The formation of social ecology. Abstract Social ecology

Ilyinykh I.A.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY

Tutorial

Gorno-Altaisk, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface……………………………………………………….	4
Topic 1. Introduction to social ecology……………………	6
Topic 2. Social problems…………………………………	17
Topic 3. Society as a social system…………………..	20
Topic 4. Stability of the social system and mechanisms for maintaining stability………………………………………………………	26
Topic 5. The ideal and greening of society………………………	31
Topic 6. Environmental consciousness………………………………..	39
Topic 7. Nature: polysemy and unambiguity of understanding………………………………………………………………………………...	50
Topic 8. The essence of man………………………………………………………	55
Topic 9. Ecological culture………………………………...	65
Topic 10. Environmental ideology……………………………..	72
Topic 11. Environmental policy………………………………………………………	89
Topic 12. Environmental law. Sources of environmental law………………………………………………………………………………….	92
Topic 13. Environmental education…………………………	99
Topic 14. Environmental education……………………………	100
Topic 15. Environmental propaganda and environmental agitation………………………………………………………………………………...	101
Topic 16. Final lesson…………………………………….	103

PREFACE

The manual is a detailed development of classes on the subject “social ecology” for bachelor students studying in the direction of “Ecology and Environmental Management”.

The methodological basis of this course is a humane-personal approach to teaching, on which ideas are strung pedagogical technologies active learning: problem-based learning, development of critical thinking and game situations. The classes are developed using methods of both collective and individual work: heuristic thinking, “chain of cause and effect”, brainstorming, method of associations, “case method”, essays, etc. The material collected in the manual was initially selected in such a way so that you can organize your work using a “portfolio”.

Work in the classroom is carried out in three stages:

ü The first stage, it can be called introductory, consists of activating consciousness, i.e. the initial adjustment of consciousness to work on the topic of the lesson is carried out. The first two or three tasks are completed based on the knowledge that the student already has. In the process of completing the tasks of the preparatory stage, questions should arise and a desire to get answers to them.

ü The second stage, and it can be called the main one, is devoted to adjusting the knowledge that was demonstrated at the preparatory stage and introducing new material. Probably in the process of immersion in new material answers to previously raised questions will appear.

ü The third stage, which can be called final, contains tasks aimed at combining initial knowledge with the knowledge that emerged during the study of new material.

If the work is carried out using a portfolio, then all tasks are completed in writing on A4 sheets and placed in a folder with multiforms (or fastened with a binder). The texts of the new material are printed and placed along with the completed assignments. Texts can be (it is even desirable that this be the case) developed by the author using various kinds of notes: highlights, comments, questions..., which indicate the thoughtful work of the portfolio author. In its final form, the first page of the portfolio is the title page, which contains information about the name of the subject being studied, the author of the portfolio and the teacher.

What is attractive about the “portfolio” as a method of organizing work within an academic subject? The most important thing is that it allows you to escape from the stereotypical perception of the workspace - the notebook - where each topic follows each other, the sheets are rigidly fastened, and it is impossible to change the sequence of topics. In a portfolio, the sheets are easily separated from each other and this creates the impression that the portfolio author can manage his work at this level. There is another important aspect, which also applies to the creative way of organizing the sheet itself. A blank white sheet can be filled in as you wish. The white sheet plays the role of a field for creating images in it. Images are words and sentences that are mixed with drawings, and the author again chooses where to place the images.

Topic 1

Introduction to Social Ecology

Exercise 1

Write an essay on the topic “What is social ecology?” or “In my opinion, social ecology is...” or “I think social ecology is...”.

Task 2

Based on your understanding of the subject of social ecology, write what they are:

ü tasks,

ü object(s),

ü subject

ü methods,

ü connections with other sciences.

Task 3

Using the text below, fill in the table.

Table - Methodological aspects of social ecology

Introduction to the subject

Social ecology – scientific discipline, which considers the relationship of society with the geographical, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the environment surrounding a person. Communities of people, in connection with their environment, have a dominant social organization (levels from elementary social groups to humanity as a whole). The history of the emergence of society has long been studied by anthropologists and social scientists.

