A lesson in literature and social studies on the topic “Live according to conscience and honor. Reflections on conscience, honor, dignity and inner nobility of man A

Mobile lesson on the topic:

"Live according to conscience and honor"

The severity of Russian laws is mitigated by the optionality of their implementation.

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

Kindness, love and compassion, mercy and understanding

Russian is inherent in man. The value does not lose century after century.

For the people living in our school, there is no other person’s anxiety, sadness, or pain.

Literature brings these properties of a righteous nature into our lives:

Pushkin's divine word, Chekhov's melancholy, Tolstoy's vow,

Saltykov's caustic satires and Nekrasov's calls to fight

They will live in our hearts forever.

Lesson objectives:

Analyze concepts such as bribery and corruption and show their negative consequences for society;

Introduce M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin as a prominent political figure;

Familiarize yourself with the punishment for acts of corruption;

Motivate students to live according to moral and ethical standards.

Lesson objectives:

Demonstration by students of behavior that does not violate legal and generally accepted norms;

Formation of the need to comply with norms and rules;

A statement of the consequences of breaking the law;

Expanding knowledge in the field of Russian anti-corruption legislation.

Which of these great writers do you think we will talk about today and why?

We will talk about Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin, because the building in which we are located is named in his honor.

Absolutely right. Let's look at the photographs and documents that you see at the stand. The great literary figure Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin lived and worked in this building back in the 19th century.In Ryazan The streets and library bear the name of the Russian writer, and a monument was recently erected. The satirical writer entered the history of the Ryazan province as a prominent political figure.

- Let's remember what connected him with the Ryazan region?

On the screen is a slide with photographs of the writer.

- In 1858, Alexander II signed a decree appointing Saltykov-Shchedrin as vice-governor of Ryazan. The city then had about 50 streets. Saltykov-Shchedrin knew people and their addresses so well that his knowledge is still legendary. According to local historian Igor Kanaev, there is a known case when a courier could not find a person, and Mikhail Evgrafovich sent him to church. There they found the wanted man.

According to the recollections of Ryazan officials, at the very first reception of employees of the Provincial Board, “Saltykov-Shchedrin, frowning and looking around everyone, said: “Gentlemen, I will not allow you to take bribes, and I will exact more strictly from those with better salaries. Whoever wants to serve with me should leave this manner and serve honestly...” It is noteworthy that many inveterate “clerks” had to part with their places on the Provincial Board. The vice-governor himself complained in a friendly correspondence: “Such a crowd of all kinds of illegalities and nonsense can hardly be found, and Vyatka trickery is nothing more than good nature compared to Ryazan trickery.” For his uncompromising attitude towards all abuses, Ryazan townsfolk nicknamed Saltykov-Shchedrin “Vice-Robespierre.” Over two years of active work, the great satirist so annoyed the local bureaucratic fraternity that a plump folder was collected from the complaints and slander written against him. The crowning achievement was a complaint... from the Ryazan governor himself. In 1860, the troublemaker was removed from the post of vice-governor out of harm's way and transferred to Tver.

In 1867-1868 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was again sent to our city to the post of chairman of the Treasury Chamber. In those years he lived in modest apartments in an old one-story house Starodubskikh (house No. 49 at the intersection of modern Svoboda and Shchedrin streets).

It was during the Ryazan period of his life that Saltykov-Shchedrin first received official recognition as a writer. As vice-governor and later manager of the Ryazan Treasury Chamber, he paid attention to educating the population: he was involved in the publication of the newspaper “Ryazan Provincial Gazette”, and was a trustee of the local library. By the way, it was Saltykov-Shchedrin who initiated the construction of the theater in Ryazan.

Please tell me what you haven’t stopped fighting withMikhail Evgrafovich and what do we call this concept now?

Working as vice-governor in Ryazan from 1858 to 1860, he always fought against bribery."Vice-Governor Saltykov. Knowledgeable, active, disinterested, demanding of his employees, exacting of his subordinates; these qualities gained him special trust and attention from the head of the province; he was met with the same attention from the local select society, as much as for the significance of the place he occupies, so much for his literary fame... He sincerely desires the abolition of serfdom and actively pursues its abuses, as evidenced by a significant number of investigations that took place last year about the cruel treatment of landowners with serfs for important reasons. and for unimportant reasons, the removal of some of them from managing the estate and calling them to live in the provincial city."

Let's now turn to our textbooks on literary Ryazan and read about the abuses that the author describes. This is a real commentary on Saltykov’s later story “Misha and Vanya.” The case took place in Ryazan at the end of 1859. Retired major Velyashev and the captain’s wife Kislinskaya, who lived together in Ryazan, brutally treated their serfs. In September 1859, two serf boys of Kislinskaya, Ivan - 14 years old and Gavrila - 11 years old, siblings, unable to bear the torture, decided to commit suicide and stabbed themselves in a neighboring garden with a table knife. The younger one died, the older one was cured. Having learned about this suicide, Saltykov wrote a "very necessary" official paper, in which he reported: “Yesterday, September 27, two boys who were in the service of Colonel Kislinskaya, who lives in Ryazan

Velyashev, encroached on own life. At the same time, there is a rumor in the city that this attempt occurred as a result of repeatedly repeated cruel tortures both on the part of their owner and on the part of Mr. Velyashev... And therefore I order you to carry out the strictest formal investigation into this incident, upon completion submitting it to me "Besides this case, another one is known, closely connected with the upcoming reform in the peasant business and with the attempts of local Ryazan landowners to circumvent the approaching liberation of the peasants through various machinations. This case of the factory owners Khludov brothers was so remembered by Saltykov that exactly thirty years later he wrote in "Little Things in Life" " spoke about it as a typical case of the era of the beginning of emancipation.

So what is bribery called now?

On modern stage we also come across this concept, and it is called “corruption”.

On the screen there is a slide about corruption .

