Famous inventors. Great inventions of mankind
Every year on the last Saturday of June, Russia celebrates Inventor and Innovator Day. Our country is rich in great scientists and inventors who have made a significant contribution not only to Russian progress, but also to the world. We invite you to get acquainted with the brilliant fruits of the engineering thought of our compatriots, which you can rightfully be proud of!
1. Galvanoplasty
We so often come across products that look like metal, but are actually made of plastic and only covered with a layer of metal, that we have stopped noticing them. There are also metal products coated with a layer of another metal - for example, nickel. And there are metal products that are actually a copy of a non-metallic base. We owe all these miracles to the genius of physics Boris Jacobi - by the way, the older brother of the great German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi.
Jacobi's passion for physics resulted in the creation of the world's first electric motor with direct shaft rotation, but one of his most important discoveries was electroplating - the process of depositing metal on a mold, allowing the creation of perfect copies of the original object. In this way, for example, sculptures were created on the naves of St. Isaac's Cathedral. Galvanoplasty can be used even at home.
The electroforming method and its derivatives have found numerous applications. With its help, everything has not been done and is still not being done, right down to the cliché of state banks. Jacobi received the Demidov Prize for this discovery in Russia, and a large gold medal in Paris. Possibly also made using this same method.
In the last third of the 19th century, the world was gripped by a form of electrical fever. That's why electric cars were made by everyone. This was the golden age of electric cars. The cities were smaller, and a range of 60 km on a single charge was quite acceptable. One of the enthusiasts was engineer Ippolit Romanov, who by 1899 had created several models of electric cabs.
But that’s not even the main thing. Romanov invented and created in metal an electric omnibus for 17 passengers, developed a scheme of city routes for these ancestors of modern trolleybuses and received permission to work. True, at your own personal commercial peril and risk.
The inventor was unable to find the required amount, to the great joy of his competitors - owners of horse-drawn horses and numerous cab drivers. However, the working electric omnibus aroused great interest among other inventors and remained in the history of technology as an invention killed by the municipal bureaucracy.
It is difficult to say what is considered the first real pipeline. One can recall the proposal of Dmitry Mendeleev, dating back to 1863, when he proposed to deliver oil from the production sites to the seaport at the Baku oil fields not in barrels, but through pipes. Mendeleev's proposal was not accepted, and two years later the first pipeline was built by the Americans in Pennsylvania. As always, when something is done abroad, they begin to do it in Russia. Or at least allocate money.
In 1877, Alexander Bari and his assistant Vladimir Shukhov again came up with the idea of pipeline transport, already relying on American experience and again on the authority of Mendeleev. As a result, Shukhov built the first oil pipeline in Russia in 1878, proving the convenience and practicality of pipeline transport. The example of Baku, which was then one of the two leaders in world oil production, became infectious, and “getting on the pipe” became the dream of any enterprising person. In the photo: a view of a three-furnace cube. Baku, 1887.
Nikolai Benardos comes from Novorossiysk Greeks who lived on the Black Sea coast. He is the author of more than a hundred inventions, but he went down in history thanks to the electric arc welding of metals, which he patented in 1882 in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, the USA and other countries, calling his method “electrohephaestus”.
Benardos's method spread across the planet like wildfire. Instead of fiddling with rivets and bolts, it was enough to simply weld pieces of metal. However, it took about half a century for welding to finally take a dominant position among installation methods. A seemingly simple method is to create an electric arc between a consumable electrode in the welder’s hands and the pieces of metal that need to be welded. But the solution is elegant. True, it did not help the inventor meet old age with dignity; he died in poverty in 1905 in an almshouse.
It’s hard to believe now, but just over a hundred years ago it was believed that a multi-engine aircraft would be extremely difficult and dangerous to fly. The absurdity of these statements was proved by Igor Sikorsky, who in the summer of 1913 took into the air a twin-engine aircraft called Le Grand, and then its four-engine version, the Russian Knight.
On February 12, 1914, the four-engine Ilya Muromets took off at the Russian-Baltic Plant training ground in Riga. There were 16 passengers on board the four-engine plane - an absolute record at that time. The plane had a comfortable cabin, heating, a bath with toilet and... a promenade deck. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the aircraft, in the summer of 1914, Igor Sikorsky flew on the Ilya Muromets from St. Petersburg to Kyiv and back, setting a world record. During World War I, these aircraft became the world's first heavy bombers.