The main goal social ecology is the optimization of the coexistence of humans and environment on a systematic basis. Man, acting in this case as a society, makes the subject of social ecology large contingents of people who fall into separate groups depending on their social status, occupation, age. Each of the groups, in turn, has specific relationships with the environment within the framework of housing, recreational areas, garden plot and so on.

Social ecology is the science of adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments. Object of social ecology: subjective reality of subjects at different levels. Subject of social ecology: adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments.

The goal of social ecology as a science is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, a logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment. Social ecology is intended to understand and help bridge the gap between man and nature, between humanities and natural sciences.

Social ecology reveals patterns of relationships between nature and society, which are as fundamental as physical patterns.

But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and animate nature and human society, and the short time of existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at the present time, is predominantly an empirical science, and the principles formulated by it patterns are extremely aphoristic statements.

The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship. Cybernetics gives a broader interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation on diversity, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals fundamental limitations human activity. The main law can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its adaptive capabilities.

One of the ways to formulate socio-ecological patterns is to transfer them from sociology and ecology. For example, the law of correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy, is proposed as the basic law of social ecology.

Two directions are subordinated to the implementation of the tasks of social ecology: theoretical (fundamental) and applied. Theoretical social ecology aims to study patterns of interaction human society with the environment to develop a general theory of their balanced interaction. In this context, the problem of identifying co-evolutionary patterns of modern industrial society and the nature it changes comes to the fore.

Social ecology is the science of harmonizing interactions between society and nature. The subject of social ecology is the noosphere, that is, a system of socio-natural relations that is formed and functions as a result of conscious human activity. In other words, the subject of social ecology is the processes of formation and functioning of the noosphere.

Problems associated with the interaction of society and its environment are called environmental problems. Ecology was originally a branch of biology (the term was introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1866). Biological ecologists study the relationships of animals, plants and entire communities with their environment. An ecological view of the world is a ranking of values and priorities of human activity, when the most important thing is to preserve a human-friendly living environment.

For social ecology, the term “ecology” means a special point of view, a special worldview, a special system of values and priorities of human activity, aimed at harmonizing the relationship between society and nature. In other sciences, “ecology” means something different: in biology - a section of biological research on the relationship between organisms and the environment, in philosophy - the most general patterns of interaction between man, society and the Universe, in geography - structure and functioning natural complexes and natural economic systems. Social ecology is also called human ecology or modern ecology. IN last years A scientific direction began to actively develop, called “globalistics,” developing models of a controlled, scientifically and spiritually organized world with the aim of preserving earthly civilization.

One of the fundamental concepts used to achieve this goal is the concept of socioecosystems.

The content of this concept has not yet been sufficiently developed, therefore, a socioecosystem is understood as both a strengthened model of the “society-nature” system and very complex models containing ecological, economic, social, demographic and other subsystems. The interaction and significance of these subsystems are not fully understood, which is reflected in the prevalence of some of them and the loss or reduction of others, including, paradoxically, environmental or natural ones.

When forming a structural-functional global-regional model of the “society-nature” system based on a systems approach, the understanding of the unity of the world, including everything terrestrial on Earth, which is quite deeply realized and justified by science, but not yet by society, should be embodied.

It should be taken into account that such complex systems consist of a large number of variables and, therefore, a large number of connections between them. The greater their number, the more difficult it is for the subject of research to achieve the final result, to deduce the patterns of functioning of a given system. The difficulties of studying such systems are also associated with the fact that the more complex it is, the more so-called emergent properties it has, i.e. properties that its parts do not have and which are a consequence of the integrity of the system.

Socio-ecosystems of different orders form its vertical structure, which includes levels of organization and its hierarchy.

Therefore, connections and selected formalized subsystems - society, economy, society, etc., in the model are “linked” to each other and built into the systems of higher levels of hierarchy and organization that cover them, including spatial ones, right up to the planet Earth.

