What does vocabulary mean in Russian definition. Vocabulary of the Russian language

Vocabulary Vocabulary

(from Greek λεξικός - related to) - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is used both in relation to individual layers of vocabulary (everyday, business, poetic vocabulary, etc.), and to refer to all words used by any writer (Pushkin's vocabulary) or in any one work (lexicon " Words about Igor's regiment.

Vocabulary is the subject of study, and. Vocabulary directly or indirectly reflects reality, reacts to changes in the social, material and cultural life of the people, is constantly updated with new words to denote new objects, phenomena, processes, concepts. Thus, the expansion and improvement of various areas of material production, science and technology leads to the emergence of new special words - or entire terminological layers; such words often go into the area common vocabulary, which is associated, in particular, with the expansion of general education and scientific awareness of the average native speaker.

The vocabulary reflects social class, professional, age differences within the language community. In accordance with this, vocabulary is divided according to the principle of belonging to different social:, etc. Social stratification of vocabulary is studied by social dialectology,. The vocabulary reflects the belonging of native speakers to different territorial dialects, and also preserves the specific local features of speech. He is engaged in the study of territorial variability. Dialect words play a certain role in replenishing the vocabulary of general literary language. Those of them that are not fully mastered and retain the local flavor are qualified as (cf. the parallel words of the South Russian and North Russian dialects: “kochet” - “cock”, “biryuk” - “wolf”, “baz” - “yard”, “ way" - "road").

The openness and dynamism of vocabulary are especially clearly observed when studying it. historical development. On the one hand, the old words fade into the background or disappear altogether (for example, “griden”, “ratai”), and on the other hand, the vocabulary is replenished, the stylistic differentiation of words and their meanings, which enriches the expressive means of the language. As a result of these changes, the increase in words always exceeds their decrease. Lexical units do not suddenly disappear, they can be stored in the language for a long time as or. New words in the language are called; having become common, fixed in the language, they lose the quality of novelty. The formation of new words is carried out in different ways: 1) with the help of grammatical (word-building) models (see, in linguistics); 2) by forming new meanings for words (see); 3) a special, semantic-grammatical way of forming new words is conversion (see in word formation), cf. English hand ‘hand’ - to hand ‘transfer’; even ‘smooth’ - to even ‘align’; 4) new words enter the given language as a result of borrowing from other languages through oral communication or by book, directly from another language or through a third language (cf. Russian ‘cafe’< франц. café < араб. qahwa قهوة ). Некоторые заимствования остаются не до конца освоенными языком и употребляются при описании чужеземных реалий или для придания местного колорита (см. ): например, «мулла», «клерк», «констебль», «виски». Существует пласт заимствованной лексики, функционирующий во многих языках и восходящий, как правило, к единому источнику, чаще всего латинскому или греческому (например, «класс», «коммунизм», «демократия»), - это международная лексика (см. ): 5) ряд слов образуется по правилам аналитического наименования и сокращения слов, см. ; 6) небольшую группу составляют искусственно созданные слова: «газ», «рококо», «гном», «лилипут».

A significant part of lexical neoplasms is firmly fixed in the language, loses its own and is included in the main vocabulary fund, which remains in the language for a long time. This includes all the root words that make up the core of the vocabulary of the language (, kinship names, words denoting movement, size, position in space, etc.). They are understandable to all native speakers of a given language, in their direct meanings, as a rule, they are stylistically neutral and are distinguished by a relatively high text or frequency. The words of the main vocabulary fund are different in their origins. Words such as "mother", "brother", "sister", "I", "you", "five", "ten" are common to many languages. Words like "house", "white", "throw" -; “peasant”, “good”, “throw” are purely Russian. The origin of words in the language studies. Changes in vocabulary occur constantly, so that each period of language development is characterized by its own vocabulary, combining obsolete words, which, together with other words that are understandable but not used by native speakers, form a passive vocabulary (or), and words that speak the given language not only understand, but also use (active vocabulary, or).

From the point of view of the content plan, the following are distinguished in the vocabulary: 1) significant words and. The first have nominative function(see), are able to express concepts and act in the role, the latter are deprived of these signs; 2) abstract words, i.e. words with a generalized meaning, and concrete words, i.e. words with an objective, “real” meaning; 3), i.e., words that are close or identical in meaning, but sound differently; 4) - words that are opposite in meaning; 5) - words organized according to the principle of subordination of meanings, for example "birch" - "tree" - "plant". (meaningful) relationships of words underlie various types of lexico-semantic groupings (, thematic, etc.), which reflect connections in the lexicon as a manifestation of the structural-system organization in the language according to the field principle at the lexico-semantic level (see).