Igor Sikorsky also created the first production helicopter, the R-4, or S-47, which the Vought-Sikorsky company began producing in 1942. It was the first and only helicopter to serve in World War II, in the Pacific theater of operations, as a staff transport and for casualty evacuation.
However, it is unlikely that the US military department would have allowed Igor Sikorsky to boldly experiment with helicopter technology if not for the amazing rotary-wing machine of George Botezat, who in 1922 began testing his helicopter, which the American military ordered him. The helicopter was the first to actually take off from the ground and be able to stay in the air. The possibility of vertical flight was thus proven.
Botezat's helicopter was called the "flying octopus" because of its interesting design. It was a quadcopter: four propellers were placed at the ends of metal trusses, and the control system was located in the center - exactly like modern radio-controlled drones.
Color photography appeared back in late XIX century, however, photographs of that time were characterized by a shift to one or another part of the spectrum. The Russian photographer was one of the best in Russia and, like many of his colleagues around the world, dreamed of achieving the most natural color rendition.
In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied color photography in Germany with Adolf Miethe, who by that time was a worldwide star of color photography. Returning home, Prokudin-Gorsky began to improve the chemistry of the process and in 1905 he patented his own sensitizer, that is, a substance that increases the sensitivity of photographic plates. As a result, he was able to produce negatives of exceptional quality.
Prokudin-Gorsky organized a number of expeditions across the territory Russian Empire, photographing famous people (for example, Leo Tolstoy), and peasants, temples, landscapes, factories - thus creating an amazing collection of colored Russia. Prokudin-Gorsky's demonstrations aroused great interest in the world and pushed other specialists to develop new principles of color printing.
As you know, the idea of a parachute was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, and several centuries later, with the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps from balloons began: parachutes were suspended under them in a partially opened state. In 1912, the American Barry was able to leave the plane with such a parachute and, importantly, landed on the ground alive.
The problem was solved in every possible way. For example, the American Stefan Banich made a parachute in the form of an umbrella with telescopic spokes that were attached around the pilot’s torso. This design worked, although it was still not very convenient. But engineer Gleb Kotelnikov decided that it was all about the material, and made his parachute from silk, packing it in a compact backpack. Kotelnikov patented his invention in France on the eve of the First World War.
But besides the backpack parachute, he came up with another interesting thing. He tested the opening ability of the parachute by opening it while the car was moving, which literally stood rooted to the spot. So Kotelnikov came up with a braking parachute as an emergency braking system for aircraft.
The history of this musical instrument, which produces strange “cosmic” sounds, began with the development of alarm systems. It was then that a descendant of the French Huguenots, Lev Theremin, in 1919, drew attention to the fact that changes in body position near the antennae oscillatory circuits affects the volume and pitch of the sound from the monitor speaker.
Everything else was a matter of technique. And marketing: Theremin showed his musical instrument to the leader of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin, an enthusiast of the cultural revolution, and then demonstrated it in the States.
The life of Lev Theremin was difficult; he knew ups, glory, and camps. His musical instrument still lives today. The coolest version is the Moog Etherwave. The theremin can be heard among the most advanced and quite pop performers. This is truly an invention for all times.
Vladimir Zvorykin was born into a merchant family in the city of Murom. Since childhood, the boy had the opportunity to read a lot and carry out all sorts of experiments - his father encouraged this passion for science in every possible way. Having started studying in St. Petersburg, he learned about cathode ray tubes and came to the conclusion that electronic circuits the future of television.
Zvorykin was lucky; he left Russia on time in 1919. He worked for many years and in the early 30s he patented a transmitting television tube - an iconoscope. Even earlier, he designed one of the variants of the receiving tube - a kinescope. And then, already in the 1940s, he split the light beam into blue, red and green colors and got color TV.
In addition, Zworykin developed a night vision device, electron microscope and many more interesting things. He invented all his long life and even in retirement he continued to surprise with his new solutions.
The AMPEX company was created in 1944 by Russian emigrant Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov, who took three letters of his initials for the name and added EX - short for “excellent”. At first, Ponyatov produced sound recording equipment, but in the early 50s he focused on developing video recording.
By that time, there had already been experiments in recording television images, but they required a huge amount of tape. Ponyatov and colleagues proposed recording the signal across the tape using a block of rotating heads. On November 30, 1956, the first previously recorded CBS News aired. And in 1960, the company, represented by its leader and founder, received an Oscar for outstanding contribution to technical equipment film and television industry.
