Aircraft of Leonardo da Vinci. Aircrafts

Leonardo da Vinci [The real story of a genius] Alferova Marianna Vladimirovna

Aircrafts. Dreams of flight. Ornithopters and airplane

The idea of creating a machine that would help a person rise into the air literally haunted Leonardo all his life. He spent many hours watching the flight of birds and studying their anatomy. As a mechanic, the Master tried to come up with a mechanism that a person would control with his arms and legs, driving flapping wings. Most of the Master's flying mechanisms are ornithopters, that is, machines that would help a person become like a bird. The man was supposed to rise into the air, flapping his wings like a great eagle.

Leonardo da Vinci. Drawing of a vertical ornithopter. Pen, ink. Here a person sits in a car and sets the pedals in motion. The mechanism was placed inside a ball-shaped casing. This is more of a fantasy about flying than a real drawing of a car.

Leonardo built a test bench with a wing, trying to figure out how to lift a person into the air. The ornithopter models recreated from Leonardo's drawings cannot fly, but they reproduce the movements of bird wings in the smallest detail.

Mechanisms in which a person moves his wings with movements of his arms and legs can be found in Leonardo's recordings in various versions. Sometimes it is one pair of wings, sometimes two. One of the projects was a drawing of an aircraft in which a person had to lie with his legs in devices resembling stirrups - one leg raises the wing, the other lowers it. It’s easier to say: a person turns the pedals while lying down, and the drive, using cables and levers, makes the wings move. It looks like airship, sitting on which, a person will begin to row through the air, as if through water.

Da Vinci has another version of the ornithopter - when two pairs of wings are driven by both hands and feet. In this case, a person raises the wings with his hands using a drum, and lowers them with his feet. The person is again in the apparatus lying down. But Leonardo soon realized that a person simply did not have enough muscle strength to move his wings at a speed sufficient to lift him into the air. In fact, the paradox is that fairly simple calculations show that only a heavyweight can flap such wings, but at the same time his efforts are only enough to lift a puny guy into the air. That is, if one person could wave for another, then the person would long ago fly like a bird. But you can’t fool physics, unlike a physics teacher, when a student passes off a copied solution as his own.

Having come to such disappointing conclusions (meaning a lack of muscular strength), the Master began to look for mechanisms that could help a person with this. One of the drawings showed a mechanism that uses springs. The scheme itself, invented by Leonardo, was original from a mechanical point of view, but again had no practical implementation.

In the end, Leonardo abandoned the idea of a flapping wing and began to think about a gliding wing. One page of his notes shows a gliding sheet and next to it a picture of a fixed wing. So in his fantasies a mechanism appeared that resembled a modern hang glider. In order to control the glider, a balancing mechanism and a movable wing were used. A drawing has been preserved in which a person is positioned in a suspension somewhat reminiscent of the current suspension of a hang glider. True, the pilot is depicted vertically. The master examined the balance of the glider - it should be built from bamboo and with guys made of raw silk or leather. The person was located much below this plane, which made it possible to balance the structure.

Reconstruction of Leonardo's ornithopter, called " Big bird" Wikipedia. In this design, Leonardo carefully imitated the movements of bird wings

Already in our time in Great Britain, a “hang glider” was built from materials from Leonardo’s times according to his drawings, and the device was successfully tested on the chalk cliffs of England.

Without a doubt, Leonardo set himself a task that could not be solved with the technology of the 15th century. When developing the designs of his aircraft, da Vinci relied only on human strength, trying to make maximum use of the pilot’s muscles, forcing him to work with his arms, legs, and even his head. Not in the sense of thinking, but literally - using the head as part of the drive. But no matter how hard Leonardo tried, flight was impossible in his time - the great Master did not have an engine and the necessary light materials to create an aircraft. Leonardo intended to build his models from wood and fabric. Although it was probably possible to create a glider.

Man made his first flights in hot air balloons three centuries after Leonardo. In 1783, first the hot air balloon of the Montgolfier brothers, filled with heated air, took off, and then, in the same year, the hydrogen-filled balloon of Jacques Alexandre César Charles. And although it was possible to somehow control the balloon (for example, using ballast bags and an anchor), it was still a flight at the will of air currents - the balloon flew where the wind drove it, and not where the person planned to send it. Rather, it could become entertainment, the ecstasy of flight as such, rather than having practical significance.

Only in 1852 was a device created that could be controlled - this is how the airship appeared, a cigar-shaped aircraft with a propeller driven by a steam engine.

