruit trees were completely covered with snow, walking together.
Attached to an adverb. For example: absolutely necessary, too much, infinitesimal. This morning is so clear, but for some reason I’m a little sad.
On the classification of adverbs.
According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into groups and categories. So, there are: attributive, adverbial and pronominal.
On the syntactic role of adverbs.
Adverbs can be combined with various independent parts of speech. It depends on the connection method.
The main formal feature of adverbs as parts of speech is the absence of inflections. The exceptions are those adverbs that form forms (comparative degree). According to the general meaning of such a feature as non-procedural, adverbs are closest to the adjective. Using this value, one can determine the syntactic functions in the adverb. The verb, name and other adverb are determined by meaning.The adverb is freely used in the functions of the predicate; it defines the entire sentence. All adverb functions have a common "Syntax" section.
All types of relations that arise during the syntactic connection of adverbs are to a large extent limited and predetermined lexical meaning the adverb itself. Example: there is fog everywhere or the road from home (here the definition of place), the day before yesterday there was rainy weather or a meeting was scheduled in the evening (here the definition is temporary), very cheerful (here the definition is by degree, measure).
Adverbs in -e and -o, which are motivated by (qualitative) adjectives, for example sad, sweet, hard, cheerful, have a morphological category of degree of comparison; it is presented in two rows of forms having positive and comparative degrees. By category of comparison, such as: funny - funnier, heavy - heavier, tasty - tastier, bad - worse.
The methods and meaning in the formation of such forms of adverbs are identical to qualitative adjectives. When used, these coincidences have only syntactic differences. For example: This thing is interesting - it is more interesting than the previous one (here the name is an adjective); This little thing is of particular interest than that one (name here).
As for the word-formation structure, adverbs can be divided into two groups:
- motivated, they are mainly motivated by words that are non-functional parts of speech: 1) adjectives (at home, barefoot, blind);
2) nouns: (nearby during the day, from afar, for rent);
3) numerals (much, twice, little, four times);
4) pronouns: (why, why, why);
5) verbs (due, unbearably, dragged, after);
6) adverbs (often, quietly, briefly, the day before yesterday);
Unmotivated adverbs with words causing the symptom or circumstances:
1) time (sometimes, always now, when, after);
2) places (away, near, there, here, around, there, everywhere);
3) method and image (otherwise, suddenly, as);
4) measures or degrees (almost, barely, very, slightly).
An adverb is an independent part of speech that does not change under any circumstances. There are several characteristic features of an adverb, each of which is described in detail in this article with examples. In addition, the grammatical features of the adverb and its syntactic role in the sentence are described here.
Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech, which means a sign and answers the questions: How? Where? Where? When? Where? How many? and others.
Depending on what part of speech the adverb belongs to, it can mean:
- Sign of action - an adverb adjoins a verb or gerund (learn by heart, read attentively, high putting, saying quiet) ;
- Attribute of an object - adjacent to a noun (path directly, at all child, dress inside out) ;
- A sign of another sign – adjoins an adjective, adverb, participle (enough fast, amazing Beautiful, Very Fine, doubled more, purchased yesterday made carefully) .
What do adverbs mean?
General meaning of the adverb– non-processual sign (that is, a sign that does not change over time). Highlight circumstances And definitive ranks of adverbs by meaning.
Table Examples of adverbs by meaning
| Adverb categories | Adverb questions |
Examples of adverbs | |
| Circumstantial | Time | When? How long? Since when? How long? | in the morning, recently, always |
| Places | Where? Where? Where? | at home, right, above | |
| Goals | For what? For what purpose? For what? | on purpose, specially, out of spite | |
| Causes | From what? Why? | involuntarily, rashly, blindly | |
| Definitive | Quality | How? | fun, bold, fast |
| Method and mode of action | How? | reverently, in a whisper, together | |
| Measures and degrees | How many? At what time? How long? To what extent? | little, three times, too much | |
Grammatical features of the adverb
An adverb in the Russian language is not inflected or conjugated (it does not change according to gender, number, or case, like other independent parts of speech). A constant morphological feature of adverbs is rank by meaning.
Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison: bad - worse - worst of all, loudly - less loudly - loudest of all, boldly - more boldly - boldest of all.
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Syntactic role of the adverb
In a sentence, an adverb is usually used as an adverb (Boy Fine knows the topic). Less likely to act as an inconsistent definition (Mom cooked an egg soft-boiled. We had a running competition race) .
At school, the adverb is studied from the 7th grade. The proposed article complements the textbook, allows you to learn briefly about the main features of an adverb as a part of speech and quickly repeat the material before test work. We also recommend taking an online test.
Test on the topic
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Lesson 2. Topic: “Digits of adverbs”
Lesson objectives:
Consolidating the ability to find adverbs and determine their meaning;
Systematization of students’ knowledge about the meaning of adverbs, familiarization with semantic groups of adverbs;
Formation of the ability to determine whether an adverb belongs to a particular semantic group:
Lesson type: lesson to consolidate knowledge, skills and abilities.
Equipment:
Interdisciplinary connections: connection with computer science, history, literature.
Lesson topic:“Love and know the Russian language.”
DURING THE CLASSES
Exercise. Write down the sentence, do a full syntactic analysis. Find an adverb in the sentence and talk about it as a part of speech.
Study hard, live together (M. Gorky).
2. Checking homework.
Exercise. Listen to the poem, write down the adverbs, and ask questions about them.
It's no merit to be white
Not dignity - fair-haired,
It's very difficult to be brave
It's very easy to be a coward.
Who did not betray Russia
For your own glory
He knows: it's hard to be brave.
Knows: just to be weak.
He knows: it’s hard to live big.
It’s easier to live carefully.
Kindness is difficult and difficult,
And it’s not difficult for the unkind.
(P. Panchenko)
Conclusion: While writing out adverbs and asking questions about them, you noticed that according to their meaning, adverbs can be divided into several categories. We'll talk about this in today's lesson.
II. Consolidation of new material.
1. Reading the material in the textbook “Meaning groups of adverbs.”
– But why does the adverb have so many different questions?
2. The teacher reads a fairy tale about the semantic groups of adverbs.
Exercise. While the teacher reads the fairy tale, students write down all the semantic groups of adverbs.
On the main square of the city, all dialects have already managed to divide into interest groups. Led each group questions.
Here is a group of adverbs-travelers led by questions Where? Where? where? - they named themselves Adverbs of place.
Here Adverbs of time led by questions When? since when? How long?
Questions Why? from what? came with the curious Adverbs of reason, and questions For what? For what? led Adverbs of purpose.
Last to appear Adverbs of manner with questions How? how?
Question How? came forward, looked around and asked:
– Are all the adverbs here? I see that adverbs of place, time, reason have arrived...
“We are here too,” responded the adverbs of purpose and mode of action.
- I do not see Adverbs of measure and degree.
- Why aren’t they there?
– When will they appear?
-Where did they stay? – questions rained down from the audience.
- Without them we cannot understand how much good we work and in what degree children have learned the laws of our country.
There were latecomers here Adverbs of measure and degree with questions How many? in what degree? to what extent? how much?
When fully assembled, the adverbs decided that each group would be called a category by meaning, or semantic group, there would be six groups, and adverbs would be distributed into groups questions.
1. Compile a table “Semantic groups of adverbs.”
Exercise. Fill out the table by writing the correct questions and category for the adverbs.
2. Precautionary dictation.
Exercise. Determine which semantic group the adverbs belong to.
1. Beautifully, timidly, in a good way, heroically, by heart, on foot - way of action.
2. Out of spite, on purpose, on purpose, finally - goals.
3. From above, from the side, to the right, to the side, to the left, close, not far - places.
4. Little, enough, twice, too, very, very, too – measures and degrees.
5. Tomorrow, a long time ago, always, long ago, from a young age, soon, immediately - time.
6. Spontaneously, rashly, involuntarily, out of spite, blindly - causes.
3. Selection of synonyms for adverbs.
Exercise. Find synonyms for these adverbs and write them down.