Fate brought Alexander Ponyatov together with interesting people. He was a competitor of Zvorykin, Ray Dolby, the creator of the famous noise reduction system, worked with him, and one of the first clients and investors was the famous Bing Crosby. And one more thing: by order of Ponyatov, birch trees were necessarily planted near any office - in memory of the Motherland.
A long time ago, 30 years ago, the “Pentamino” puzzle was popular in the USSR: you had to place various figures consisting of five squares on a lined field. Even collections of problems were published, and the results were discussed.
From a mathematical point of view, such a puzzle was an excellent test for a computer. And so, a researcher at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Alexey Pajitnov, wrote such a program for his computer “Electronics 60”. But there wasn’t enough power, and Alexey removed one cube from the figures, that is, he made a “tetromino”. Well, then the idea came to have the figures fall into the “glass”. This is how Tetris was born.
This was the first computer game from behind the Iron Curtain, and for many, the first computer game. And although many new toys have already appeared, Tetris still attracts with its apparent simplicity and real complexity.
It is difficult for us today to imagine that 200 years ago people did not know anything about electricity, most modern types of transport, television, not to mention mobile phones, Skype, the Internet and other components of the modern information society.
In this regard, it will be interesting to consider the authorship of which inventions that became fateful for the development of mankind belong to Russian inventors. Of course, it is impossible to cover all areas of invention, so this article will contain a certain degree of selectivity and subjectivity. Let's immediately say that in Russian state the main components of patent law (which is directly related to establishing the primacy of an invention) have been formed only since the 30s. XIX century, while in the West they became acquainted with this concept a little earlier. And therefore, the phrases “first to invent” and “first to patent” were not always identical.
Military affairs, weapons
1. G. E. Kotelnikov - inventor of the backpack parachute. While in the theater, the inventor saw in the hands of one lady a tightly rolled piece of fabric, which, after a little effort of the hands, turned into a loose scarf. So, the principle of a parachute’s operation appeared in Kotelnikov’s head. Unfortunately, the novelty initially gained recognition abroad, and only during the First World War did the tsarist government remember the existence of this useful invention.
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention.
By the way, the inventor had other ideas that have not yet been implemented
2. N. D. Zelinsky - invented a filtering carbon gas mask. Despite the Hague Convention prohibiting the use of toxic substances? first world war The use of gas poisoning substances became a reality and therefore representatives of the warring countries began to look for ways to protect themselves from these dangerous weapons. It was then that Zelinsky proposed his know-how - a gas mask in which activated carbon was used as a filter, which, as it turned out, successfully neutralized all toxic substances.
Russian soldiers in Zelinsky gas masks on the front line during the First World War
3. L. N. Gobyato - inventor of the mortar-mortar. The invention appeared in the field during the years Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Faced with a problem - the need to knock out enemy forces from trenches and trenches located in the immediate vicinity, Gobyato and his assistant Vasiliev proposed using a light 47-mm naval gun on wheels under these conditions. Instead of conventional shells, homemade pole mines were used, which were fired at a certain angle along a hinged trajectory.
Mortar of the Gobyato system on the positions of Mount Vysokaya. D. Buzaev
4. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - inventor of a self-propelled mine (torpedo) and the first mechanically driven submarine in the Russian fleet.
Aleksandrovsky submarine
5. V. G. Fedorov - creator of the world's first machine gun. Actually, a machine gun was originally understood as an automatic rifle, which Fedorov began to create even before the start of the First World War - in 1913. Only since 1916 did the invention gradually begin to be used in combat, although, of course, with weapons mass distribution the machine gun became available during the Second World War.
Automatic machine of the Fedorov system
Communications, information transfer
1. A. S. Popov - inventor of radio. On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society at St. Petersburg University, he demonstrated the operation of a radio receiver he had invented, but did not manage to patent it. Patent and Nobel Prize(together with K.F. Brown) the Italian G. Marconi received for the invention of radio.
Radio Popova
2. G. G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable.
3. V.K. Zvorykin - inventor of television and television broadcasting based on the electronic principle. He developed the iconoscope, kinescope, and the basics of color television. Unfortunately, he made most of his discoveries in the USA, where he emigrated in 1919.