The following levels of socio-ecological modeling and the corresponding socio-ecosystems are distinguished: global, regional and local.

Formation of the subject of social ecology

In order to better present the subject of social ecology, one should consider the process of its emergence and formation as an independent branch of scientific knowledge. In fact, the emergence and subsequent development of social ecology was a natural consequence of the ever-increasing interest of representatives of various humanitarian disciplines - sociology, economics, political science, psychology, etc. - in the problems of interaction between man and the environment.

The term “social ecology” owes its appearance to American researchers, representatives of the Chicago School of Social Psychologists - R. Park and E. Burgess , who first used it in his work on the theory of population behavior in an urban environment in 1921. The authors used it as a synonym for the concept of “human ecology”. The concept of “social ecology” was intended to emphasize that in this context we are not talking about a biological, but about a social phenomenon, which, however, also has biological characteristics.

One of the first definitions of social ecology was given in his work in 1927 by R. McKenziel, who characterized it as the science of the territorial and temporal relations of people, which are influenced by selective (elective), distributive (distributive) and accommodative (adaptive) forces of the environment . This definition of the subject of social ecology was intended to become the basis for the study of the territorial division of the population within urban agglomerations.

It should be noted, however, that the term “social ecology,” which seems best suited to designate a specific direction of research into the relationship of man as a social being with the environment of his existence, has not taken root in Western science, within which preference from the very beginning began to be given to the concept of “human ecology”. This created certain difficulties for the establishment of social ecology as an independent discipline, humanitarian in its main focus. The fact is that, in parallel with the development of socio-ecological issues proper within the framework of human ecology, bioecological aspects of human life were developed. Human biological ecology, which had by this time undergone a long period of formation and therefore had greater weight in science and had a more developed categorical and methodological apparatus, “overshadowed” humanitarian social ecology from the eyes of the advanced scientific community for a long time. And yet, social ecology existed for some time and developed relatively independently as the ecology (sociology) of the city.

Despite the obvious desire of representatives of the humanitarian branches of knowledge to liberate social ecology from the “yoke” of bioecology, it continued to be significantly influenced by the latter for many decades. As a result most concepts, social ecology borrowed its categorical apparatus from the ecology of plants and animals, as well as from general ecology. At the same time, as noted by D.Zh. Markovich, social ecology gradually improved its methodological apparatus with the development of the spatio-temporal approach social geography, economic theory of distribution, etc.

Significant progress in the development of social ecology and the process of its separation from bioecology occurred in the 60s of the last century. The World Congress of Sociologists that took place in 1966 played a special role in this. The rapid development of social ecology in subsequent years led to the fact that at the next congress of sociologists, held in Varna in 1970, it was decided to create the Research Committee of the World Association of Sociologists on Problems of Social Ecology. Thus, as D.Zh. Markovich notes, the existence of social ecology as an independent scientific branch was, in fact, recognized and an impetus was given to its more rapid development and more precise definition of its subject.

During the period under review, the list of tasks that this branch of scientific knowledge was gradually gaining independence expanded significantly. If at the dawn of the formation of social ecology, the efforts of researchers were mainly limited to searching in the behavior of a territorially localized human population for analogues of the laws and ecological relations characteristic of biological communities, then from the second half of the 60s, the range of issues under consideration was supplemented by the problems of determining the place and role of man in the biosphere , developing ways to determine optimal conditions its life and development, harmonization of relationships with other components of the biosphere. The process of humanization that has embraced social ecology in the last two decades has led to the fact that, in addition to the above-mentioned tasks, the range of issues it develops included problems of identifying general laws functioning and development of social systems, studying the influence of natural factors on the processes of socio-economic development and finding ways to control the action of these factors.

In our country, by the end of the 70s, conditions had also developed for the separation of socio-ecological issues into an independent area of interdisciplinary research. A significant contribution to the development of domestic social ecology was made by E.V. Girusov, A.N. Kochergin, Yu.G. Markov, N.F. Reimers, S.N. Solomina and others.