1) “God-hating delicacy” Peter 1

2) “Arbitrary self-reward” S.S. Uvarov

3) “Office sweets” M.E. Saltykov – Shchedrin

As you understand, this social phenomenon arose a long time ago, but still exists. Let's turn to the presentation and work with the handouts (Appendix No. 1 proverbs about corruption ). Think about what kind of illegal activity we're talking about in proverbs and sayings?

About corruption.

Absolutely right. We study law, participate in the regional project “Meet the Judicial System of the Russian Federation” and know what corruption is. Like any complex phenomenon, corruption does not have a single canonical definition. This concept in the scientific world and in the practical sphere still does not have an unambiguous interpretation or generally accepted characteristics. The discrepancies are determined by the difference in positions from which this phenomenon is viewed: political, economic, legal, moral, everyday.

On your handouts there are different approaches to the definition of “corruption”, read (Appendix No. 2 ). Analyze all definitions and highlight the main features that are present in all definitions. Name them.

Abuse of official position;

For the purpose of personal enrichment;

Theft, embezzlement, misappropriation of state property by an official.

It is believed that only the greedy bribe-taker is to blame for corruption, and the one who gives a bribe is an innocent victim. Do you think this is true?

No. There are two sides to any corrupt deal: the one who gives the bribe (who bribes), and the one who receives it (who is bribed).

Let's look at the criminal code of the Russian Federation. Article 290 (taking a bribe), Article 291 (giving a bribe). What is a bribe?

- Bribe- these are material assets (objects or money) accepted by an official, or any property benefit, or services for an action (or, conversely, inaction).

What four groups of bribe recipients are highlighted in the article?

An official whose actions are within the scope of his official powers.

An official for illegal actions (inaction).

An official holding a public position in the Russian Federation.

Government position subject of the Russian Federation or head of local government.

What is the maximum punishment determined by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for receiving a bribe for each group? For this purpose, let’s look at Article 291 (giving a bribe). What is the maximum punishment here? (Appendix No. 3) .

Analyze the level of corruption in different countries. What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the persistence of corruption?

The desire of officials to enrich themselves at the expense of the state.

The legal framework and mechanism for implementing anti-corruption laws are insufficiently effective.

Psychological factor and morality (immoral antisocial phenomenon).

What steps is our state taking in the fight against corruption? I propose to consider the legislative framework of the Russian Federation (Appendix No. 4 ). Here is a handout of laws, decrees, regulations, the entire legislative framework in the fight against corruption. It is noteworthy that many documents are based on the experience of countries that are effectively fighting this evil. I propose to get acquainted with the experience of Japan and South Korea.

Listen to student messages.

So, the first step has been taken, there is a state legislative program, a whole system has been created executive power in the fight against corruption, anti-corruption council, working group to establish interaction between the government and business groups. But, unfortunately, there is an opinion in society that fighting corruption is pointless and an ordinary citizen does not have the opportunity to resist its manifestations in any way. Is it so? (Appendix No. 5 ). I suggest you analyze the following situations related to any manifestation of corruption in Everyday life:

The inspection of the passenger and his luggage at the airport was not carried out by the employee in accordance with the established rules;

A driver's license was obtained with an unsatisfactory assessment in the exam;

A less capable applicant was admitted to a medical university for a bribe.

- And nowthink and answer the questions:

What were the motives of the direct participants in corrupt practices?

What personal selfish benefits did you want to receive?

What socially dangerous consequences could such a situation lead to?

So, what conclusion can be drawn from what we have now analyzed?

- It all depends on a person’s upbringing; it is necessary to form an anti-corruption worldview, anti-corruption behavior as a way of life.

Shortly before his death, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin said: “Before my death, I would like to remind everyone of the once valuable and weighty words: shame, conscience, honor, which are now forgotten and have no effect on anyone.”...

Our dear graduates, each of you will soon enter adult life. I really want you not to forget what the great Russian writer said in the 19th century, so far from us. But his words are still relevant today. I want them to always help you make choices in life. the right way and make the right decision. I would like you to never pass by injustice and, if possible, to fight it. We have high hopes for you. You are our future.

They were inspired by the film. I’ll be honest, this question has always been relevant, but only after watching the film to the end, I emphasize, to the end "Who benefits from the global conflict? Or the ALLATRA IPM on honor, freedom and human rights", the puzzles have finally fallen into place.

Ancient people had an idea of ​​inner freedom; they were internally free. However, over time, the concept of internal freedom was lost and people began to look for freedom in the external, which a priori cannot be. The body is constantly dependent on something: sometimes it’s cold, sometimes it’s hot, sometimes it’s thirsty, sometimes it’s thirsty, sometimes the neighbor isn’t happy with it, sometimes flies are biting, sometimes it wants something but doesn’t know what.

You can feel free only in the spirit. To be free from bindings, from templates is another matter; this, of course, has its place. And one more thing, without which there can be no inner freedom. Honor, conscience, inner nobility, dignity, self-respect, the ability to see only the positive in others - these qualities are possessed by real man, A man with a capital letter.

Over the past few decades, in the constant race for material wealth and in the tireless struggle for survival, we have lost these qualities, therefore there are not even sensible articles on this topic. Everything is somehow selective, but I still want to understand it deeply, well, there is such a spiritual impulse.

These concepts should be basic in raising children, but above all, parents should be guided by them in their lives. Previously, when getting into difficult situations, the acute question was “what to do?”. The film gave me even more than I expected. He taught us not to be afraid to speak the truth, to defend our honor and dignity, but also to respect the honor and dignity of other people.

He gave me that inner support on which all the foundations and principles of raising children are built. Everything ingenious turned out to be simple, as always. Children need to be given a code of honor as the basis of their moral education. Based on which they will intuitively find within themselves answers to questions about what to do in a given situation. And for this you need to form it yourself.
For yourself, answer the question “what will I do if I see injustice?”

Life is great school education of our souls. No sooner said than done.