4. A. M. Ponyatov - inventor of the video recorder. Just like Zvorykin emigrated from Russia in the years civil war, and, once in the USA, continued his developments in the field of electronics. In 1956, Ampex, under the leadership of Poniatov, released the world's first commercial video recorder.
Ponyatov with his brainchild
5. I. A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera. In 1893, in Odessa, the world’s first two films, “The Javelin Thrower” and “The Galloping Horseman,” were shown on a large piece of white sheet. They were demonstrated using a movie camera designed by mechanic-inventor Timchenko. In 1895, Louis Jean Lumiere, who together with his brother are considered the founders of cinema, received a patent for the invention of the cinema camera.
Medicine
1. N.I. Pirogov - the first use of anesthesia in military field surgery during the Caucasian War in 1847. It was Pirogov who began to use bandages soaked in starch, which turned out to be very effective. In addition, he introduced a fixed plaster cast into medical practice.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in military field surgery
2. G. A. Ilizarov - the name of this inventor is named after the device he designed in 1953. It is used in orthopedics, traumatology, and surgery. The device is an iron structure consisting of rings and spokes, and is mainly widely known for healing fractures, straightening deformed bones, and straightening legs.
Layout diagrams of the Ilizarov apparatus
3. S. S. Bryukhonenko - created the world's first artificial blood circulation apparatus (autojector). Through experiments, he proved that reviving the human body after clinical death is possible in the same way as open-heart surgery, organ transplantation and the creation of an artificial heart.
Today, surgeons can no longer do without artificial blood circulation machines, and the credit for their creation belongs to our compatriot
4. V.P. Demikhov is one of the founders of transplantology. He was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart. Experimenting on dogs in the 1940s. was able to transplant a second heart, and then replace the dog’s heart with a donor one. Experiments on dogs later saved thousands of lives
5. Fedorov S.N. - radial keratomy. In 1973, for the first time in the world, he developed and performed operations to treat glaucoma on early stages(method of deep sclerectomy, which subsequently gained international recognition). A year later, Fedorov began performing operations to treat and correct myopia by applying anterior dosed incisions to the cornea using a technique he developed. In total, over 3 million such operations have already been performed worldwide.
Among other things, Academician Fedorov was the first in the country to perform an operation to replace the lens of the eye
Electricity
1. A. N. Lodygin - incandescent electric light bulb. In 1872, A. N. Lodygin patented the world's first incandescent electric light bulb. It used a carbon rod that was placed in a vacuum flask.
Lodygin was not only able to develop an incandescent lamp, but also patent it
2. P. N. Yablochkov - invented the arc lamp (went down in history under the name “Yablochkov’s candle”). In 1877, some streets of European capitals were illuminated by Yablochkov’s “candles”. They were disposable, burned for less than 2 hours, but they shone quite brightly.
Yablochkov’s “candle” illuminated the streets of Paris
3. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - three-phase power supply system. At the end of the 19th century. A Russian inventor with Polish roots invented something that is now familiar to any electrician and is successfully used all over the world.
The three-phase system developed by Dolivo-Dobrovolsky is still successfully used today
4. D. A. Lachinov - proved the possibility of transmitting electricity through wires over significant distances.
5. V.V. Petrov - developed the world's largest galvanic battery, discovered the electric arc.
Transport
1. A.F. Mozhaisky - creator of the first aircraft. In 1882, Mozhaisky built an airplane, but during tests near St. Petersburg, the airplane separated from the ground, but, being unstable, tilted to the side and broke the wing. This circumstance in the West is often used as an argument that the inventor of the aircraft should be considered the one who was able to fly above the ground in a horizontal position, i.e. Wright brothers.
Mozhaisky airplane model
2. I. I. Sikorsky - creator of the first production helicopter. Back in 1908-1910. designed two helicopters, but none of the helicopters built could take off with a pilot. Sikorsky returned to helicopters in the late 1930s, already working in the USA, having designed a model of the single-rotor helicopter S-46 (VC-300).
Sikorsky at the controls of his first “flying” helicopter
Famous inventors of the world have created many useful things for humanity. Their benefit to society is difficult to overestimate. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life. Who are they - inventors known for their unique developments?
Archimedes
This man was not only a great mathematician. Thanks to him, the whole world learned what a mirror and a siege weapon are. One of the most famous developments is the Archimedes screw (auger), with which you can effectively bail out water. It is noteworthy that this technology is still used today.