From the point of view of the plan of expression in the vocabulary, the following are distinguished: 1) - words that are identical in but not related in meaning; 2) homographs - different words, identical in spelling, but differing in pronunciation (stress or sound composition), for example, Russian. "flour" - "flour", eng. lower ‘lower’, ‘lower’ - lower ‘frown’; lead 'lead' - lead 'leadership', 'initiative'; 3) homophones - different words that differ in spelling, but coincide in pronunciation, for example, Russian. "meadow" and "bow", eng. write 'write' and right 'direct'; 4) homoforms - different grammatical forms of words that coincide in sound appearance, for example, “my” is a possessive pronoun and “my” is an imperative form “to wash”; 5) - words that are converging in - and composition (cf. "general" - "general", "introduce yourself" - "pass away").

Vocabulary is different in every language. Stylistically neutral words can be used in any speech and form the basis of the vocabulary. Other words - stylistically colored - can be "high" or "low" style, can be limited to certain types of speech, the conditions of speech communication or genres of literature (scientific vocabulary, poetic vocabulary, vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary, vulgar vocabulary, etc.) . Sources of replenishment of stylistically marked vocabulary for different languages different. For the Russian language, these are Greek-Latin words and internationalisms, terms, as well as vernacular words, dialectisms, jargon, etc., for - words and (and) origin, words from slang, cockney, dialectisms.

Within the vocabulary, a special place is occupied by - lexicalized, expressing a single concept. They can be substantive ("White Sea", " Railway”), verbal (“beat the bucks”, “pull rubber”) or (“headlong”, “slipshod”). The most lexicalized phrases (phraseological unions) are also called; they are individual in each language and literally untranslatable. The sources of phraseological units in the language are folklore, professional speech, mythology, fiction. Terms and idioms are two layers of vocabulary opposite in their properties. The former, as a rule, are unambiguous, abstract, stylistically and expressively neutral; the latter are concrete, polysemantic, individual and expressive.

The main means of fixing vocabulary are dictionaries, the theory and practice of compiling which is within the competence.

Reformed A. A., Introduction to linguistics, M., 1967;
Ufimtseva A. A., Word in the lexical-semantic system of the language, M., 1968;
Shmelev D.N., Modern Russian language. Lexika, M., 1977;
Borodin M.A., Gak V. G., On the typology and methodology of historical and semantic research, L., 1979;
Kuhn P., Der Grundwortschatz. Bestimmung und Systematisierung, Tübingen, 1979.

A. M. Kuznetsov.

Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

See what "Vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:

Vocabulary- (Greek) a set of words of some kind of language, the vocabulary of a language. L. one of the sides of the language, most clearly revealing the connection of the language. as "practical consciousness" (Marx's definition of language) with its socio-economic base and its role as a tool ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

VOCABULARY Modern Encyclopedia

VOCABULARY- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

vocabulary- lexicon, lexicon, active dictionary, lexical stock, dictionary, vocabulary stock, stock of words, lexical stock Dictionary of Russian synonyms. vocabulary vocabulary, dictionary, lexical composition (or stock) Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... ... Synonym dictionary

Vocabulary- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.), of one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

VOCABULARY- (from Greek lexikos referring to the word) 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) The set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household vocabulary, military vocabulary, children's vocabulary, etc.), one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

VOCABULARY- VOCABULARY, vocabulary, pl. no, female (from Greek lexikos dictionary) (philol.). A set of words of some language, dialect, works of some writer, etc.; same as dictionary in 2 digits. Russian vocabulary. Lexicon of Pushkin. Dictionary… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. This article will not answer the question of what vocabulary is learning. And all because it is inherently incorrect.

The section of linguistics that is actually of interest to the reader is called lexicology. Vocabulary is the subject of this branch of linguistics.

Today we will talk about the full interpretation of terms, their relationship and the reasons for this confusion. In addition, we will touch upon the layers of vocabulary, its classification, the phenomenon of phraseology.

Lexicon is...

First, let's define what vocabulary is. Different linguists give the author's definition of the term, but these interpretations do not differ too much from each other. Following the great Russian scientist, Doctor of Philology D.N. Shmelev, we say that:

Vocabulary is a collection of words in a language.