First lesson

I'm standing at the checkout counter in a store and a quarreling couple comes in. They approach the cash register and continue to sort things out loudly, using obscene language. This kind of situation is usually annoying, but for some reason we are used to being silent because we have been taught that way. Don’t interfere, they’ll figure it out on their own, so we remain silent out of fear, and maybe no one has ever told people that they don’t behave like that in public places. Calmly, tactfully, and respectfully explained that they were in public place and it is unpleasant for us, those present here, to listen to their conversation, the people also politely apologized and left.

Every situation is just a lesson. There are no errors. A person does not make mistakes, he is looking for the right way out of the situation. Life is full and harmonious when we are able to see a friend, teacher, God in another, even if it seems to us that he is mistaken. After all, in fact, he is not making mistakes, but is going through his lesson, but this is visible only when we look through the prism of Love and Knowledge, with full confidence that he has enough strength to pass it. Life only brings joy when we feel self-esteem have passed another stage.

What is it - the internal code of honor, of a real Man, which cannot be violated, no matter how external circumstances develop?

1. I, and only I, am responsible for the situation in which I found myself, for all my words, actions and thoughts. And thoughts, as scientists have proven, are material, they are the ones who shape our future, therefore there is a special responsibility for them.
2. Respect the other person's choice, whatever it may be. Everyone is responsible for their choice and I must accept it with love and gratitude, as our Creator accepts it.
3. Appreciate the work of another person as if it were your own.
4. Do not indulge evil, boldly speak the truth, even if it contradicts the opinion of the majority.
5. There are boundaries of permissibility that cannot be violated, never, under any circumstances.

This is only a small part of the principles that guide a mature Personality walking the spiritual path.

Mature, strong in spirit A person is one who lives in harmony with himself and the world around him, does not lie to himself and others, does not compare himself with anyone, he is spiritually free, open to eternity and endless knowledge. Her maturity is manifested in unity with everyone, recognition of the equal importance of all people and their complete acceptance. She sees the potential in other people and enjoys discovering it. Accepts other people's choices entirely. Such a person accepts responsibility for his words and deeds, for the situations in which he finds himself, with Love and Gratitude to the Almighty.

Conscience

God has endowed man with gifts. One of these gifts is Conscience. But not everyone recognizes it as a gift, for some it is a punishment, and some do not use it at all. Let's figure out what it is.

In A. Novykh’s book “Sensei-II” there are wonderful words on this topic:

“But isn’t it easier to stop dreaming and choose a role in life worthy of the title of Human? And be who you should be. So that when you fall asleep, you can be calm, that your conscience is clear. So that when you die, you won’t be ashamed of your thoughts and actions. And so that even standing before God, as Christians say, at the Judgment of God, you have something to say. So that your basket with good deeds is full, and with bad deeds is empty. This is what it means to be Human. For life is too short. And it is given so that a person can prove to God that he is worthy of the title of Man..."

The ancients said that Conscience is the degree of greatness of the Spirit.

Conscience is the pain that a person experiences when the internal code of honor is violated. The most paradoxical thing is that the animal component in a person really wants to violate it and at the same time it is very scary to do it. This is the kind of internal conflict that results. But initially it was given by God as the ability to feel when he is doing the right thing and when he is wrong. That’s what they say: “I acted according to my conscience or not according to my conscience.” Everyone chooses how to act.

“And honor is one of the signs of the general spirituality of a person, not just a warrior, that is, when he lives by some highly moral values. A person without honor is nothing and no one.”

"Rigden: People don’t need to waste time looking for the guilty, pleasing their Animal nature, or waiting for someone to do something for them. They need to start acting themselves, becoming good example for others. In society, people are drawn to those who have Honor, Dignity, who help other people free of charge, who live according to Conscience, who truly serve the spiritual world, ignoring material priorities. This is the kind of person you need to be, first of all working on yourself.

IN civilized society Having a spiritual vector of development, every person from childhood should be able to ignore thoughts from the Animal nature, understand their dual nature, their energy structure and its capabilities. He must know that he is directly connected with the spiritual world, that God is one and to communicate with Him there should be no intermediaries at all, this is a sacrament of two: man and God. It is necessary to create conditions in society so that new Personalities who come into this world understand main meaning life: to increase one’s spiritual strength, to observe the cultural and moral foundations that are natural to humans, to show more humanity and kindness in one’s thoughts, words and deeds, to improve in internal work over yourself and, ultimately, save your Soul."

“Man is initially free and there is no sin behind him. After all, what is sin? Sin is what weighs us down inside, at the subconscious level, it is what separates us from God, makes us fear, feels guilty. That is, it is natural a consequence of the action of your psyche after violating universal human moral laws. This is a sin. These laws are the code of your honor, your conscience. And since you yourself have violated it, you yourself need to become better and purer in your thoughts and deeds."

From book A. Novykh “Sensei-I”

Honor

From the word honest. Honest with yourself and others. In ancient times in Rus' there was such a thing as “Honest merchant word”. It was given by merchants and was valued above all else. It had weight in society, they believed it, more than today they believe notarized documents. Sealing the deal with a handshake was stronger written contracts, and reputation was valued more than not only money, but also life.

The underlying reason for the merchant's honest word was not only economic considerations. It was a kind of code of honor. Many merchants of the past were illiterate. It cost nothing to deceive such a person who could not sign the deed of sale and other financial documents. It was extremely difficult to formalize the bill of sale legally. However, a merchant's word of honor was as significant as honor or noble birth among the nobility.

Human honor is an internal concept and is associated with respect and self-esteem. If a person respects himself, then he will respect others, value in them such concepts as honor and dignity, freedom of choice. Under any circumstances in which such a person finds himself, the code of honor is untouchable.

Such a person sees the inner potential of other people, their value and resources, he feels unity with other people on an internal level. Protecting the honor and dignity of other people is an internal need for him, the number one task in communicating with other people. Violation of moral and ethical principles causes internal discomfort, mental pain and suffering. That’s what they say: “conscience torments.” Can she really torture? She tells you that you are going the wrong way, in the wrong direction.