Diligently - diligently.
Close - nearby.
Inspired - emotionally.
Artfully - masterfully.
Affectionately – gently.
IV. Creative tasks.
V. Tasks of increased difficulty.
1. Speak correctly.
Exercise. How to say: borrowed or mutually?
Answer. The correct form is borrowed, derived from a noun loan.
Answer: below.
Answer: around.
VII. Summing up the lesson, homework.
Lesson 3. Topic: “Degrees of comparison of adverbs”
Lesson objectives:
Familiarization with the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs, with the syntactic role of adverbs in the comparative degree;
Formation of the ability to form, find and distinguish between degrees of comparison of adverbs;
Formation of the ability to distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb, to form degrees of comparison of adverbs;
To instill in students an interest in learning the Russian language.
Lesson type:
Equipment:
1) cards with individual tasks;
2) presentation materials made in PowerPoint.
Interdisciplinary connections:
Lesson topic: “Love and know the Russian language.”
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.
1. Individual task, proposal analysis.
Exercise. Write down the sentence, do a full syntactic analysis. Find an adverb in the sentence and talk about it as a part of speech.
Study hard, live together. (M. Gorky)
2. Linguistic warm-up.
Exercise. Continue the line, taking into account the rank of the adverb.
Below, ... (places).
Tomorrow, ... (time).
Hot, ... (mode of action).
I'll go blind, ... (reasons).
Out of spite, ... (goals).
Very, ... (measures and degrees).
1. Degrees of comparison of adverbs. Working with the textbook.
Although adverbs are unchangeable words, there is one exception. Adverbs of manner of action on O (as well as qualitative adjectives from which these adverbs were formed) have degrees of comparison: comparative And excellent.
For example:
Beautiful dance - initial form;
dance more beautiful(more Beautiful)- comparative;
more beautiful everyone– superlative degree.
Thus, adverbs of manner on O, formed from qualitative adjectives, vary according to degrees of comparison.
Comparative adverb degree denotes a more (less) high degree of manifestation of a trait: fly high – fly higher (fly higher).
Like an adjective, an adverb has two comparative forms: simple And composite.
The simple form is formed using suffixes:
-ee(s): run fast - faster (faster);
-e: shout loudly - louder;
-she: wake up early - earlier.
Compound form of comparative degree is formed from a combination of the initial form of an adverb with the words more (less):
run more (less) fast;
scream more (less) loud.
Superlative adverbs It has only composite form: comparative adverb + words everyone, everything:
run faster everyone;
love more Total.
Simple forms of adverbs with suffixes -eyshe, -ayshe are found extremely rarely, mainly in archaic phrases like submissively Yeshe please, below Aishe I bow etc.
The comparative forms of adverbs and qualitative adjectives are the same in pronunciation and spelling:
Now the friend's face has become more fun (adjective).
The sun is shining in spring more fun (adverb).
2. Consolidation of new material.
Exercise. Make verb phrases with these words. Write down these phrases, forming degrees of comparison of adverbs.
Sample:
look strictly - more strictly (more strictly) - more strictly than anyone else.
Smarter - smarter (more intelligent) - smarter than everyone else.
Colder – colder (colder) – coldest.
Hot – hotter (hotter) – hottest.
Sweet – sweeter (more sweet) – sweetest of all.
Interesting - more interesting (more interesting) - most interesting.
Joyfully - more joyfully (more joyfully) - most joyfully.
3. Take note! Theoretical material.
In order not to confuse similar forms of these parts of speech, it is necessary to take into account that:
4. Consolidation of new material.
Exercise. Read N. Yazykov’s poem expressively. Are the highlighted words an adverb or an adjective?
My friend! What could it be mile (adjective)
Priceless native land?