Leonardo da Vinci
Inventors, known for their brilliant ideas, did not always have the opportunity to bring their ideas to life. For example, drawings of a parachute, an airplane, a robot, a tank and a bicycle, which appeared as a result of the painstaking work of Leonardo da Vinci, remained unclaimed for a long time. At that time, there were simply no engineers or capabilities to implement such grandiose plans.
Thomas Edison
The inventor of the phonograph, kinescope and telephone microphone was the most famous. In January 1880, he filed a patent for an incandescent lamp, which later made Edison famous throughout the planet. However, some do not consider him a genius, noting that the inventors known for their inventions worked alone. As for Edison, a whole group of people helped him.
Nikola Tesla
The great inventions of this genius were brought to life only after his death. Everything is explained simply: Tesla was so powerful that no one knew about his work. Thanks to the efforts of the scientist, a multiphase system was discovered electric current, which led to the emergence of commercial electricity. In addition, he formed the foundations of robotics, nuclear physics, computer science and ballistics.
Alexander Graham Bell
Many inventors, famous for their discoveries, have helped make our lives even better. The same can be said about Alexander Bell. Thanks to him, people were able to communicate freely, being thousands of kilometers away from each other, and all thanks to the telephone. Bell also invented the audiometer, a special device that detects deafness; treasure hunting device - a prototype of a modern metal detector; the world's first airplane; a model of a submarine, which Alexander himself called a hydrofoil boat.
Karl Benz
This scientist successfully realized the main idea of his life: a vehicle with a motor. It is thanks to him that we have the opportunity to drive cars today. Another valuable invention of Benz was the internal combustion engine. Later, a car manufacturing company was organized, which today is known throughout the world. This is a Mercedes Benz.
Edwin Land
This famous French inventor devoted his life to photography. In 1926 he managed to open the new kind polarizer, later called “Polaroid”. Land founded Polaroid and filed patents for another 535 inventions.
Charles Babbage
This English scientist worked on creating the first computer back in the nineteenth century. It was he who called the unique device a computing machine. Since at that time humanity did not have the necessary knowledge and experience, Babbage’s efforts were not crowned with success. However, the brilliant ideas did not sink into oblivion: Konrad Zuse was able to implement them in the mid-twentieth century.
Benjamin Franklin
This famous politician, writer, diplomat, satirist and statesman was also a scientist. The great inventions of mankind that saw the light of day thanks to Franklin are the flexible urinary catheter and the lightning rod. Interesting fact: Benjamin, as a matter of principle, did not patent any of his discoveries, because he believed that they were all the property of mankind.
Jerome Hal Lemelson
Such great inventions of mankind as the fax machine, the cordless telephone, the automated warehouse and the magnetic tape cassette were introduced to the general public by Jerome Lemelson. In addition, these scientists developed diamond coating technology and some medical devices that help in the treatment of cancer.
Mikhail Lomonosov
This recognized genius of various sciences organized the first university in Russia. Mikhail Vasilyevich's most famous personal invention is an aerodynamic machine. It was intended to lift special meteorological instruments. According to many experts, Lomonosov is the author of the prototype of modern aircraft.
Ivan Kulibin
It is not for nothing that this man is called the brightest representative of the eighteenth century. Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was interested in the principles of mechanics from early childhood. Thanks to his work, we now use navigation instruments, alarm clocks, and water-powered engines. For that time, these inventions were something of a fantasy. The genius's surname even became a household name. Kulibin is now called a person who has the ability to make amazing discoveries.
Sergey Korolev
His areas of interest were manned astronautics, aircraft engineering, design of rocket and space systems and missile weapons. Sergei Pavlovich contributed significantly to the exploration of outer space. He created the Vostok and Voskhod spaceships, the 217 anti-aircraft missile and the 212 long-range missile, as well as a rocket plane equipped with a rocket engine.
Alexander Popov
And this radio receiver is precisely this Russian scientist. The unique discovery was preceded by years of research into the nature and propagation of radio waves.