In the 80s of the 19th century, the “battle for heaven” began. Scientists, competing with each other, build flying machines, one more wonderful than the other. At the same time, theory development begins. It was at this time that gliders suitable for flight appeared.

As you understand, the glider itself cannot take flight - it must be accelerated using a winch or pushed off the windward side of the mountain. The first modern glider to lift a man into the air was designed by the English scientist and inventor George Cayley in 1853.

In 1882, Alexander Mozhaisky created and tested a monoplane with two steam engines. Whether this structure was able to get off the ground is not known for sure. The tests ultimately ended in disaster. Unfortunately, there was no money to continue the research.

The first aircraft engines were bulky and heavy steam engines. The project of the first airplane with an engine of this type belongs to the German Friedrich Matthies. Mattis intended to place a heavy engine in the center of the plane's diamond-shaped wing. Its design remained on paper and was soon forgotten. British scientist William Henson approached his work more thoughtfully. This device had a steam engine with a power of about 30 horsepower, the engine drove propellers with a diameter of just over three meters. In order to reduce the weight of the machine, the Englishman proposed replacing the conventional boiler with a system of conical vessels and using an air condenser. In 1844–1847, Henson carried out several tests of his airplanes. But they all ended unsuccessfully. The fame of the creator of the first aircraft to take off from the ground belongs to the British John Stringfellow. However, such a machine still could not really conquer the sky. At the end of the 19th century, the “cannon king” Hiram Maxim became interested in the creation of airplanes with steam engines. He decided not to waste time on experiments and immediately began building the aircraft. His apparatus was equipped with a steam engine with a capacity of 360 horsepower, and the size of his “monster” was like a two-story house. The plane weighed three and a half tons! As a result, this colossus, having momentarily lifted itself off the ground, immediately collapsed and turned into rubble. Such hunters can take off without wasting time on engineering survey, there were a lot. The French engineer Clément Ader decided to use numbers and built several airplanes at once, which in the end could not fly. When the best of his brood, Avion Three, crashed in the presence of a state commission, the unfortunate engineer burned all his airplane drawings and switched to cars. As a result, to end of the 19th century centuries, inventors and designers realized that due to their size and weight, steam engines could not be used in aircraft construction. Although they had guessed about this before, trying to adapt an electric motor to an airplane.

The first aircraft that began to operate regular flights were airships.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century, airships had a new competitor. After creating a lightweight and reliable internal combustion engine, many designers again began designing heavier-than-air vehicles. The result was not long in coming: on December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers' plane took off into the sky. It was equipped with a gasoline engine with two cylinders located horizontally.

In order for the plane not only to take off from the ground, but also to fly, it was necessary to solve two major problems - to create an engine capable of lifting a heavier-than-air structure into the air, and to find a way to control the device in the air. The Wright brothers created the necessary engine and solved the control problem using “wing warp”. This principle was not used for long, and ailerons were soon invented. But airplanes did not immediately completely conquer the skies. The competition continued for a long time as to who would reign in the sky - an airship or an airplane.

An airship is a lighter-than-air aircraft; it “floats” in the atmosphere due to buoyancy, so the gas in the envelope must be light, less dense than the atmosphere. Typically, the shell of an airship is filled with hydrogen or helium. However, hydrogen is highly flammable. Helium is an inert gas and therefore safe, but it is a rare and expensive gas; at the beginning of the 20th century, its reserves were mainly in the United States of America, so Europe had to be content with hydrogen. Fire safety precautions had to be observed very carefully: when boarding the airship, passengers handed over matches and lighters.

Traveling in an airship at the beginning of the 20th century was significantly more comfortable than even modern airplanes, not to mention the first designs in the style of the Wright brothers. The passenger airship had a restaurant with a kitchen and a lounge for relaxation. The famous Zeppelin Hindenburg was equipped with a small, lightweight piano specially made for the airship.

And although airships successfully competed with airplanes for a long time, since at that time they could carry much larger loads than airplanes, heavier-than-air vehicles still won the battle for air.