The sun seems to be there lighter (adjective),
There more joyful (adjective) golden spring,
Cooler (adjective) light wind,
More fragrant (adjective) flowers, hills there greener (adjective),
There sweeter (adverb) the stream gurgles,
There the nightingale sings more sonorous (adverb),
Everything there can delight us,
Everybody there Wonderful (adjective), everybody there cute (adjective).
III. Training exercises.
1. Comparative and superlative degrees.
Exercise. In accordance with the theoretical material of this lesson, fill out the table.
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
| comparative | excellent | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| simple | composite | simple | composite | |
| sadly | ||||
| Interesting | ||||
| loudly | ||||
| low | ||||
| strictly | ||||
2. Adjective or adverb?
Exercise. Determine in which phrases the highlighted words are short adjectives, and in which they are adverbs.
Take off high– adverb.
Said loud– adverb.
Canvas Beautiful- adjective.
Draws Beautiful– adverb.
Building high- adjective.
Movement fast- adjective.
Sailed fast– adverb.
Sound loud- adjective.
Morning chilly- adjective.
Met chilly– adverb.
3. Comparative or superior?
Exercise. Determine in which phrases adverbs are used in the comparative degree and in which - in the superlative degree.
Running faster is comparative.
Running the fastest is excellent.
To love more is comparative.
To love more than anything is excellent.
Laugh louder – comparative.
4. Test on the topic “Degrees of comparison of adverbs.”
1. Adverbs do not have the following degree of comparison:
1) simple comparative;
2) simple excellent;
3) composite comparative;
4) excellent composition.
2. The simple comparative degree of adverbs is formed using:
1) endings;
2) word-forming suffixes;
3) formative suffixes;
4) consoles.
3. Indicate the suffixes that are not involved in the formation of the simple comparative degree of adverbs:
1) -enn-, -onn-;
2) -her(s);
4) -she.
4. The compound comparative degree of adverbs is formed using the words:
1) most, most;
2) most, least;
3) everyone, everything;
4)more, less.
5. In what variants do all phrases contain adverbs in the comparative degree?
1) He rose higher and drew more beautifully;
2) rose above everyone else, drew more beautifully, did it faster, threw it further;
3) screams louder, spoke longer, rises higher, colors less brightly;
4) sang loudly, drew more beautifully, rose higher.
6. Which sentence contains an adverb in the comparative degree?
1) Children laugh merrily on the street.
3) In the photo, Boris's face is more cheerful.
4) Today the ensemble sang more cheerfully and louder.
7. Indicate sentences that contain comparative adverbs.
1) The bell rang louder and more insistently.
2) Day by day her eyes became sadder.
3) And silently he saddles his horse, his gaze blazing more terrible.
4) I have never met a meaner person.
8. Which word is not an adverb in the comparative degree?
1) Or rather;
2) easier;
9. Which sentences contain an adverb of comparative degree?
1) It's always harder to tell the truth about yourself.
2) This task is more difficult than the previous ones.
3) Deciding to take a serious action is more difficult than promising something.
4) Those who are mastering new routes have the hardest time.
10. Compound superlative adverbs indicate that the attribute:
1) manifests itself to a greater extent;
2) manifests itself to the greatest (smallest) extent;
3) does not always appear;
4) is present in significant quantities.
11. Compound superlative adverbs are formed using:
1) suffixes -aysh-, -eysh- from adverb;
2) words very, too from adverb;
3) words everyone, everything and comparative adverbs;
4) words everyone and adverbs.
IV. A task of increased difficulty.
Word form higher.
Question. What part of speech is the word form higher in examples:
1) The bell tower is higher than the church.
2) Is the bell tower located higher than the church?
Answer:
In both examples the element higher is an unchangeable word form with the meaning of comparative degree. But in order to decide which part of speech it belongs to, one should, firstly, determine which original form it corresponds to, and secondly, pay attention to its syntactic function in the utterance.
In the first example, the word form higher plays the role of the nominal part of a compound predicate; its starting point is the positive degree of the adjective high (cf.: The bell tower is high; The bell tower is taller than the church). In the second example higher – this is a circumstance, and this word form correlates with the adverb high (cf.: The bell tower is located high; The bell tower is located higher than the church). Thus, in the first example higher – adjective, in the second – adverb.