The brilliant physicist and electrical engineer was born into the family of a priest. Alexander had six more brothers and sisters. Already in childhood, he was jokingly called a professor, since Popov was a shy, thin, awkward guy who couldn’t stand fights and noisy games. At the Perm Theological Seminary, Alexander Stepanovich began to study physics based on Gano’s book. His favorite pastime was assembling simple technical devices. The acquired skills were subsequently very useful to Popov when creating physical instruments for his own important research.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
The discoveries of this great Russian inventor made it possible to take aerodynamics and astronautics to a new level. In 1897, Konstantin Eduardovich finished working on the wind tunnel. Thanks to allocated subsidies, he calculated the resistance of a sphere, cylinder and other bodies. The data obtained were subsequently widely used by Nikolai Zhukovsky in his works.
In 1894, Tsiolkovsky designed an airplane with a metal frame, but the opportunity to build such an apparatus appeared only twenty years later.
Controversial issue. The inventor of the light bulb - who is he?
The creation of a device that produces light has been worked on since ancient times. The prototype of modern lamps were clay vessels with wicks made of cotton threads. The ancient Egyptians poured into such containers olive oil and set it on fire. Residents of the Caspian Sea coast used another fuel material - oil - in similar devices. The first candles made in the Middle Ages were made from beeswax. The well-known Leonardo da Vinci worked hard to create, but the world's first safe lighting device was invented in the nineteenth century.
The debate about who should be awarded the honorary title “Inventor of the Light Bulb” is still ongoing. The first is often called Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, who worked as an electrical engineer all his life. He created not only a lamp, but also an electric candle. The latter device has become widespread in street lighting. The miracle candle burned for an hour and a half, after which the janitor had to change it for a new one.
In 1872-1873 Russian engineer-inventor Lodygin created an electric lamp in its modern sense. At first, it emitted light for thirty minutes, and after pumping out the air from the device, this time increased significantly. In addition, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan claimed primacy in the invention of the incandescent lamp.
Conclusion
Inventors around the world have given us many devices that make life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there simply weren’t enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.
who, during their activities or later, changed people's lives. These are genius inventors who created the foundations in various spheres of human activity.
Thomas Edison(1847-1931) filed over 1000 patents. He has developed innovative products in wide range from a light bulb to batteries for an electric car.
Benjamin Franklin polymath (1705 - 1790) who discovered electricity and invented the Franklin furnace.
Nikola Tesla(1856 –1943) Serbian scientist who emigrated to the USA. He was a brilliant scientist who played a key role in the development of alternating current electricity - through the AC induction motor, transformer and Tesla coils. The use of alternating current electricity was its global invention of the century. Played a key role in the development of electromagnetism and other scientific discoveries of his time. Despite his enormous number of patents and discoveries, his achievements were underestimated during his lifetime. But he deserves to be included in the list as the greatest inventors.
Charles Babbage(1791 - 1871) - created the first mechanical computer, which turned out to be a prototype for future computers. Considered the "Father of Computers"
(1736 - 1819) Inventor of the steam engine, which was crucial in the Industrial Revolution. His invention of a separate condensing chamber greatly increased the efficiency of steam. Alexander Bell(1847-1922) invented the first practical telephone. Also worked on optical telecommunications and aeronautics.
The greatest inventors of antiquity
Leonardo da Vinci(1452 - 1519) one of the greatest minds ever. Invented models that were still functional 500 years later. Considered the oldest and greatest inventor.
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In the fast pace of life, we are so accustomed to using the results of the work of inventors that we take technical progress for granted, not being interested in the history of the creation of individual inventions, without which, by the way, we can no longer imagine our existence. While the names of the creators of artistic or musical works are widely known to the public, few know the inventors in the field of technology, and more often they are completely unknown.
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And yet we will understand the world around us - the world of machines, engines, instruments, automobiles, airplanes, if we force ourselves to look back at the past and think about the origin of those objects and things that serve us.
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There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. Russian science not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a source of talent for other countries. There is a term “Russian science” in the world. Many scientists who are called that way have not lived in Russia for a long time, although they studied here.
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The first electric light bulb On July 11, 1874, Russian engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin received patent number 1619 for a filament lamp. He used a carbon rod placed in an evacuated vessel as a filament. In 1875-1876, Russian electrical engineer Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, working on an “electric candle,” noticed that kaolin is electrically conductive at high temperature. In the process of work, he created a “kaolin lamp”, where the “filament” was made of kaolin. The peculiarity of this lamp was that it did not require a vacuum, and the “filament” did not burn out in the open air.