It is believed that the era of airships ended when the German passenger airship Hindenburg burned down while landing in Lakehurst (USA). On the evening of May 3, 1937, the Hindenburg took off from Germany and headed west. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and on May 6 his passengers saw Manhattan. Wanting to please the passengers, and at the same time show off the zeppelin to the Americans, the captain made a circle over the city. After this, the airship headed towards the Lakehurst base. The landing was complicated by the approach of a thunderstorm front. During landing, a fire occurred; within 15 seconds, the fire spread throughout the airship and an explosion occurred; after another 15 seconds, the Hindenburg crashed to the ground next to the mooring mast. 36 people died in the crash. Regardless of what caused the fire, the Hindenburg disaster led to a halt in the construction of passenger airships. From now on, the sky belonged entirely to airplanes. Helium-powered airships were used only for reconnaissance during the war.

During the time between the World Wars, aircraft technology made enormous progress. The first aircraft were built from wood and fabric, but now designers have switched to an almost entirely aluminum fuselage. Everyone knows that aluminum is a very soft material, an aluminum spoon or fork can be bent by hand without much effort, and pure aluminum is not suitable for an aircraft body. But German engineers came up with an alloy of aluminum with copper and manganese; after heat treatment, such an alloy acquires the properties necessary for aircraft construction. This is duralumin (duralumin in common parlance), after the name of the city of Duren, where its production was established. In 1917, the German company Junkers built an all-metal monoplane from this alloy.

The development of aircraft engines also proceeded at a rapid pace. Numerous prizes for speed and range records played an important role in the development of aircraft manufacturing.

So, we see that to solve the problems that Leonardo struggled with, it took years of continuous work of scientists and engineers, the creation of new theories, new designs, new engines and new materials. None of this was at the disposal of the Master in the 15th century. The Industrial Revolution gave all this, as well as continuity of knowledge, when one researcher or designer can continue work where another left it.

However, Leonardo left us with something that is perhaps no less important than the achievement of all industrial revolutions - the belief in the limitless possibilities of man.

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The brilliant personality of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 in the village of Anchiano. Leonardo spent the first years of his life with his mother. Then the father took his three-year-old son to be raised. Separated from his mother, Leonardo spent his whole life trying to recreate her image in his masterpieces. It is unlikely that there will be another person in the history of the planet who can be described in the same number of words: inventor, artist, anatomist, musician, architect, sculptor, engineer, genius, seer, poet... His inventions were hundreds of years ahead of their time. His life is shrouded in mystery, and some of his works still raise eyebrows.

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The versatile genius of Da Vinci can be equally called a genius in painting, architecture, mathematics, and anatomy. His famous work is the depiction of proportions human body.

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Masterpiece. Da Vinci's greatest work is " last supper", written by him on the wall of the refectory in the monastery church of Sante Maria. This painting is 28 feet long, with figures one and a half times human height. The nobility of interpretation, the typicality of individuals, the great harmony of style, and religious inspiration make the picture one of the greatest creations of human genius.

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Madonna and Child theme. From 1476 to 1480, Leonardo da Vinci created a series of studies on the theme: Madonna and Child “Madonna with a Flower” (Munich Museum) “Madonna Litta” (Hermitage) “Benois Madonna” (Hermitage) These three “Madonnas” have caused the most controversy for centuries . All three belong to early period Leonardo's work, but the intervention of other artists almost erased the traces of his youthful hand.

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"Madonna Litta" "Madonna Litta" began in 1480. Looking at the sketches, we can conclude that Leonardo most likely staged the figures, completed the head of the Madonna and completely painted some parts of the body of the Child.

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"Madonna of the Flower" "Madonna of the Flower" may have been painted by Leonardo while he was still studying in Verrocchio's workshop. She is identified by many details: Madonna's braided hair, her left hand, drapery, flower.

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Car Among all the “earthly” discoveries of Leonardo, first of all, one should name... the car. The master paid main attention to the engine and chassis. Da Vinci's self-propelled carriage had three wheels and was driven by a winding spring mechanism. Two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. Except front wheel, there was another small one, rotating, which was placed on a wooden lever.

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Leonardo's first "Tank" proposed making armored chariots that would not be afraid of enemy fire. The engine of this “tank” was supposed to be the horses inside, but Leonardo later abandoned this idea - the animals could panic in an enclosed space, so it was proposed to use a crew of 8 people to set the entire structure in motion and for combat.

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Multi-barreled cannon Another military innovation was to equip a conventional cannon with a lifting block, which made it possible to adjust the firing angle and increase the accuracy of the hit. This idea was later applied by Leonardo in his designs for multi-barreled cannons that were effective in firing at advancing infantry. This invention could become a medieval analogue of multiple launch rocket systems. Combined with the ammunition developed by Leonardo, these guns would be capable of hitting large numbers of enemy soldiers at considerable distances.