One of the most important problems facing researchers in modern stage the formation of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress made in studying various aspects relationships between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on socio-ecological issues that have appeared in the last two or three decades in our country and abroad, on the question of what exactly this branch of scientific knowledge studies still exists different opinions. In the school reference book “Ecology” A.P. Oshmarina and V.I. Oshmarina give two options for defining social ecology: in a narrow sense, it is understood as the science “about the interaction of human society with the natural environment,” and in a broad sense, it is the science “about the interaction of an individual and human society with the natural, social and cultural environments." It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences that claim the right to be called “social ecology”. No less revealing is a comparison of the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “1) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) ecology of the human personality; 3) ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups.” The almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood “in the narrow sense,” and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology is clearly visible. The desire for actual identification of these two branches of scientific knowledge is indeed still characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often subject to reasoned criticism by domestic scientists. S.N. Solomina, in particular, pointing out the advisability of dividing social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the latter to consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical-genetic aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature. V.A. Bukhvalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers agree with this interpretation of the subject of human ecology, but N.A. Agadzhanyan, V.P. Kaznacheev and N.F. Reimers strongly disagree, according to whom, this The discipline covers a much wider range of issues of interaction between the anthroposystem (considered at all levels of its organization from the individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to see that such an interpretation of the subject of human ecology actually equates it to social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that at present there has been a steady trend of convergence of these two disciplines, when there is an interpenetration of the subjects of the two sciences and their mutual enrichment through the joint use of empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological research.

That's all today larger number researchers are inclined to an expanded interpretation of the subject of social ecology. Thus, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, which he understands as private sociology, are specific connections between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the habitat as a set of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A slightly different, but not contradictory, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimova and V.V. Khaskin. From their point of view, social ecology as part of human ecology is a complex of scientific branches that study the connection of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the connection of humans with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but especially emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.

Some researchers, when defining the subject of social ecology, tend to especially note the role that this young science is called upon to play in harmonizing the relationship of humanity with its environment. According to E.V. Girusov, social ecology should study, first of all, the laws of society and nature, by which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by man in his life.

Literature

1. Bganba, V.R. Social ecology: textbook / V.R.Bganba. – M.: graduate School, 2004. – 310 p.

2. Gorelov, A. A. Social ecology / A. A. Gorelov. – M.: Moscow. Lyceum, 2005. – 406 p.

3. Malofeev, V.I. Social ecology: Textbook for universities / V.I. Malofeev - M.: “Dashkov and K,” 2004. – 260 p.

4. Markov, Yu.G. Social ecology. Interaction of society and nature: Textbook / Yu.G. Markov - Novosibirsk: Siberian University Publishing House, 2004. - 544 p.

5. Sitarov, V.A. Social ecology: tutorial for students higher ped. textbook institutions / V.A. Sitarov, V.V. Pustovoitov. – M.: Academy, 2000. – 280 p.

Task 4

Complete the table below.

Table - Reflective analysis on the topic of the lesson

Homework

Write an essay on the topic: “Paradoxes of social ecology” or “Contradictions of social ecology” or “I am perplexed...”, etc.

Topic 2

Social problems

Exercise 1

ü Write an essay “The essence of social problems” or “My view on social problems” or “My understanding of the essence of social problems”, etc.

Task 2

ü Read an article from a newspaper (for example, from the regional newspapers “Listok”, “Postscript”, etc.), which discusses a social problem.

ü Describe the problem by filling out the table “Social problems of the region (based on materials from the regional newspaper “Listok”, if you have a different newspaper, insert the appropriate name).

Table - Social problems of the region based on materials from the newspaper “Listok” (if you have another newspaper, insert the appropriate name)

Task 3

ü Read the article “Social Problems” from the electronic encyclopedia “WIKIPEDIA” URL:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%EE%F6%E8%E0%EB%FC%ED%FB%E5_%EF%F0%EE%E1%EB%E5%EC%FB

ü Read the article “The Main Social Problems of Russia of the Last Decade” by the author N.P. Popov, posted on the website “Standards and Quality” URL: http://ria-stk.ru/mi/adetail.php?ID=39422

ü Identify the causes of existing social problems.