Dignity

A person with his own dignity respects himself and others, he is able to recognize the internal equivalence of others, feel the potential and inner beauty of people.

He is in harmony with himself and the world around him, neither exalted nor humiliated. Such a person firmly holds this position, and it is his sense of self-worth that prevents him from falling into one of these extremes; he does not seek to prove anything to anyone or try to influence the choices of other people. He is full of inner nobility. This manifests itself in everything and concerns all aspects of his life. The moral and ethical standards instilled by parents from childhood cannot be transgressed by a noble person under any circumstances. All thoughts of a noble person are connected with helping his neighbor.

Visually, such people do not stand out in any way, but they exude inner warmth and light; being around them feels good and calm, as if one can breathe easier. And one more detail that I noted for myself, after communicating with such a person, I want to live, create, love the whole world, enjoy every moment.

If every person, to the best of his ability, sincerely, with his whole being, strives to develop in himself such qualities as: honor, conscience, dignity, inner nobility, then our life will become brighter, we will be able to build a creative society, life in which will bring only joy. Such a society is by no means a fantasy, but the only correct reality. And I am sure that we can unite in spirit and this is within our power, if everyone tries, then the fairy tale will become reality.

Isn't it worth it?

"All people are simple and made of the same material. But, depending on personal choice, one becomes Hitler and another becomes Buddha. So, if you want to live in a better society, start with yourself first, become A human being. Look inside yourself, think about why you live in this world, who you really are. Look with a clear gaze at the world around you, without the veil of Ahriman. Watch the purity of your thoughts. Replace your mental slander with kindness, instead of envy sincerely rejoice for the success of another person, instead of empty evil discussions, it is better to go and do good to other people, simply, silently and unselfishly. Instead of wishing harm to another and craving his death, it is better to share a piece of your bread with him and just sit together and talk about it , what's on everyone's soul, about life, about Love, about God. Let the rays of your goodness into the world, share your pure knowledge, and many souls will be warmed by their warmth. And look, from one small pure spark of yours, two will ignite. And where two, then the third will flare up. And when there are many such sparks, a real flame will ignite. So one person can do a lot of useful and kind things! And he doesn’t even imagine how large-scale his action will be and how valuable his work will be before God for the good of his soul.”

A. Novykh “Sensei-IV”

Elections as a public institution have existed for a long time. The attitude towards them has always been ambiguous. Nowadays, unfortunately, for some ordinary voters, elections are just an annoying procedure that takes up personal time. A completely different situation developed in pre-revolutionary Russia. In those days, universal suffrage could only be dreamed of. But those who had the right to participate in the elections treated them very, very responsibly. IN Russian Empire In the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, elections of councilors to city councils, held every four years, became most widespread.

According to the “City Regulations”, adopted on June 16, 1870, an all-class system of city self-government was established. City councils are elected bodies. They received significant rights in resolving many issues of city life. For example, they were in charge of city fees, capital and property, care for improvement (roads and pavements, water supply, lighting, fire fighting), the health of residents, charity for the poor, and the development of public education.

The urban reform entailed significant changes in Russian electoral law. A fairly wide range of voters took part in the elections to city government bodies, but not all.

The voter had to be a man at least 25 years old, own real estate within the city, maintain a trade or industrial establishment, the tax collection from which would go to the city. Those who did not pay taxes to the city treasury were deprived of voting rights.

All voters were divided into three categories: large, medium and small taxpayers. Each rank paid a third of the city taxes and elected a third of the councilors. The first two-thirds of all voters by property status accounted for the maximum percentage of elected vowels. This determined the dominant role of large and medium-sized entrepreneurs in the city duma.

In the fall of 1870, elections in Vladimir began with the compilation of lists of persons who had the right to vote. After corrections and approval, the voter lists were published in the Vladimir Provincial Gazette. Governor Strukov scheduled elections for December 4, 5 and 7. As a result of the elections, the majority in the Vladimir City Duma (43 out of 72 seats) was given to the commercial and industrial part of the population.

Ball Confusion

On December 27, 1870, the members of the Vladimir Duma elected the mayor and members of the city council. Before the start of the elections, they swore an oath that they would vote with a clear conscience and honor, without bias and self-interest, eliminating enmity and ties of kinship and friendship; choose the most worthy from among your brethren.

In general, the important event went well, with the exception of the incident that happened with the merchant’s nephew, the vowel Nikolai Vasilyevich Borovetsky. During the procedure for his election, the balls were taken out of the ballot box and mixed, without separately counting the electoral and non-electoral ones. On the second voting attempt, one ball was missing altogether. This circumstance and the absence of Borovetsky in the hall caused a debate, and then a third ballot, during which Nikolai Vasilyevich was not elected to the council.

This course of events greatly outraged Borovetsky. He complained to a higher authority - the Vladimir Provincial City Affairs Presence. At a meeting on January 7, 1871, Nikolai Vasilyevich asked the past elections to the city government “to be destroyed as accompanied by a clear evasion of the legal order by appointing new ones.” During the subsequent discussion of the incident, the leader Rank clarified that when electing members of the council, the balls were constantly missing. After hearing all interested parties, the members of the provincial presence decided to recognize Borovetsky’s election as a member of the council as carried out incorrectly and to grant him the right to a new one “if he wishes.”

Nikolai Vasilyevich, dissatisfied with the decision made, sent a complaint to the Senate. The Senate “found no grounds for any change in the adopted resolution.” New elections for city positions, as the offended Borovetsky demanded, did not take place.

The intrigues of the merchant Tarasov

On December 3, 1890, the city government held elections for the Vladimir Duma for the next four years. The behavior of the merchant Tarasov at them outraged many voters. Nine people submitted a written statement to the mayor Shilov. In a letter to the mayor, dissatisfied citizens wrote that Tarasov had a party in the last elections and was its agitator. Before the elections, the merchant walked around the city and collected up to 20 powers of attorney for the right to vote “in the name of members of his party,” which were presented at the elections. For the registration of these powers of attorney with the notary, money was paid, in all likelihood and rumors, by the Tarasovs from their own.