The division is based on the scope of use:

Book vocabulary correlates with fiction, high speech, science, journalism, and business.

It distinguishes the following sections (to which it is at the same time not limited):

Terminology.
and exoticisms.
and poetic words.

colloquial vocabulary characteristic of everyday communication. Or - his styling.

Within this layer, three categories are also distinguished:

vernacular.
Slang words and vulgarisms.

There is a division into other layers - into common and special vocabulary.

Under common that part of the vocabulary that is understandable to any native speaker is understood. There is an expert opinion about the equality of its literary language, but it is not fair.

Inside special vocabulary In this case, the following sublayers are distinguished:

professionalism.
Sociolects (slang, slang words, slang).
Dialects (allocated on a territorial basis - lexemes that are used in a specific geographical area).
Historicisms, archaisms, neologisms…

The list can be continued, including everything that has not yet entered / will never enter into the common vocabulary or has already left it.

But it is worth remembering that, unlike other language systems (such as word formation, morphology,), vocabulary - extremely mobile.

Changes in it are observed very often: a word that was commonly used yesterday, today may be beyond comprehension for most speakers. This also works in reverse.

Phraseological layer of language

Vocabulary and phraseology correlate according to the principle of generic relations.

Simply put, phraseology is an integral part of vocabulary, its integral layer.

Unique features do not allow it to be included in the above classifications. The term has different meanings. This is important for us (V.N. Teliya):

Phraseologism is a semantically non-free combination of words that is not produced in speech, but is reproduced in it with a fixed meaning.

The meaning of a phraseological unit is not equal to the sum of the meanings of the words that it includes.

Epilogue

This is a brief overview of vocabulary as a linguistic phenomenon. It is important to remember that its division is often conditional.

Lexicology, which studies vocabulary, is one of the most "humanitarian", "inaccurate" sections of linguistics. It cannot be as objective as grammar.

Vocabulary is changing, it is dynamic. Our task is to have time to follow this process in order to know exactly when the word EVM migrated from neologisms to historicisms.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

Explanatory dictionaries

Explanatory dictionaries serve to interpret, explain the meaning of words. The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794). It contained over 43,000 words.
"Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" V.I. Dalia was published in 1863-1866, it already included about 200 thousand words.
Now there are many explanatory dictionaries, including for schoolchildren.

The number of words in the language is constantly increasing. “The Russian language is not as uniform and standardized as, for example, the French language. Thanks to those streams of live oral speech that rush into the literary language, its level is constantly changing, its vocabulary is diversified. These riches of lively speech give a realistic brilliance to the style of writers ”(V.V. Vinogradov).

Active and passive vocabulary

The active composition of the vocabulary includes words that are used daily in communication, the meaning of these words is known to everyone who speaks this language. For the Russian language, these are words ground, white, many etc. The active dictionary also includes professional words denoting relevant concepts: atom, anesthesia, ecology and etc.
Passive vocabulary consists of rarely used words. Their meanings are not always clear to everyone. Most often, such words include archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into two large unequal groups: native and borrowed.

Original Russian vocabulary

The original Russian vocabulary is words that go back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to its own models.

Proto-Indo-European vocabulary

Words belonging to the Proto-Indo-European era have correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are words denoting kinship terms: son, brother, mother, sister; animal names: wolf, deer, goose; natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, rock; body parts: eye, ear; some actions: take, give, see; numbers: two three and etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is more numerous than Proto-Indo-European. The words of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary have correspondences in Slavic languages and are absent in other Indo-European ones: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, work, kind, yesterday and etc.
Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Slavic vocabulary make up about 2000 words in the vocabulary of the Russian language, but they are the most commonly used.

Old Russian vocabulary

This is a layer of vocabulary common to Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages and absent in other Slavic languages: uncle, samovar, lark, forty, ninety and etc.

Proper Russian vocabulary

Words related to this layer of vocabulary arose from the end of the 16th century. These include almost all nouns with suffixes -shchik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), -ovk (a), -testimony (o), -sh (a), -ness, -ability, -tel: bricklayer, lighter, certificate, switch; compound nouns: salary; most compound adjectives: dark green, vibrant and etc.
Actually Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras, but then changed their meaning: for example, the word “red” in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian language meant “good, beautiful”, and in Russian it began to denote color.