ü Fill out the table “Social problems and the causes of their occurrence” (if you do not have enough information provided, then fill it in yourself).

Table - Social problems and causes of their occurrence

In order to better present the subject of social ecology, one should consider the process of its emergence and formation as an independent branch of scientific knowledge. In fact, the emergence and subsequent development of social ecology were a natural consequence of the ever-increasing interest of representatives of various humanitarian disciplines - sociology, economics, political science, psychology, etc. - in the problems of interaction between man and the environment.[...]

The term “social ecology” owes its appearance to American researchers, representatives of the Chicago School of Social Psychologists - R. Park and E. Burgess, who first used it in their work on the theory of population behavior in an urban environment in 1921. The authors used it as a synonym for the concept “ human ecology". The concept of “social ecology” was intended to emphasize that in this context we are not talking about a biological, but about a social phenomenon, which, however, also has biological characteristics.[...]

It should be noted, however, that the term “social ecology,” which seems best suited to designate a specific direction of research into the relationship of man as a social being with the environment of his existence, has not taken root in Western science, within which preference from the very beginning began to be given to the concept of “human ecology”. This created certain difficulties for the establishment of social ecology as an independent discipline, humanitarian in its main focus. The fact is that, in parallel with the development of socio-ecological issues proper within the framework of human ecology, bio-ecological aspects of human life were developed. Human biological ecology, which had by this time undergone a long period of formation and therefore had greater weight in science and had a more developed categorical and methodological apparatus, “overshadowed” humanitarian social ecology from the eyes of the advanced scientific community for a long time. And yet, social ecology existed for some time and developed relatively independently as the ecology (sociology) of the city.[...]

Despite the obvious desire of representatives of the humanitarian branches of knowledge to liberate social ecology from the “yoke” of bioecology, it continued to be significantly influenced by the latter for many decades. As a result, social ecology borrowed most of the concepts and its categorical apparatus from the ecology of plants and animals, as well as from general ecology. At the same time, as noted by D. Zh. Markovich, social ecology gradually improved its methodological apparatus with the development of the spatio-temporal approach of social geography, the economic theory of distribution, etc. [...]

During the period under review, the list of tasks that this branch of scientific knowledge was gradually gaining independence expanded significantly. If at the dawn of the formation of social ecology, the efforts of researchers were mainly limited to searching in the behavior of a territorially localized human population for analogues of the laws and ecological relations characteristic of biological communities, then from the second half of the 60s, the range of issues under consideration was supplemented by the problems of determining the place and role of man in the biosphere , developing ways to determine the optimal conditions for its life and development, harmonizing relationships with other components of the biosphere. The process of social ecology that has embraced social ecology in the last two decades has led to the fact that in addition to the above-mentioned tasks, the range of issues it develops included the problems of identifying general laws of functioning and development of social systems, studying the influence of natural factors on the processes of socio-economic development and finding ways to control action these factors.[...]

In our country, by the end of the 70s, conditions had also developed for the separation of socio-ecological issues into an independent area of interdisciplinary research. A significant contribution to the development of domestic social ecology was made by E. V. Girusov, A. N. Kochergin, Yu. G. Markov, N. F. Reimers, S. N. Solomina and others [...]

V.V.Haskin. From their point of view, social ecology, as part of human ecology, is a complex of scientific branches that study the connection of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the connection of humans with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but especially emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.[...]

Akimova T. A., Haskin V. V. Ecology. - M., 1998.[...]

Agadzhanyan N.A., Torshin V.I. Human ecology. Selected lectures. -M., 1994.

social ecology research problem

The term “social ecology” owes its appearance to American researchers, representatives of the Chicago School of Social Psychologists - R. Park and E. Burgess, who first used it in their work on the theory of population behavior in an urban environment in 1921. The authors used it as a synonym for the concept “ human ecology". The concept of “social ecology” was intended to emphasize that in this context we are not talking about a biological, but about a social phenomenon, which, however, also has biological characteristics.