Directly at the elections themselves, the merchant, together with his clerks Frolov, Shalfeev and Seletsky, showed the “partisans” (that is, members of the assembled party) where to put the balls. The pantomime was visible to everyone. If it was necessary to elect a candidate, then Tarasov put his hands in his pockets, if not to elect, he put his hands back. When his “partisans” approached the box, before putting the ball down, they cast their gaze at Tarasov, who was standing next to him, or at one of his assistants, and then voted.

The actions of Tarasov and his “capables” were reported to the governor and the prosecutor of the Vladimir District Court. On February 6, 1891, the mayor of Vladimir, at a meeting of the Vladimir Provincial City Affairs Presence, presenting the application submitted to him, explained that neither before the start of the elections, nor during them, any violations of the law established for elections were reported to him, and therefore such violations were reported in a timely manner could not be verified. For his part, the acting prosecutor of the Vladimir District Court notified the governor the day before that the case initiated based on the application was proposed to be terminated. The statement was left without consequences.

Weekdays or holidays?

On December 4, 1912, the members of the Vladimir Duma, among other election issues, considered the following: when is it more convenient to vote - on weekdays or on weekends?

The vowels Ovchininsky, Smirnov, Molitvoslovov and some others expressed a wish that the election meeting for choosing the vowels be scheduled on a holiday, since on a weekday many, especially those who were in the service or engaged in trade, were deprived of the opportunity to participate in the elections.

Other members of the public found it convenient to schedule elections on weekdays. In their opinion, devoting one working day to participate in elections could not have encountered difficulties among voters, no matter what class they belonged to, especially since in the past, election meetings usually took place on weekdays. By casting votes by standing, by a majority of 25 to 6, it was decided to ask the Vladimir council to schedule elections for a weekday.

Election Day

Participation in elections required both time and patience from voters. On Wednesday, January 9, 1913, elections of councilors to the Vladimir Duma took place all day. In the morning, a crowd of voters filled the city council hall, the corridor, and the council premises. By 11 o'clock the documents were checked, the bell rang, and everyone gathered in the hall, where chairs were already arranged in rows.

The secretary of the council read out the list of 243 voters who appeared. They owned 266 votes, since some of those present voted for themselves and by proxy. Before the start of the procedure, mayor Nikolai Somov introduced those participating in the elections for the first time to the structure of ballot boxes. Eight of them were placed against the wall of the hall.

At exactly noon the first round of voting began. Voters dropped the balls into either the right side of the box (for) or the left side (against), and then moved on to the next “box” to vote. The expression of will took place in series: in the first round, eight people from the beginning of the list of candidates ran, then the next on the list, and so on. The first round ended after 40 minutes. After counting the balls, the results were announced. The candidate who received the majority of votes was considered elected to the council.

The elections ended at 9 pm. Over the past day, 91 voters left the premises. A total of 20,920 balls were placed into the ballot boxes during the election procedure. These were the last elections of councilors to the Vladimir City Duma, which served the entire required term. The revolutionary year of 1917 radically changed the entire life of Russian citizens, including the election law.

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Our whole life is a choice! We do it every minute, every day, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. This large selection consists of many smaller ones. We choose a life partner; the business we want to do; friends; travel; purchases; food and much more. We do this continuously. How our life will unfold and in what direction we will move further depends on what choice we make and in favor of what. This applies to all aspects of our multifaceted lives.

The most important thing is that we have freedom of choice, Always! And this inner freedom to make one’s choice according to human honor and dignity cannot be taken away, hidden behind bars or locked in a safe. A person can only part with such inner freedom himself. For me, the phrase that we hear often in life is unacceptable “I couldn’t do otherwise, I had no choice”. These are the words of a man who evades responsibility who does not want to make a choice, who wants to justify his somewhat unworthy actions or words. But he is trying to deceive, first of all, himself, and simply refuses to choose, but refusing a choice is also a choice, perhaps unconscious! Such actions are even worse. Because a person does not grow spiritually, but falls several steps down.

The indicator of our choice is conscience. That is, responsibility A person, first of all, before himself, as a bearer of high, fair values. The hidden voice of the Soul. It gives you the opportunity to correct your wrong choice. Every person has it, it all depends on what kind of life a person allows it to live. Does he lock her behind the most secret door behind seven locks or gives her freedom and lives with her in harmony and peace. A free conscience illuminates a person from the inside with a wondrous light, but a deeply hidden conscience breaks out sooner or later, it bursts into flames and heats up everything inside. It is the matter of time.

Sometimes it’s amazing how low a person can stoop and for what. The price of the question that prompted me to write about this is $20 a month, unpaid for two years, for a total of $480. So, quite a bit for a hired manager whose income is $1,500 a month, and quite a lot for the same employee, whose income is $250 per month.

I won't go into details about this situation. Here is a manager’s mistake in calculating wages, which was discovered by chance two years later by an employee when he was promoted. The attitude and behavior of a person in this situation is interesting. The manager's fear of the founder makes his mind convulsively dodge in search of an unworthy way out of this situation. All possible means of manipulation are used: pressure, blackmail, intimidation, etc., which would not encourage action, but force shut up. The final phrase: “You won’t get anything, I will do everything for this,” clearly confirmed the leader’s determination. I would like to note that the employee is an honest and decent person in all respects.

The basis of fear is the reluctance to question one's reputation as an intelligent, competent financial leader. You can return the money, but you will need to provide the founder with an explanation of the reasons. The reason is clear - an error. Although this situation leads to different thoughts. Was there only one employee who suffered this way? And perhaps it's not a mistake at all, but purposeful systemic action for all employees. I will not look for other reasons and develop a logically constructed chain. The conclusions that naturally arise may be just a figment of our imagination.

Let's say it's just a mistake. And here before our eyes is this choice, in which we practically find ourselves all the time and the consequences of which affect our lives. This is how a person is able to forget about his purpose on this earth, he chases an inner call truth, for the fear of losing some kind of social status.