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Model of a machine gun This design was called by scientists “a musket in the shape of an organ pipe.” Three racks with barrels (11 barrels on each) with a capacity of 33 charges were installed on the cart. The installation was rotating. When one rack fired, the second was reloaded, and the third cooled down, the fire power increased and continuity of fire was created. The gun was equipped with a screw mechanism that adjusted the lift.

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Crossbow The crossbow is a traditional military weapon, which Leonardo da Vinci tried to modernize by increasing the “strength” and speed of fire. The shooter, sitting in the middle of a huge wheel, had only to carefully aim and release the arrow. The four crossbows were reloaded automatically as a result of the rotation of the wheel to which they were attached. The wheel was driven manually by a group of people covered for safety with a wooden shield. The crossbows were delivered to the shooter already loaded and ready for battle. Thus, the rate of fire and destructive power of these weapons increased significantly.

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Space suit Another revolutionary invention of Leonardo was the underwater suit. This may not have been the first diving device. However, it was Leonardo who invented a full-fledged diving suit.

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Flying machine All his life, da Vinci was obsessed with the idea of flight. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches is a diagram of a device that in our time is considered to be a prototype of a helicopter. Leonardo proposed making a propeller with a diameter of 5 meters from thin flax soaked in starch. It had to be driven by four people turning levers in a circle.

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The first parachute The drawing of a device that Leonardo himself described as follows was prophetic: If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards, then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body. The master made this recording between 1483 and 1486. Several centuries later, such a device was called a parachute. As a result, Leonardo never managed to create a working model of a flying machine. He concentrated only on the structure of the wing, worrying little about the power components of the mechanism.

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And lastly... Leonardo da Vinci. Great, mysterious, attractive. So distant and so modern. How much has been written about him, how much has been published, but it will never be enough. But, working in all areas of knowledge and art, he was original and great everywhere; and it is not his fault if his merits in the field of science and philosophy were appreciated too late and even now have not yet received universal recognition. I am sure that sooner or later the history of science will give Leonardo da Vinci the same place that he occupies in the history of art.

Leonardo da Vinci Italian artist, scientist, technician, inventor, mathematician and anatomist. His scientific research in the field of aircraft is also interesting in our age of astronautics. Leonardo's manuscripts cover all areas of knowledge, testifying to the universality of his genius.

Leonardo da Vinci was born in the village of Anchiano near the town of Vinci between Florence and Pisa in 1452. He was the illegitimate son of the notary Piero da Vinci. Little is known about his mother Katherine; she died early. The twenty-five-year-old father married Albiera Amadori in the year his son was born. Leonardo spent his childhood with his grandmother Lucia and uncle Francesco.

From 1466 to 1472 Leonardo studied with the famous Florentine painter and sculptor Andrea Verrocchio. During these years, the creative method of the future master was developed, based on a careful study of nature, bold experimentation and serious knowledge in the field of exact sciences.

In 1517, Leonardo da Vinci went to France at the invitation of King Francis I. There he lived in the royal castle of Cloux, near the city of Aleboise. At this time he pays special attention to mechanics and drawing. Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519

“Mona Lisa” is a portrait of a young woman, painted by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci around 1503. The painting is one of the most famous works of painting in the world. Refers to the Renaissance era. Exhibited at the Louvre (Paris, France). Full name of the painting and details.Ritratto di Monna Lisa del Giocondo Portrait of Mrs. Lisa Giocondo. Briefly about the main thing

About the sitter The personality depicted in the portrait is difficult to identify. Until today, many controversial and sometimes absurd opinions have been expressed on this subject: The wife of the Florentine merchant del Giocondo E Caterina Sforza I Zabella d Este A simple and ideal woman A young man in a woman's act A self-portrait of Leonardo The mystery that surrounds the stranger to this day attracts millions of visitors to the Louvre every year.

The ambiguous nature of the “Mona Lisa,” which he spent many years creating, became a beautiful, but at the same time, inaccessible and insensitive image. She seems voluptuous and cold at the same time. Despite the fact that Gioconda’s gaze is directed at us, a visual barrier has been created between us and her, the handle from the chair, acting as a partition.