Despite the obvious desire of representatives of the humanitarian branches of knowledge to liberate social ecology from the “yoke” of bioecology, it continued to be significantly influenced by the latter for many decades. As a result, social ecology borrowed most of the concepts and its categorical apparatus from the ecology of plants and animals, as well as from general ecology. At the same time, as D. Z. Markovich notes, social ecology gradually improved its methodological apparatus with the development of the spatio-temporal approach of social geography, the economic theory of distribution, etc.

Significant progress in the development of social ecology and the process of its separation from bioecology occurred in the 60s of the current century. The World Congress of Sociologists that took place in 1966 played a special role in this. The rapid development of social ecology in subsequent years led to the fact that at the next congress of sociologists, held in Varna in 1970, it was decided to create the Research Committee of the World Association of Sociologists on Problems of Social Ecology. Thus, as D. Z. Markovich notes, the existence of social ecology as an independent scientific branch was, in fact, recognized and an impetus was given to its more rapid development and more precise definition of its subject.

During the period under review, the list of tasks that this branch of scientific knowledge was gradually gaining independence expanded significantly. If at the dawn of the formation of social ecology, the efforts of researchers were mainly limited to searching in the behavior of a territorially localized human population for analogues of the laws and ecological relations characteristic of biological communities, then from the second half of the 60s, the range of issues under consideration was supplemented by the problems of determining the place and role of man in the biosphere , developing ways to determine the optimal conditions for its life and development, harmonizing relationships with other components of the biosphere. The process of social ecology that has embraced social ecology in the last two decades has led to the fact that in addition to the above-mentioned tasks, the range of issues it develops included the problems of identifying general laws of functioning and development of social systems, studying the influence of natural factors on the processes of socio-economic development and finding ways to control action these factors.

In our country, by the end of the 70s, conditions had also developed for the separation of socio-ecological issues into an independent area of interdisciplinary research. A significant contribution to the development of domestic social ecology was made by E.V. Girusov, A. N. Kochergin, Yu. G. Markov, N. F. Reimers, S. N. Solomina and others.

One of the most important problems facing researchers at the present stage of development of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress achieved in studying various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on socio-ecological issues that have appeared in the last two or three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of There are still different opinions about what exactly this branch of scientific knowledge studies. In the school reference book “Ecology” by A.P. Oshmarin and V.I. Oshmarina, two options for defining social ecology are given: in a narrow sense, it is understood as the science “about the interaction of human society with the natural environment,” and in a broad sense, the science “about interaction the individual and human society with natural, social and cultural environments.” It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences that claim the right to be called “social ecology”. No less revealing is a comparison of the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “I) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) ecology of the human personality; 3) ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups.” The almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood “in the narrow sense,” and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology is clearly visible. The desire for actual identification of these two branches of scientific knowledge is indeed still characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often subject to reasoned criticism by domestic scientists. S.N. Solomina, in particular, pointing out the advisability of dividing social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the latter to consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical-genetic aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature. V.A. Bukhvalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers agree with this interpretation of the subject of human ecology, but N.A. Agadzhanyan, V.P. Kaznacheev and N.F. Reimers strongly disagree, according to whom, this The discipline covers a much wider range of issues of interaction between the anthroposystem (considered at all levels of its organization - from the individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to see that such an interpretation of the subject of human ecology actually equates it to social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that at present there has been a steady trend of convergence of these two disciplines, when there is an interpenetration of the subjects of the two sciences and their mutual enrichment through the joint use of empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological research.

Today, an increasing number of researchers are inclined to an expanded interpretation of the subject of social ecology. Thus, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, which he understands as private sociology, is the specific connections between man and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the habitat as a set of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A slightly different, but not contradictory, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimova and V.V. Khaskin. From their point of view, social ecology, as part of human ecology, is a complex of scientific branches that study the connection of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the connection of humans with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but especially emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.