V. Creative tasks.
1. Write a story.
Exercise. Find and underline phrases containing adverbs in the comparative and superlative degrees. Come up with and write a story on the topic of school life, using as many of these phrases with adverbs as possible.
He greeted everyone loudest; I really didn’t want to; didn't know well; thought instantly; started it up cheerfully; trotting; already angry; you just knock it down; read by heart; shouted loudly; read now; perfectly understood; looked carefully; looked even more carefully; I remembered right away.
Exercise. Remember everything you have learned about degrees of comparison of adverbs, compose and write down a dialogue - an argument between two boys who went on a trip.
VI. Entertaining material to the lesson.
1. Rebus.
Exercise. Solve the puzzles and determine the parts of speech of the riddle words.
Answer: inside.
Answer: behind.
Lesson 4. Topic: “Word formation. Formation of adverbs"
Lesson objectives:
Familiarization with different ways adverb formation;
Formation of the ability to form adverbs from other parts of speech;
Formation of the ability to distinguish between word formation methods;
To instill in students an interest in learning the Russian language.
Lesson type: lesson explaining new material.
Equipment:
1) cards with individual tasks;
2) presentation materials made in PowerPoint.
Interdisciplinary connections: connection with computer science, history, literature.
Lesson topic: “Love and know the Russian language.”
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.
1. Individual task, proposal analysis.
Exercise. What are adverbs formed from? Write the words from which these adverbs are derived.
Sample: artistic - artistic.
Pevuche – (singing);
skillfully – (skillful);
aching – (aching);
artificially – (artificial);
defiantly – (defiant).
2. Linguistic warm-up.
Exercise. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form:
1) with twenty-five rubles;
2) no complaints;
3) worst of all;
4) don’t put notebooks here.
1) in both bags;
3) put it down;
4) more beautiful.
1) five hundred paces;
2) five kilograms;
3) more beautiful;
4) lie down on the mat.
II. Explanation of new material.
Working with a textbook or presentation materials made in PowerPoint.
The most common ways to form adverbs are as follows:
1) suffixal: fast - fast O, creative - creative And;
2) prefix-suffixal: dry - before dry A, wrong side - on inside out y;
3) prefix: Fine - Not ok, where - neither Where;
4) addition different types:
addition of words: barely, barely - barely;
addition with first element semi-: reclining;
addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk by - passing by ohm; gender, strength - V half strength s.
Consolidating new material
Exercise. Determine the method of forming adverbs:
1) four times– (suffixal);
2) before dark– (prefix-suffixal);
3) for tomorrow– (prefix);
4) a long time ago– (word addition).
III. Training exercises.
Method of forming adverbs.
Exercise 1. Determine the method of forming these adverbs:
away – (prefix-suffixal);
slowly – (suffixal);
softly – (suffixal);
quickly-quickly – (word addition);
quieter – (suffixal);
once – (suffixal).
Task 2. Determine the method of forming adverbs. Match these adverbs (left column) with their method of formation (right column).
Word formation "chains".
Task 3. Restore word-formation chains:
indescribable – (indescribable – describe) – write;
madly – (mad – smart) – mind;
infinitely – (endless – finite) – end;
varied – (varied) – different + image.
Text analysis.
Task 4. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets, and add the missing punctuation marks. Find adverbs in the text and determine their category. Make a morphological analysis of the adverb smoothly.
He began to sing.
A (crystal) clear, sonorous and unusually strong tenor rang in the room. There was something magically passionate in the very timbre of this bright, metallic voice.
Smoothly and tenderly, chesty, hot, trembling sounds flowed one after another. They flowed freely with noble restraint, sounded simple and modest, as if he did not want to reveal the depths of feeling, but it, like a flame, itself broke through and beat from the singer’s chest overflowing with hot, passionate sounds.
He sang about the longing of love. These sounds breathed soft fire and tears.