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Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin Lodygin also designed instruments electric heating, respirators with an electric source of oxygen for breathing, electric furnaces for smelting metals and ores, as well as for heat treatment. Lodygin Alexander Nikolaevich (1847-1923), Russian electrical engineer. Invented the carbon incandescent lamp (1872, patent 1874). One of the founders of electrothermy. Lomonosov Prize. (1874). In the 1890s, Lodygin invented several types of lamps with metal filaments. He has priority in the use of tungsten for the manufacture of filaments.
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Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov is a Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He invented (patent 1876) an arc lamp without a regulator - an electric candle (“Yablochkov’s candle”), which laid the foundation for the first practically applicable electric lighting system. He worked on the creation of electrical machines and chemical current sources.
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First radio May 7, 1895 At a meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg, A. S. Popov demonstrated the operation of his device, which was, in fact, the world's first radio receiver. May 7th became the birthday of radio. Nowadays it is celebrated annually in our country. Popov Alexander Stepanovich (1859-1906) - Russian physicist, inventor of radio.
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Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin In 1931 he invented the iconoscope (electron microscope). By 1923, he created a television device, the basis of which was an original transmitting tube with a mosaic photo code. By 1929, he designed a kinescope and a number of elements for electronic television equipment. In 1936, three television cameras of the Zvorykin system were able to conduct the world's first live broadcast from Olympic Games from Berlin. Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin - scientist inventor in the field of electronics, “father of television”
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Alexander Mikhailovich Ponyatov The creator of the first video recorder (1956) is considered to be the American company AMPEX. Its founder was our compatriot Alexander Mikhailovich Ponyatov. The first letters of the first name, patronymic and last name in Russian spelling give "AMP", in English - "AMP". To the first three letters of the name "AMP" he added an abbreviation for excellent ("excellent") "EX" - and the result was "AMPEX" - the name of the now world-famous US company, the ancestor of VCRs. Alexander Mikhailovich Ponyatov – communications engineer. In 1917 he emigrated to the USA.
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Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky - captain 1st rank, builder of one of the first Russian airplanes, pioneer of Russian aviation. In 1876 he built a kite glider on which he took off twice. In 1876-1877 demonstrated flights of a model of his airplane driven by a clock spring. On November 3, 1880, he received a “privilege” for his “aeronautical apparatus” - the first patent in Russia for an aeronautical apparatus. In the summer of 1882, assembly of the aircraft was completed and tests were carried out, after which the invention was classified and declared a military secret.
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Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich is an inventor, designer, and author of many inventions. In 1878, Kostovich’s “fish-boat” project for 8 people, with one propeller driven by two sailors, appeared. Since 1879, he has been working on the design of a rigid aircraft - the Rossiya airship. In 1880 he designed a smaller model of an internal combustion engine, 1883 -1885. Testing and development of the full-size engine continued. The result: an 80-horsepower gasoline internal combustion engine, which pioneered the use of electric ignition and counter-movement of pistons in opposed cylinders.
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Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov In November 1910 the inventor built the world's first model of a backpack aviation parachute with universal action. In 1923, he created a new model of the RK-2 backpack parachute, and then a model of the RK-3 parachute with a soft backpack. In 1924, he manufactured a cargo parachute RK-4 with a canopy with a diameter of 12 m. This parachute could lower a load weighing up to 300 kg. Kotelnikov Gleb Evgenievich - inventor, creator of the world's first aviation backpack parachute.
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Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky An outstanding pioneer in the field of designing multi-engine aircraft, which changed the course of the history of flight on devices with rigidly fixed wings, and later - a designer of helicopters of a single-rotor system, which became widespread. Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky is one of the largest aircraft designers of the 20th century.
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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) - Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics. Works in the field of aerodynamics and rocket dynamics, the theory of aircraft and airships.
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Sergei Pavlovich Korolev Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1906/07-1966) - Russian scientist and designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), organizer of rocket and space programs, founder of practical cosmonautics. Under the leadership of Sergei Korolev, ballistic and geophysical missiles, the first artificial Earth satellites, satellites for various purposes (Electron, Molniya-1, Kosmos, Zond, etc.), spacecraft Vostok and Voskhod were created. , on which for the first time in history a human space flight and a human spacewalk were carried out.
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Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev (1888-1972) - Russian aircraft designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), colonel general engineer (1968) Under the leadership of Tupolev, over 100 types of military and civil aircraft were created, including the ANT-25, Tu-104 (the first passenger jet), Tu-114, Tu-134, Tu-154