Detective and history of "Mona Lisa" Since the beginning of the 16th century, the painting, acquired by Francis I after the death of Leonardo, remained in the royal collection. From 1793 it was placed in the Central Museum of Arts in the Louvre. On August 21, 1911, the painting was stolen by a Louvre employee. The purpose of this abduction is not clear. The painting was found only two years later in Italy. Moreover, the culprit was the thief himself, who responded to an advertisement in the newspaper and offered to sell “Gioconda”. It is assumed that he intended to make copies and pass them off as the original. Finally, on January 1, 1914, the painting returned to France.

Leonardo, apparently, did not leave a single self-portrait that could be unambiguously attributed to him. Scientists have doubted that the famous self-portrait of Leonardo's sanguine (traditionally dated back years), depicting him in old age, is such. It is believed that perhaps this is just a study of the head of the apostle for the Last Supper Interesting Facts

He wrote in the opposite direction, so the most in a simple way to read his notes was to hold them in front of the mirror. It is unclear why he did this, but all 6,000 pages of his notes that survive today contain drawings and this mirror text. Interesting Facts

There is reason to believe that Leonardo was homosexual. While the artist was studying in Verrocchio's studio, he was accused of molesting a boy who posed for him in his work. The court acquitted him. Leonardo loved water: he developed instructions for underwater diving, invented and described a device for underwater diving, and a breathing apparatus for scuba diving. All of Leonardo's inventions formed the basis of modern underwater equipment. Interesting facts
Vitruvian Man. The drawing shows Leonardo's talents in art and science and is an illustration of the relationships in the body of an adult, for example: the width of the palm is 4 fingers, the height of a person's foot is 1/6 of its width, the length of outstretched arms is equal to the height of a person

He was more of an inventor than an artist. Although he rarely made samples of what he invented, some of the things he invented in the 's are still in use today, such as helicopters and parachutes. Da Vinci was obsessed with the idea of war and sketched an armored vehicle that could carry 8 people and shoot through holes in the armor (a kind of prototype armored personnel carrier). For the first time, what we call tanks today were used only in the First World War, that is, after half a thousand years had passed from their description by Leonardo. Interesting Facts

Leonardo was ambidextrous - in to the same degree He was good with his right and left hands. He suffered from dyslexia

Born April 15, 1452 in the town of Vinci near Florence.
Died May 2, 1519, aged 67.

During his life he created only about twelve completed paintings.
"Madonna Litta" is kept in the Hermitage

The most famous of Leonardo da Vinci's paintings.
The painter invented the principle of scattering (sfumato), objects on his canvases do not have clear boundaries, everything breathes, lives, awakens imagination.

Leonardo da Vinci created a system of anatomical drawings that are also used in modern education doctors
The first described the “laws of vision.” He knew that visual images on the cornea of the eye are projected upside down and checked this using the camera obscura he invented.
He described the valve of the right ventricle of the heart, which now bears his name.
He described the laws governing the arrangement of leaves on the stem, the influence of the Sun and gravity on plants, and opened the possibility of determining the age of plants by the structure of their stems, and the age of trees by their annual rings.

Leonardo developed a drawing of the “ancestor” of the modern helicopter.
In 2001, the helicopter model was recreated and rose to a height of 10 meters.

Lifebuoy. This invention has remained virtually unchanged.
A device capable of compressing air and forcing it through pipes ( ventilation) .
Diving suit and fins for swimming.
Excavators for digging, lifting and transporting excavated material.
Prototype car with rear wheel drive, three-speed gearbox
Bicycle, glider, parachute, tank, poisonous gases, magnifying glass (100 years before Galileo!)
Textile, weaving machines, machines for making needles, files, screws, cranes, systems for draining swamps, a project for a printing machine where paper was loaded automatically , woodworking machine, rolling mill for the production of thin metal sheets, grinding machine.
Mechanisms using ball bearings, which existed only in his drawings and could not have been created at that time.
Developed drawings guided missile, submarine, mortar. Retractable ladder Firefighters still use it today.
In the works of Leonardo there are formulations the law of inertia, which we now call Newton's first law, and the law of universal gravitation.
Leonardo's only invention that received recognition during his lifetime was pistol wheel lock (started with a key), which continued to occur even into the 19th century.

Parachute ( South Africa, 2000)
Arched pedestrian 100 m bridge at a height of 8 m above the highway (Norway, 2001)
Hang Glider (UK, 2002)
Two-level urban roads (Norway, 2002)
Machines for the production of metal screws and rope (Italy, 2004)
Diving suit, ventilation systems.