(S.G. Skitalets)
Prefixal method of word formation.
Task 5. Prove that these adverbs are formed by prefixes.
Sample entry: not + little – a lot.
Out of nowhere, nowhere, ignorance, everywhere, frivolous, unfair, never, once, from now on, from everywhere, tomorrow, illegible, forever, nowhere, nowhere, forever, not far away, restless.
Adverb as part of speech.
Task 6. Rewrite the text, add missing punctuation marks. Underline the adverbs as parts of the sentence. Perform morphological analysis of adverbs indescribable And higher.
And at night the forest took on an indescribably eerie, fairytale-like appearance: its wall grew higher and in its depths, red furry animals darted madly between the black trunks.
The figures of fire flowed in infinite variety between the black trunks and the dance of these figures was tireless.
(M. Gorky)
Test on the topic “Word formation of adverbs”.
1. Adverbs from adjectives are formed:
1) using attachments;
2) using suffixes;
3) using connecting vowels.
2. Adverbs from nouns can be formed:
1) using a suffix -O;
2) using a suffix -And;
3) using a suffix -ohm;
3. Adverbs can be formed:
1) from all independent parts of speech;
2) only from adjectives;
3) from adjectives, nouns and numerals.
4. Adverbs cannot be formed:
1) adding the basics;
2) transition from one part of speech to another;
3) prefix-suffix method;
4) can be formed in any of these ways.
5. Indicate the correct version of word-formation parsing:
1) left – left (from an adjective in a prefix-suffix way);
2) left - left(in a prefix-suffixal way from an adverb).
6. Determine how the adverb is formed almost:
2) from the verb honor;
3) from a noun reading matter.
IV. Creative tasks.
Restore the text.
Exercise 1. Instead of blanks, use appropriate adverbs.
It was noon, ______ the sun was burning. A black cloud appeared on the horizon, ______ moving from west to east. _______ wind started to blow. The young birch tree ______ trembled. The gusty wind intensified. Lightning flashed in the distance, ________ the first clap of thunder sounded. Hurrying to take cover, _______ birds rushed about.
Words to insert: unbearable, merciless, slow, leisurely, suddenly, intermittently, helplessly, frightened, dull, chaotic, anxious.
Let's remember phraseological units.
Task 2. Replace these phraseological units (stable phrases) with adverbs.
We select adverbs.
Task 3. Select appropriate adverbs and insert them into the text.
Words to insert: to the top, as before, around, cheerfully, furiously, completely, continuously, from above.
Timoshka with one jerk found himself next to her (Dasha) and, struggling with _______ falling _______ streams of water, ________ shook himself off several times, then sat down and looked at _______ the wet Dasha. The rain _________ rustled in the leaves of the apple tree, _________ everything ________ was boiling with rain, the trees stood heavy, filled with ________ water.
(P. Proskurin)
Using this text, write down the adverbs formed:
1) by prefix method – ...;
2) in a suffix way – ...;
3) in a prefix-suffix way – ... .
V. Entertaining material for the lesson.
1. Puzzles.
Exercise. Solve the puzzles and determine the parts of speech of the riddle words.
Answer: about.
Answer: nearby.
LITERATURE
1. Volina V.V. Fun grammar. M.: Knowledge, 1995.
2. Goryunova G.G., Lobanovskaya Z.D., Dolzhenko O.A. Adverb and eloquence. Workshop on the Russian language. St. Petersburg: Paritet, 2004.
3. Norman B.Y. Russian language in problems and answers. For competitions, quizzes and self-education. Minsk: New Knowledge LLC, 2004.
4. Russian proverbs and sayings / Ed. V. Anikina. M.: Fiction, 1998.
5. Solovyova N.N. Russian language in tasks and games. Notebook for creative works. 7th grade.
M.: Continent-Alpha, 2004.
A.I. GRISCHENKO,
Moscow
§1. general characteristics adverbs
An adverb is an independent part of speech.