This situation has no end yet; it is in the process of clarification and investigation. But there are many such examples in our lives. After all, a person’s actions are determined by the framework of his idea of ​​life. And before making a choice, you need to ask yourself, first of all, the questions: “What am I getting?”, “What am I losing?”

Gains and loses, first of all, Essence Human, receives and loses in his own. After all, the purpose of our coming into this world is the development, the spiritual growth of our personality, our Essence. Is it really for Human is equivalent to exchanging your conscience for money, no matter what amount. Money appears, we spend it, but what does the Entity ultimately get? What is a person guided by when deciding to exchange the eternal for the temporary?

No less important question: “What does the other person who might be affected by my decision lose?” It is at this moment that the balance of scales arises, which every person has. Where is this balance, at what point? At the point when I understand that both the other person and I, my Essence, should feel good from all sides.

This is probably where he wakes up conscience, at this moment and in this place. AND Human must not forget about the purpose of his Essence on earth. He commits an act for which he will not be tormented by remorse in the future. conscience. But not everyone experiences pangs of conscience, but only those who have it. Many people just have a mixture of fear and guilt. Fear of future possible punishment, retribution. In this situation, the manager does not have high moral qualities, and what kind of punishment is possible from an ordinary ordinary employee? There are no limits, nothing to stop, there is not even a basic ability for empathy, for compassion.

Most people live as if they will never wake up tomorrow, as if they are living their last day. They cross the boundaries of what is permitted and put a price tag on their own conscience. So we are observing the situation as it has developed. One can only regret and say: “They don’t know what they are doing.” And the worst thing is that they don’t want to know.

Each person must remain, first of all, Human, no matter what situation he was in, no matter what position he held. And a person must be guided by honor and dignity. Act according to your deepest truth, resonating with his essence, requiring no justification. These are the qualities that should underlie everyone Human, they will help you overcome difficulties with dignity and strengthen your will and spirit. Because our every minute choice is a process of continuous becoming, and who we become is determined by our inner state and constant choice.

The moment when we make a choice is the moment of creation of our life. The consequences of our choice affect not only us, our entire family, the people who surround us, friends and strangers, and the fate of our land. We must teach this to our children, we simply must instill this from childhood, in order to lay a high-quality foundation for each personality. The future of our state and our people depends on this. Because children absolutely copy the judgments and behaviors of you and me, adults. And without instilling in them responsibility towards themselves, they will never hear such words: "Shame on you?!" They will not penetrate their hearts.

No, they won’t be ashamed, they were raised that way. Their internal scales of “What is good and what is bad,” by which they are able to determine this, society has long been beginning to utilize. Say these words to some teenager, what will you often hear in response? It’s not difficult to guess; I myself have been answered more than once with an impudent grin. Because there is time for a child to develop an understanding of these important concepts, what shame, what's happened conscience.

And the child of this manager will witness a casual conversation between dad and mom, who will calmly tell her husband about the impudence of this employee: “What a scoundrel, he was able to figure out that he was shortchanged.” It may even be more, dad will offer mom options for avoiding responsibility. Now draw your conclusions what will our society be like.

People, without your participation we will never be able to explain to children what is good and what is bad. Let's start with ourselves, evaluate what kind of example we set for children. After all, we all want to live in a fair society, which will be guided by the concepts honor And conscience.

I would like to reach every blind and deaf person, so that a ray of light penetrates every sleeping soul, tears away the veil, opens their eyes and makes them think. So that people respect themselves for their actions. To maintain their true freedom, when they don’t have to bend their hearts and do like everyone else. To maintain the harmony of your inner world. Yes, this very often requires courage in life, the courage to act according to the voice of your conscience. But this will provide an opportunity to fill Light to the soul, so that she shines like a marvelous diamond from within, emitting the Light of purity, regardless of her position in society.

Perhaps someone, after reading this article, will recognize themselves. He will be able to correct the consequences of his mistake. It's never too late to apologize, it's never too late act honorably. Perhaps someone will hear their voice conscience. Don't suppress it, listen and follow this call. For your true purpose. For the reason why you came to this planet. For the sake of our children. For our future. For the sake of our Motherland.

The girl chose the most unattractive apple on the tray. When they asked her why she did this, she answered in surprise: “So that others could get it better...”

It's amazing that she did this without thinking.

In the modern world there is a tendency to depreciate spiritual values. This is especially true for such concepts as honor and conscience. It is noteworthy that many people do not even fully understand what honor is, and what is conscience? They are familiar with these concepts only in words, forgetting that they need to be used in practice. How are these two concepts interpreted in words, and how do modern people understand them?

Dictionaries give quite lengthy definitions of these categories. For example, conscience, according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, denotes an ethical category characterized by moral self-control. That is, a person feels moral remorse associated with one or another of his actions. Remorse has been familiar to us humans since childhood. For example, a child who lied to his parents for the first time may experience remorse, and this is normal. But in the future, these same conscientious impulses seem to dry up in a person, and the voice of conscience becomes quieter and quieter.

Honor is associated with the assessment of the nobility and justice of an individual. According to Dahl's dictionary, honor is primarily associated with self-esteem. Thus, honor is a more complex category; it implies the right of a person to evaluate himself within the framework of self-respect, to protect his personality from oppression from the outside. Since ancient times, it was believed that a person, regardless of his gender, should have honor and never forget about it. Honor could motivate a man to heroic deeds on the battlefield, and a woman to be faithful to her husband.

These two concepts are deeply interconnected and cannot exist without each other. Let's imagine a world without honor and without conscience, a world in which these two concepts do not even exist. It is safe to say that the crime rate will skyrocket, because a person will not be ashamed and conscientious for killing or stealing something. Without honor, people will be ready to do anything to achieve their own goal, jumping over the norms of morality and law, as if they do not exist at all.

In order to better understand the place of these two concepts in life modern man, it is necessary to find a connection between them and find out how to cultivate honor and conscience in today's conditions?