LITERATURE

Akimova T. A., Haskin V. V. Ecology. - M., 1998.

Agadzhanyan N. A., Torshin V. I. Human ecology. Selected lectures. -M, 1994.

Bukhvalov V. A., Bogdanova L. V. Introduction to anthropoecology. - M., 1995.

Girusov E.V. Fundamentals of social ecology. - M., 1998.

Devyatova S.V., Kuptsov V.I. Development of natural science in the context of world history. -M., 1998.

Brief philosophical encyclopedia. - M., 1994.

Losev A.V., Provadkin G.G. Social ecology. - M., 1998.

Lunkevich V.V. From Heraclitus to Darwin. Essays on the history of biology: In 2t.-M„ 1960.

Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on history geographical discoveries. - M., 1982; 2nd ed. - 1986.

Markovich D. Zh. Social ecology. - M., 1991.

Reimers N. F. Ecology (theory, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses). -M., 1994.

Solomina S. N. Interaction of society and nature. - M., 1982.

Folta J., Nowy L. History of natural science in dates. - M., 1987.

Oshmarin A.P., Oshmarina V.I. Ecology. School handbook. - Yaroslavl, 1998.

TEST QUESTIONS ON HUMAN ECOLOGY

TO PREPARATE FOR THE TEST

Development of ecological ideas of people from ancient times to the present day. The emergence and development of ecology as a science.

The term “ecology” was proposed in 1866 by the German zoologist and philosopher E. Haeckel, who, while developing a system of classification of biological sciences, discovered that there was no special name for the field of biology that studies the relationships of organisms with the environment. Haeckel also defined ecology as “the physiology of relationships,” although “physiology” was understood very broadly - as the study of a wide variety of processes occurring in living nature.

The new term entered the scientific literature rather slowly and began to be used more or less regularly only in the 1900s. As a scientific discipline, ecology was formed in the 20th century, but its prehistory dates back to the 19th and even the 18th century. Thus, already in the works of K. Linnaeus, who laid the foundations for the taxonomy of organisms, there was an idea of the “economy of nature” - the strict ordering of various natural processes aimed at maintaining a certain natural balance.

In the second half of the 19th century, research that was essentially ecological began to be carried out in many countries, both by botanists and zoologists. Thus, in Germany, in 1872, the major work of August Grisebach (1814-1879) was published, who for the first time gave a description of the main plant communities the entire globe (these works were also published in Russian), and in 1898 - a major summary by Franz Schimper (1856-1901) “Geography of Plants on a Physiological Basis”, which provides a lot of detailed information about the dependence of plants on various environmental factors . Another German researcher, Karl Mobius, while studying the reproduction of oysters on the shallows (so-called oyster banks) of the North Sea, proposed the term “biocenosis,” which denoted a collection of different living creatures living in the same territory and closely interconnected.

The years 1920-1940 were very important for the transformation of ecology into an independent science. At this time, a number of books were published on various aspects ecology, specialized journals begin to be published (some of them still exist), and ecological societies emerge. But the most important thing is that it is gradually being formed theoretical basis new science, the first mathematical models are proposed and our own methodology is developed, which allows us to pose and solve certain problems.

The formation of social ecology and its subject.

Today, an increasing number of researchers are inclined to an expanded interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, which he understands as a private sociology, is the specific connections between man and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the living environment as a set of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A slightly different, but not contradictory, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin. From their point of view, social ecology, as part of human ecology, is a complex of scientific branches that study the connection of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the connection of humans with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but especially emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.