Adverbs are a heterogeneous class of words. It includes indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words. Adverbs are added to other words. Most adverbs are significant words, for example: yesterday, left, in the morning, into the distance, very, but there are also pronominal ones, for example: there, where, where, everywhere (there- index, where, where- interrogative and relative, everywhere- determinative). Pronominal adverbs have the form of adverbs, and the role of pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient.
The class of adverbs is replenished with words from different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Becoming an adverb, a word loses the characteristics characteristic of other parts of speech, becomes unchangeable, and is used as a stamp.
1. Grammatical meaning- a sign of a sign, a sign of an action, less often - a sign of an object.
Very beautiful is a sign of a sign,
Funny laughing is a sign of action,
Coffee in Turkish- a sign of an object.
Adverbs answer different questions. It is more rational to present them below, when the categories of adverbs by meaning are considered.
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - immutability,
- changeable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).
3. Syntactic role in a sentence- adverbial or predicate in two-part sentences.
We got the job done quickly.
She is married.
Note:
Important information regarding words on -0- in impersonal sentences is given in this chapter at .
§2. Places by value
1. Circumstantial:
1) places (where? where? from where?): on the left, in the distance, above, there, there, below ,
2) time (when? how long?): in spring, yesterday, then, when, long,
3) reasons (why?): rashly, foolishly, stupidly, because
4) goals (why? for what purpose? for what purpose?): why, then, out of spite.
2. Determinatives:
1) qualitative, or mode of action (how? in what way?): fun, slowly, like that, three of us,
2) quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times.
The category of qualitative adverbs is the most numerous.
§3. Qualitative adverbs in -о//-е. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives using the suffixes -о or -е.
Like adjectives, such adverbs have degrees of comparison, which show how the attribute is manifested: to a greater (smaller) or to the greatest (smallest) degree.
Examples:
- positive degree: The son sings loud.
- comparative degree: The son sings louder, than usual. Son sings louder than his friend.
- superlative: The son sings loudest.
Like adjectives, adverbs have degrees of comparison: simple and compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes: -ee-, -ey-, -e-, -she-, for example:
fun - more fun (more fun),
easy - easier,
thin - thinner.
The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by a combination of words more or less and adverb forms in the positive degree, for example:
more thin, less easily, more clearly, less bright.
The superlative degree also has simple and compound forms, but in modern language the compound form is more common. It is formed using the words: most or least: most seriously, least brightly, as well as words everyone And Total, for example, more seriously everyone tastier Total.
Note:
After the words most And least the adverb is used in a positive degree, and before words everyone And Total adverb - to a comparative degree.
Simple superlative adverbs are found only in some stable combinations: most humbly, most humbly, most deeply, most respectfully I beg.
For some adverbs, the degree of comparison is a constant feature.
You more Don't write to me. You better Don't write to me.
Here are the words bigger, better are not degrees of comparison.
Usually adverbs in the comparative or superlative degrees of comparison express the same meaning as an adverb in the positive degree: The son sang louder(even more loud, value component loud relatively preserved).
In the above examples: You to me more do not write ( more does not mean: a lot of). You to me better do not write ( better does not mean: Fine)
§4. What to count with what? Adverbs and words of state category
As always, this section discusses various interpretations, opinions, and points of view.
What is the problem? What's being discussed?
There is a group of words in a language that have certain features.
These words denote the state of nature or man:
On the street Cold. To me Cold.
Formally, this group combines words with the suffix -o, formed from qualitative adjectives and having degrees of comparison.
It got cold outside . On the street colder than at home. It was coldest on the first floor.
From the examples it is clear that in a sentence these words are part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.
Traditionally, this group of words was considered as a group of special adverbs and was not identified as a separate part of speech. A number of authors highlight a special part of speech in their textbooks. They call it differently. Most often, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov - condition category. Other names for this group of words are also known: predicative adverbs, words of condition and even state name.
- To her Cold(cat. condition).
- She answered Cold(adverb).
- Her face was Cold , there was not even a shadow of a smile on him (short adjective).