How are these concepts interrelated?

1. inner nobility;
2. justice;
3. self-esteem;
4. purity of conscience

A person distinguished by nobility must adhere to his convictions, speak the truth and live according to his conscience, without betraying the ideals of society. If a person experiences remorse, it means that she understands that an event has occurred that is contrary to the norms of modern society, an event that can demonstrate negative character traits of a person.

For example, a child stole a toy from his friend and feels remorse about it. Of course, for the parent this is a wake-up call, because the child has committed, albeit a minor, but still immoral act, which may have its consequences. If a child independently admits to such an action, then it is necessary to find out the reasons for committing the theft and the characteristics of the emotions that the child experienced. If such a concept as conscience is already present in his still young mental organization, it means that the process of education is going in the right direction. The child should be encouraged to return the toy, apologize, and resolve the problematic situation. In this case, conscience will help in the future to give birth to honor, which will never leave the child. We can talk about honor only if the child corrects what he has done, because otherwise he himself will not be able to experience respect for himself, which is an integral part of the emergence of dignity.

Of course, these two concepts are an integral part of the modern social system. For example, the expression often appears "man of honor". It denotes someone capable of keeping his word, standing up for the weak, a defender of justice. This expression has always been one of the biggest compliments in Russia. A noble gentleman must meet this criterion. A person of honor does not always win in life, since it is much easier for a dishonest person to violate the tenets of society. And yet, a man of honor is in harmony with himself and with his own inner world, which means he is not afraid of remorse.

Conscience is linear, but honor is multifaceted. Both honor and conscience are directly related to. Honor does not even allow one to think about unvirtuous actions; conscience controls actions when they are possibly carried out. A person without honor and conscience is definitely selfish. His selfishness manifests itself in absolutely everything: in relation to society, loved ones, relatives, acquaintances, life in general. Conscientious people are for the most part altruistic: they are ready to help their neighbor, providing him with everything he needs, they are afraid to do something that will discredit their honor or violate the moral standards that exist in their head. Man is a deeply social creature. If his circle considers certain norms of behavior to be correct, he will psychologically strive to fulfill its requirements.

What is the role of these ethical categories for the life of modern man?

1. They help overcome obstacles. Sometimes, in order to achieve success, people lose face by overstepping moral standards and other members of society. Honor and conscience make it possible to remain human no matter what. Personal benefits become secondary when you realize that you can lose yourself because of them.

For example, an egoist, a person without honor and without conscience, is capable of slandering his colleague for the sake of a new position and overstepping the interests of others. A man of honor would never do that. Perhaps his path to career success will be more thorny, but honest and conscientious.

2. Honor and conscience are associated with respect. They contribute to the growth of authority in any circles. This is especially true now, when there are fewer and fewer “people of honor”.

For example, in business it is very difficult to become successful without honor. You can make one deal and deceive your partner, getting the so-called instant profit. However, rumors about the businessman’s dishonesty will quickly spread, and in the future, hardly anyone will want to cooperate with him, fearing deception and meanness.

3. Moral categories give freedom and peace of mind from insincerity, lies and baseness. A person who is confident in his purity and rightness is much happier than those who achieve their goals using dirty methods.

4. Honor and conscience ensure reliability. A person who has been tested for strength receives a huge “credit of trust.” In the future, this will benefit him due to mutual assistance for his honesty. They are ready to entrust him with any important task in the work team, to entrust big project or management issues. Honor - best recommendation in any field.

What are the reasons for minimizing the categories of honor and conscience in our time?

1. The growth of careerism.

The modern world is a world of money and career achievements. Often, in order to survive in such conditions, you have to become tougher and more cynical. The phrase “go over your head” is no longer perceived as critically as it was 50 years ago. People now not only go against their conscience, breaking promises and using lies and cunning as a means of struggle, but also do not defend their honor. For example, under the yoke of their superiors, most junior employees are ready to cave in and put on a mask of hypocrisy, because otherwise they will lose their jobs, and, therefore, they will have nothing to feed their family.
Moreover, a conscientious person is often left without work and livelihood simply because he is incapable of committing a vile act towards other people.

2. The influence of modern cinema and literature.

People have long moved away from classical art, sincerely loving the alternative as a genre. In many modern films, the hero does not have to be honest, positive characters have long ceased to arouse the love of the viewer, asociality, nihilism and the ability to get out of difficult situations with the help of cold cynicism and logic are in fashion. Of course, many people want to be like their favorite heroes, follow their example, be more impressive and interesting. This often leads to exaggeration and unnecessary fixation on fictitious ideals of selfishness. Harsh and complex negative characters create false ideas about how to behave. For example, the very smart and interesting TV series “House M.D.” shows us a character who is absolutely cynical and capable of bypassing any usual social norms. At some points he still behaves nobly, but his popularity is not great because of such “lights”. The same can be said about the new film "Sherlock Holmes", where the sociopathic Sherlock is recognized and respected not for the ideals of honor, which he can ignore, but for logic and cold rationalism.

3. Family troubles.

Children from dysfunctional families and orphanages grow up “according to the laws of the street,” where the concepts of honor and conscience are distorted. It's not that they have to grow up and become antisocial people, but that they are emotionally harsh. If such a child was able to break out and become a wealthy person, this does not mean that he has forgotten his past. Half of these children, on the contrary, will have a heightened sense of justice, they will become full-fledged members of society, start a family and will zealously defend their honor and social units, but the second half will get stuck in a hole of antimorality, where the strongest wins, and not the one who is right.

4. Lack of proper ethical education.

The concept of honor and conscience should be instilled from childhood, as part of the question of what is good and what is bad. If there is a gap in this section, the consequences will be very noticeable over the years. For example, a teenager may see at school how older children hurt children. With proper upbringing, honor will not allow him to remain on the sidelines. As a man of honor, he will definitely stand up for the weak. A more banal example: a child has lost some important thing. He is faced with a choice: lie to his parents about the loss, or tell the truth. He confesses, otherwise his conscience will torment him.