The Mystery of La Gioconda (version)

For many years, humanity has admired the mysterious smile of Mona Lisa.
What is her secret? Perhaps the key to

The clue is this two-layer self-portrait of the artist?

Leonardo da Vinci He is unique: neither before nor after him in history has there existed such a person, a genius in everything! Who was he?..

A messenger from alien civilizations? Time traveler? A resident of a parallel world, more developed than ours?

Or the person who “woke up too early while everyone was still asleep?”

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Presentation on the topic: Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), great Italian artist, inventor, engineer and anatomist of the Renaissance. Leonardo was born in (or near) the town of Vinci, west of Florence, on April 15, 1452. He was the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl; was brought up in his father's house and, being the son of an educated man, received a thorough elementary education in reading, writing and arithmetic. Possibly in 1467 (at the age of 15), Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the leading early Renaissance masters in Florence, Andrea del Verrocchio. In 1472 Leonardo joined the guild of artists, learning the basics of drawing and other necessary disciplines. In 1476 he was still working in Verrocchio's workshop, apparently in collaboration with the master himself. By 1480 Leonardo was already receiving large orders, but in 1482 he moved to Milan. In a letter to the ruler of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, he introduced himself as an engineer and military expert, as well as an artist. The years spent in Milan were filled with a variety of activities. Leonardo painted several paintings and the famous fresco of the Last Supper and began to diligently and seriously keep his notes. The Leonardo we recognize from his notes is an architect-designer (the creator of innovative plans that were never implemented), an anatomist, a hydraulic engineer, an inventor of mechanisms, a creator of decorations for court performances, a writer of riddles, puzzles and fables for the entertainment of the court, musician and painting theorist. After the expulsion of Lodovico Sforza from Milan by the French in 1499, Leonardo left for Venice, visiting Mantua along the way, where he participated in the construction of defensive structures, and then returned to Florence; it is reported that he was so absorbed in mathematics that he did not even want to think about picking up a brush.

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For twelve years, Leonardo moved constantly from city to city, working for the famous Cesare Borgia in Romagna, designing fortifications (never built) for Piombino. In Florence he entered into rivalry with Michelangelo; This rivalry culminated in the enormous battle compositions that the two artists painted for the Palazzo della Signoria (also Palazzo Vecchio). Leonardo then conceived a second equestrian monument, which, like the first, was never created. All these years he continued to fill his notebooks with a variety of ideas on subjects as varied as the theory and practice of painting, anatomy, mathematics and the flight of birds. But in 1513, as in 1499, his patrons were expelled from Milan. Leonardo went to Rome, where he spent three years under the patronage of the Medici. Depressed and frustrated by the lack of material for anatomical research, Leonardo tinkered with experiments and ideas that led nowhere. The French, first Louis XII and then Francis I, admired the works of the Italian Renaissance, especially Leonardo's Last Supper. It is therefore not surprising that in 1516 Francis I, well aware of Leonardo's varied talents, invited him to the court, which was then located at the castle of Amboise in the Loire Valley. Although Leonardo worked on hydraulic projects and plans for the new royal palace, it is clear from the writings of the sculptor Benvenuto Cellini that his main occupation was the honorary position of court sage and advisor. Leonardo died in Amboise on May 2, 1519; His paintings by this time were scattered mainly in private collections, and his notes lay in various collections almost in complete oblivion for several more centuries.

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Military structures and public work Of all the sciences, Leonardo was most interested in anatomy and military affairs. For almost all of his patrons, he created designs for defensive structures, which they desperately needed, since at the end of the 15th century, improvements in cannons made the old-style vertical walls obsolete. Defense against cannons required sloping walls, earthworks, and a variety of devices to enable successful defensive cross-fire. Leonardo created many designs, including an innovative design for a fortress with low tunnels arranged in concentric circles with embrasures. Like almost all of his projects in this area, it was not realized. The most important of Leonardo's public orders was also related to war. In 1503, perhaps at the insistence of Niccolò Machiavelli, he received a commission to paint a fresco of approximately 6 x 15 m of the Battle of Anghiari for the Great Council Hall in the Palazzo della Signoria in Florence. In addition to this fresco, the Battle of Cascina, commissioned by Michelangelo, was to be depicted; both plots are heroic victories of Florence. This commission allowed the two artists to continue the intense rivalry that began in 1501. Neither fresco was completed, as both artists soon left Florence, Leonardo back to Milan and Michelangelo to Rome; the preparatory cardboards have not survived. In the center of Leonardo's composition (known from his sketches and copies of the central part, which was obviously completed by that time), there was an episode with the battle for the banner, where horsemen fiercely fight with swords, and fallen warriors lie under the feet of their horses. Judging by other sketches, the composition was supposed to consist of three parts, with the battle for the banner in the center. Since there is no clear evidence, surviving paintings by Leonardo and fragments of his notes suggest that the battle was depicted against the backdrop of a flat landscape with a mountain range on the horizon