Social ecology is a young scientific discipline. In fact, the emergence and development of social ecology reflected
There is a growing interest of sociology in environmental problems, that is, a sociological approach to human ecology is born, which first led to the emergence of human ecology, or humane ecology, and later - social ecology.
According to the definition of one of the leading modern ecologists, Yu. Odum, “ecology is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, the science of the structure of multi-level systems in nature, society, and their interrelationships.”
Researchers have been interested in issues of environmental well-being for quite a long time. Already in the early stages of the formation of human society, connections were discovered between the conditions in which people live and the characteristics of their health. The works of the great ancient physician Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BC) contain numerous evidence that environmental factors and lifestyle have a decisive influence on the formation of a person’s physical (constitution) and mental (temperament) properties.
In the 17th century medical geography appeared - a science that studies the influence of natural and social conditions of various territories on the health of the people inhabiting them. Its founder was the Italian doctor Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714).
This indicates that an ecological approach to human life existed before. According to N.F. Reimers (1992), almost simultaneously with classical biological ecology, although under a different name, human ecology arose. Over the years, it has been formed in two directions: the actual ecology of man as an organism and social ecology. The American scientist J. Byus notes that the line “human geography - human ecology - sociology” originated in the works of the French philosopher and sociologist Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in 1837 and was later developed by D.-S. Mill (1806-1873) and G. Spencer (1820-1903).
According to the definition of academician A.L. Yanshin and Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.P. Kaznacheeva, human ecology is a comprehensive scientific and scientific-practical direction of research into the interaction of population (populations) with the surrounding social and natural environment. It studies the social and natural patterns of interaction between man and humanity as a whole with the environment.
current cosmoplanetary environment, problems of population development, preservation of its health and performance, improvement of human physical and mental capabilities.
Ecologist N.F. Reimers gave the following definition: “human socio-economic ecology is a scientific field that studies the general structural-spatial, functional and temporal laws of the relationship between the biosphere of the planet and the anthroposystem (its structural levels from all humanity to the individual), as well as the integral patterns of the internal biosocial organization of human society." That is, everything comes down to the same classical formula “organism and environment”, the only difference is that the “organism” is all of humanity as a whole, and the environment is all natural and social processes.
The emergence and development of social ecology is closely related to the widespread approach, according to which the physical (natural) and social world cannot be considered in isolation from each other, and to protect nature from destruction, that is, to maintain ecological balance, it is necessary to create socio-economic mechanisms that protect this equilibrium.
The development of social ecology began after the First World War, at which time the first attempts to define its subject appeared. One of the first to do this was Mac Kenzie, a well-known representative of classical human ecology. He defined human ecology as the science of the spatial and temporal relationships of people affected by selective, distributive and accommodative forces of the environment. This definition of the subject of human ecology has formed the basis for extensive studies of the spatial distribution of population and other phenomena within urban agglomerations. Meanwhile, interest in studying the spatial parameters of social life over time led to a simplified understanding of the interdependence between population and other spatial phenomena, and this led to a crisis in classical human ecology.
Demand to improve the environment in the 50s. caused increased interest in the study of environmental problems.
Social ecology arose and developed under the influence of bioecology. Thus, if the relationship of a person to the environment is identical with the relationship of any living organism, then there is no
significant differences in the action of general environmental patterns. For example, a disease is only a violation of the level of human biological adaptation, a violation of adaptive reactions in the system of elements of the biological ecosystem. Since technological progress constantly disrupts the biotic and abiotic environment of humans, it inevitably leads to an imbalance in the biological ecosystem. Therefore, along with the development of civilization, it is fatally inevitably accompanied by an increase in the number of diseases. All sorts of things further development society becomes fatal for a person and calls into question the existence of civilization. That is why in modern society they talk about “diseases of civilization.”
This understanding of the relationship between man and his environment is unacceptable.
The development of social ecology accelerates after the World Sociological Congress (Evian, 1966), which made it possible to create a research committee of the International Sociological Association on social ecology at the next World Sociological Congress (Varna, 1970). Thus, the existence of social ecology as a branch of sociology was recognized, and the preconditions were created for its faster development and a clearer definition of its subject.
Factors that influenced the emergence and formation of social ecology:
The emergence of new concepts in ecology (biocenosis, ecosystem, biosphere) and the study of man as a social being.
The threat to ecological balance and its disruption arise as a result of the complex relationship between three sets of systems: natural, technical and social.
A technical system is essentially a social system that arises in the process labor activity person, as well as in society, so it preserves the creativity of man, as well as the attitude of society towards nature, where something is created or used.