Words: you can, you can’t, it’s a shame, it’s time, it’s a pity and other similar homonyms among other parts of speech do not have. They are used only as part of a predicate impersonal sentence and belong to the category of state.
An alternative view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be an adverb, some adverbs can be an adverb and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some can only be a predicate in an impersonal sentence.
There was a forest to the right.
She answered coldly.
She felt cold.
I was ashamed.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words?
What is the syntactic relationship between adverbs and other words?
- Coordination
- Control
- Adjacency
Are all adverbs significant words?
Which adverbs have an inconstant (changeable) sign of degree of comparison?
- Everyone has
- In adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives
What suffixes are used to form adverbs from qualitative adjectives?
- Suffixes -o- or -e-
- Suffixes -mu- (-him-)
- Suffix -yh- (-their-)
To what extent are qualitative adverbs the feature manifested to a greater or lesser extent?
- To a positive extent
- To a comparative extent
- Superlative
To what extent is the characteristic of qualitative adverbs manifested to the greatest or least degree?
- To a positive extent
- To a comparative extent
- Superlative
What category of meaning do the adverbs belong to: rashly, foolishly, out of stinginess, out of stupidity, out of ignorance?
- Time
- Causes
What category do adverbs belong to: fun, slow, fast, threesome?
- Quality
- Quantitative
Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech that denotes a sign of action (breathesmooth, speak in English), sign ( Very Beautiful, incrediblehigh), sometimes an object (eggsoft-boiled, window wide open).
Syntax function
As part of a sentence, an adverb most often plays the role of circumstances (Boring stay home). Somewhat less often it can be part of a compound nominal predicate (You'll have to go home on foot).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs
Unlike other significant parts of speech, most adverbs do not change in any way. And only qualitative adverbs, i.e. those formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -o and -a, have degrees of comparison. They are formed according to the same rules as degrees of comparison of adjectives:
often - more often - most often;
hot - hotter - hottest.
Such adverbs create certain difficulties when studying the grammar of the Russian language, since they are homonymous with adjectives in the form of the comparative degree, and sometimes they can be difficult to distinguish.
When determining the part of speech, in this case, you should pay attention to the function that the desired word performs in a phrase or sentence.
Everest higher than Elbrus. - adjective.
Planes fly higher than birds. – adverb.
Classification
Adverbs are divided into 2 classes according to what they do in a sentence functions:
- significant– those who name the sign ( loud, unbearable);
- pronominal– those that only indicate a sign, but do not name it ( then where). Adverbs of this type, in turn, have the same classification as pronouns: demonstrative ( there, from there); interrogative ( why, when, how), interrogative-relative ( everywhere, at all) etc.
Adverbs are also divided into groups depending on their values:
- course of action or quality– answer the questions: how? how? ( fun, slowly);
- measures and degrees or quantitative– how much? to what extent? ( twice, completely, barely);
- places- Where? Where? where? ( nearby, left, upstairs);
- time- When? how long? ( early, in the fall, at first);
- goals- For what? For what? ( necessary, on purpose);
- causes- Why? from what? ( in a hurry, foolishly).
Some adverbs can play the role of a predicate in impersonal sentences. Some researchers classify them as a special class - predicative adverbs.(In the mountains Cold. She was sad.)
Spelling features
Another distinctive feature of adverbs is that they are formed as a result of a transition from one part of speech to another, and often from a whole frozen phrase of a noun, adjective or pronoun in some form with a preposition or particle ( towards, In my, hugging, scattered). It is this unusual origin of adverbs from a combination of words that creates difficulties in determining the spelling: together, separately or with a hyphen.
Despite the fact that certain rules have developed in the language (for example, adverbs formed from an adjective with a preposition are written together ( scattered), and those formed with the help of particles are separated by a hyphen ( somehow)), there are many exceptions, that is, words whose spelling is determined not by rules, but by tradition ( openly, exactly the same and etc.)
Adverbs are an important part of the Russian language. They make our speech more precise, more expressive, and help us form succinct, “voluminous” statements.