Slide no. 6

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Slide no. 7

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War machines At the end of the Middle Ages and after the transportation of part of the Library of Constantinople to Europe, a large number of books in Greek and Latin became known - from the originals created back in the 4th century. BC, to Arabic manuscripts compiled between the 9th and 11th centuries. AD, with translations of some of the missing works of the Library of Alexandria. Many references in them concern military vehicles. In other drawings and descriptions, Leonardo left us: - a rapid-fire cannon, anticipating a machine gun; - a disk for charging guns, similar to those used by the USA and the USSR in the First and Second World Wars; - different kinds automatic guns, operated by just one person using one handle, similar to the first multi-barreled machine guns used by the United States since Civil War; - research on traditional weapons; - a giant cannon mounted on a cart. Its wheels deflected in the same way as some suspension models in modern German cars to absorb shocks and adjust height. It had elastic steel plates, the number of which decreased with distance from the center and top of the “arch” they created. The range of action of this unusual huge machine was estimated at 1000 m.

Slide no. 8

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Leonardo, having been received into the court of Ludovico Moro, presented him with a brief overview of his capabilities as a military engineer and inventor. There were, among other things, the following projects: - bridges made of interlocking modules, quickly disassembled and transported; various armored shelters and flamethrowers for burning enemy bridges; - methods of blocking the water that fills the enemy’s defensive ditches, and diverting rivers; collapsible bridges, various models of portable ladders for attacks and tools to overcome the height of walls from afar; - special bombards with explosive shells that release smaller bombs in battles with infantry or open garrisons for attack along a curved or parabolic trajectory; explosive bombs filled with stones; - light bombards that throw smoke shells that create artificial clouds; very easy to transport and have a strong psychological impact on the enemy; - huge bombards firing incendiary and smoke shells from ships; - methods of secretly and silently laying underground paths that can pass under walls and even under rivers; - chariots protected by armor for storming fortifications and cannons and quickly approaching the enemy; they must be controlled by specially trained people, and infantry must follow them; - other chariots, with rotating scythes against the infantry, had to be supported by bombards, mortars and artificial means of transportation for movement through clayey and viscous places; - an extensive description of light weapons for infantrymen and riflemen, from an improved sling model to stone throwers and flamethrowers.

Slide no. 9

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Hydraulic machines It is known that already in Verrocchio's workshop Leonardo was interested in the mechanics of water and sketched various sources. He drew aqueducts, tunnels for the flow of rivers and planned canals that could not be created in his era, for example, one that would connect Milan with the sea: it should have had locks similar to the modern ones on the Panama Canal. At the request of Pope Leo X, he designed special channels to flood the plains of Lombardy in the event of a Turkish invasion. He figured out how to drain the malarial swamps, which could only be done very recently, in the second quarter of the 20th century, and which in ancient times was partially done by the Romans during the time of Augustus.

Slide no. 10

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In addition, Leonardo designed a vessel without oars, propelled by large side wheels, which he studied in Roman bas-reliefs not known today. He came up with moving boats and submarines, as well as small devices remarkably similar to breathing tubes for autonomous breathing of divers. Let's list some of his works and inventions: - a canal with inclined sluices and an adjustable water level; - hydraulic gates with mechanisms that allow you to automatically regulate the pressure level, prevent ebb and flow with the help of the necessary movements of the vessel, based on the laws of Archimedes; - dredges for cleaning shallows and sand in ports and canals; - experiments with reduced models to study the principles of hydraulics in relation to ships, canals, dams, submarines, etc.; - creation of a canal connecting Florence with the sea during the war with Pisa in 1500. Although figures such as Machiavelli considered it possible and work began, everything was soon abandoned due to the incompetence of the builders and the imperfection of technology, which did not allow Leonardo's ideas to be effectively applied. And among other things, because of rulers who are very far from understanding these colossal projects. The political and social instability of cities and states deprived them of opportunities and prospects... The Roman Empire had fallen more than a thousand years earlier! - digging machines capable of making a ditch 18 meters wide and 6 meters deep, with an expanding and rotating bucket. This machine was connected to an unusual crane that moved the earth as it was removed from the surface; - skis and hand supports for walking on water; - various types of devices for breathing under water; - special gloves for swimming and underwater goggles; - very durable metal diving suits for divers; - lifebuoys similar to modern ones; - ships capable of rising and falling at the will of man. Submarines shaped like fish; - vehicles of various types moving on water, including screw ones; - a pumping station with scoops moving under the influence of the load and the weight of the water itself.