How to educate a child’s concept of honor and conscience?

First, it is necessary to answer the question of why to cultivate honor and conscience in a child from childhood? It was repeatedly noted above that life is much more difficult for a conscientious person, because he is not able to step over the moral and ethical norms of society. However, the education of conscience and honor in a child should be manifested for several reasons.

1. a child brought up according to all moral and ethical rules will treat his parents more respectfully;
2. such a person will be less inclined to criminal activity, since he will consider it immoral;
3. a person who focuses, first of all, on the concepts of honor and conscience will be able to build his own family and friendly relationships much easier;
4. a child brought up according to such rules will be able to quickly and easily find the work of his life, which he will do not for pleasure, but for the sake of money.

How often can you hear someone say that “you have no conscience?” In fact, this is global problem modern world which needs to be addressed urgently. The lack of conscience and honor among the values ​​of modern man leads to an increase in the crime rate, an increase in the divorce rate and basic loneliness. A person who is ready to cross all the rules and norms for the sake of his personal pleasure will easily change his spouse, step over the interests of a friend and commit a crime for the sake of enrichment. There is no future for such a person, because he morally corrupts and destroys society.

That is why now parents must raise their children in the spirit of conscience in order to create a completely new society in which the guarantors of freedom and honor would not be an empty phrase.

How to carry out such education?

First of all, the parents themselves must have a clear understanding of what these categories mean and what they expect from the child in the future. You cannot demand from a small member of society what you yourself do not believe in.

Methods for instilling civic and moral standards are varied.

Firstly, this TV. Instructive cartoons and programs can help a child recognize positive and negative actions.

Secondly, literature. Fairy tales and stories often give rise to much more reflection than other visual media. The child empathizes throughout the reading, forming his own opinion about their actions.

Third, conversation method. This is probably the most important way to instill the concepts of honor and conscience. Through the family, a child discovers the world and learns to be part of it. Parents can discuss books that the child has read, or simply start an unobtrusive conversation regarding morality. Simplicity of presentation and decent examples will lead to the desired result. Now there are also numerous games that promote the development of moral foundations in preschoolers, including honor and conscience.

Fourthly, personal example of parents who live according to their conscience. From childhood, the child is explained why lying is bad, but the parents themselves do not hesitate to use lies in their communication with the child. Moreover, parents, often without thinking, set a bad example for the younger generation. For example, how can a father, who raises his hand against a mother in the presence of children, talk about conscience and honor if he himself has never been familiar with these concepts? Whatever the parent says in this case, the child will be guided by his actions. As a result, in the future, a grown-up child will consider it absolutely normal to raise a hand against someone who is weaker and lie to someone who sincerely believes you.

Of course, there are different methods for instilling honor and conscience, but an adult should start with introspection. Does he have the qualities that he wants to cultivate in a child? Can he somehow acquire them?

Is it possible to instill honor and conscience in an adult?

Returning to the problems of our time, it is worth emphasizing the fact that there is a whole layer of people who are disillusioned with old ideals and deny moral values. Nihilism has struck society like a disease. How to return such a person to the path of life according to honor and conscience? Statistics show that this is only possible with the help of long-term persuasion and motivation. That is, if a person who is not afraid to tarnish his honor and does without remorse falls into the company of noble people who honor these qualities, there is a chance for “correction.” But basically, adult individuals have already formed their worldview, so it’s too late to change them.

If a person suddenly realizes that his dishonesty and selfishness are poisoning everything around him, he has the power to change his own life. To do this, you just need to think about each of your actions. One should find a spiritual and moral example to follow. Every person should have such an example; it could be a close relative or friend with a keen sense of justice and conscientiousness. When committing any act, the egoist must think, what would his moral example do in this case? By relying on such a spiritual leader, you can easily change yourself.

And yet, the malleable child's brain absorbs ideas like a sponge. For example, an instructive story told to an adult may not have any effect on his thinking, dissolving into the stream of consciousness. But if you tell a child a simple situation about a person who dropped his wallet in the middle of the street, who was picked up and returned by a passer-by, praising such an honest act, the child will remember this example for a long time. He will want his parents to feel proud of him, and the very fact that he may not return the lost item will become unacceptable to him, because this is an act against honor that causes remorse. An adult comes up with millions of reasons why keeping the wallet for himself is beneficial and good, but returning it is stupid and imprudent in such difficult times. Will your conscience torment you if you don’t give some change to an old lady? Or will you pass by her, rushing about your business, thinking that she is deceiving people or giving the proceeds to someone else? In a world where material values ​​prevail over spiritual ones, it is difficult to find support for the return of old truths.

Thus, the concepts of honor and conscience are a stumbling block and the basis of moral principles. Honor gives birth to conscience, and conscience serves to uphold the ideals of honor. If these categories are devalued, the world will face the dominance of injustice and lies, leading to the disintegration of society. Already several recent years The media talk about the impoverishment of culture and values. This doesn't happen by accident. Lack of work on oneself, self-control, search for simple solutions to problems, incorrect upbringing - all this inevitably leads to the fact that the words “honor” and “conscience” turn into an empty phrase for the majority.

People do not understand that sooner or later, a chain of vile and unscrupulous actions will lead them to loneliness. At this very moment you will have to think about all your wrong actions and deeply regret them. The modern generation is given an excellent chance not to follow the path of their ancestors and to continue the development of impoverished society. Nurturing honor and conscience, modern society can reach a new level of development without crime, humiliation and oppression.

It is worth remembering that if a person does not respect himself, does not fight for his honor, does not act according to his conscience, then he does not respect others. Without respect for each other, it is difficult for people to coexist together in closed spaces. Asocial people on a large scale cannot serve as raw material for a huge world that requires great things. What our ancestors sacredly believed in is overgrown with moss and longs for restoration in the eyes of millions of social units. Therefore, it is necessary from an early age to teach the growing generation to understand the high value of honor and conscience. Then we will be surrounded only by worthy people, altruists who raise life to a new level.