Slide no. 11

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Machines for flying According to fairly reliable data, the mechanics of Syracuse, Rhodes and Alexandria, etc. conducted successful experiments on the flight of heavier-than-air machines. The Chinese, Egyptians and some peoples of ancient America used gliders, and we know that the Chinese and Indians used them for military purposes, flying some types of kites with people to heights of up to 1000 meters. However, in the darkness of the Middle Ages, these opportunities in the Mediterranean were forgotten. And Leonardo had to come for them to be reborn, and on a much larger scale, more serious and surpassing our knowledge (even if we leave aside the “vimana”, the flying chariots that the ancient books of India attribute to the inhabitants of Atlantis and which were created by them almost a million years ago ). In 1503-1506. Leonardo devoted himself to studying the flight and anatomy of birds. He always learned from nature, avoiding any anthropocentric fanaticism.

Slide no. 12

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His works: - studies of wing articulation; - a type of delta-shaped wing capable of flight, although not perfect enough; - rotating wings, similar to modern propeller blades, which can remain in the air at a given height without changing the speed of movement; - ornithopter for vertical flight; - an aerodynamic cabin of a flying machine to protect the person who controls it; - an ornithopter with a control rudder for horizontal flight; - a platform for take-off and landing of ornithopters (which has something from modern helicopters and gyroplanes); - research on falling leaves and the use of what has been learned in the creation of parachutes; - hydroscope and anemometer to prevent unfavorable flight conditions; - inclinometer - a form of gyroscope used during flight; - various types of parachutes capable of supporting the weight of a person or several people or some equivalent volumes.

Slide no. 13

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Anemometer Vertical take-off and landing apparatus Vertical "ORNITOTTERO" Helicopter Inclination meter Balance study Balance study: Reclining "ORNITOTTERO" Recumbent "ORNITOTTERO" with four wings Model "ORNITOTTERO" Ornithopter Ornithopter with spring drive Parachute Bird flight Instrument for measuring wind speed Lever guy system and connections Descent to the ground with a “dry leaf”

Slide no. 14

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Anemometer Anemometer: The illustration shows a “plate anemometer,” or “brush,” since feathers were traditionally used to sample the wind. The device is a graduated reed with thin plates that move depending on the intensity of the wind.

Slide no. 15

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Vertical take-off and landing apparatus Leonardo planned to place a system of retractable stairs on the vertical “ornitottero”. Nature served as an example for him: “look at the stone swift, which sat on the ground and cannot take off because of its short legs; and when it is in flight, pull out a ladder, as shown in the second image from above... this is how you need to take off from the plane; these stairs serve as legs...". Regarding landing, he wrote: "These hooks (concave wedges - see details on the right), which are attached to the base of the ladders, serve the same purpose as the tips of the toes of the person who jumps on them, without his whole body being shaken by it." as if he were jumping in heels."

Slide no. 16

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Vertical "ORNITOTTERO" The need for a more powerful source of energy led Leonardo to the idea of using all parts of the human body in the process of flight. The drawing shows a man controlling sliding mechanisms not only with the help of his arms and legs, but also with his head, which, according to Leonardo, “has a force equal to 200 pounds.” A man stands in the center of a huge vessel, which is a bowl with a diameter of 12 m, equipped with a ladder (12 m). The wings of the device had a width of 24 m and a span of 4.8 m. On this device, Leonardo intended to use two pairs of wings, flapping alternately.

Slide no. 17

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Helicopter Helicopter: This drawing is an image of the “ancestor” of the modern helicopter. The radius of the propeller was 4.8 m. It had a metal edging and a linen covering. The screw was driven by people who walked around the axis and pushed the levers. There was another way to start the propeller - it was necessary to quickly unwind the cable under the axis. “I think that if this screw mechanism is well made, that is, made of starched linen (to avoid tears) and quickly spun, then it will find support in the air and fly high into the air.”