Borrowed vocabulary

Borrowing is one way to develop modern language. Language as a living phenomenon always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. In Russian, more than 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. The reasons for borrowing are known: trade, cultural, scientific ties between countries and the consequence of this - language contacts. In most cases, words are borrowed together with a thing or concept: school(Greek), Class(lat.), briefcase(fr.), knapsack(German), tea(whale.), candy(Italian), tundra(fin.).
The reason for borrowing may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression or phrase with a single word. For example, instead of "marksman" - sniper (English); instead of "hotel for caravaners" - motel (English), etc.
Borrowings came to the Russian language at all times. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could get them from the Proto-Slavic language: prince, king, carp.
Words came from Scandinavian languages to Old Russian herring, hook; from Finnish - herring, salmon, fir, blizzard; from the Turkic armyak, hood, barn, chest; from Greek - bed, notebook, ship, sail, beets, lantern and etc.

Borrowing words may not occur directly, but through other languages. For example, many Greek borrowings made their way into Old Russian language through the Old Slavonic, and through the Turkic languages, the words of other Eastern languages were borrowed: beads, dagger- from Arabic tub, turquoise- from Persian. Many words of Western European languages could be borrowed through Polish.
The vocabulary of the Russian language began to expand especially rapidly in the era of Peter I, mainly borrowings from Western European languages. The terms of maritime affairs were actively borrowed from the Dutch language: boatswain, harbor, storm, and also from English: boat, avral.
Later from in English sports terms began to be borrowed: boxing, volleyball, champion, start and etc.
Military terms are mostly borrowed from German language: camp, parapet, officer, soldier, bayonet. But there were also borrowings from French: battalion, vanguard. From the German language, some borrowings related to mining: mine, adit, drift.
The terms of art were borrowed from the French language: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, novel, essay, feuilleton and others. There are a lot of French borrowings in cooking ( dessert, puree, stew), as well as in the names of clothes ( jacket, scarf, suit, coat).
And the musical terms are mostly of Italian origin: aria,cello, serenade and etc.

At the beginning and middle of the XX century. borrowings were not very numerous due to the isolation of the country and a sharply negative attitude towards everything foreign. However, even at this time the words are borrowed:cinema, radio, taxi, jazz, conveyor, speedometer, trolleybus and etc.

But since the second half of the 50s of the XX century. the borrowing process is being activated, and it is very active at the moment. This was facilitated, among other things, by the collapse Soviet Union, activation of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism. First, in professional, and then in other areas, terms related to computer technology appeared: computer, display, file, interface, printer etc. Economic and financial terms are borrowed: barter, broker, voucher, dealer and etc.; sport names: windsurfing, skateboarding, arm wrestling and others. Some words have become so firmly established in our language that they are already perceived as common: image, presentation, present, nomination, sponsor, video, show.
Many of these words have already been fully assimilated into the Russian language.

Is it bad or good? Different people will give different answers to this question. But one thing is clear: in modern world the process of linguistic interchange is inevitable. Another thing is that here, as in any business, you need to know and feel the measure. No language is complete without borrowings. You can see in this the source of the development of the language, but you can also see the path to its death.
Apparently, there is a certain line beyond which enrichment turns into the destruction of the language.
Useful can be considered those borrowings that do not have a Russian counterpart. For example, vocabulary related to computer technology. But there are excessive borrowings, they are already beginning to compete with Russian words and displace them. Although a pure analogy is a very rare occurrence. When, for example, the word “killer” is used, it means not just a killer, but a professional killer.
But there are many borrowed words that can be completely replaced by Russian ones.
absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - farming
Adultery - adultery
active - active
Topical - topical
The alternative is another possibility
Altruist - well-wisher
immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
similar - the same
Argument - argument
Assortment - Variety
Business is business
The verdict is the verdict
Dimensions - dimensions
Hermetic - tight
hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - overview
Devaluation - depreciation
Demo - show
destructive - destructive
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
disposition - location
Dominate - dominate, dominate
Duel - duel, etc. This list can go on and on.
There is another type of borrowing - international vocabulary.

International vocabulary

These are the words that are the same value many others, including unrelated languages. The main part of internationalisms are the terms of science, technology, socio-political life, economics, literature, art, sports: association, demonstration, communism, intellectual, culture, press, reform, telephone, utopia, civilization, etc.

Presentation on the topic: "Vocabulary of the Russian language. Groups of words by use."

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Vocabulary of the Russian language.

Groups of words by use.

Vocabulary - this is a branch of the science of language, in which the word is studied as the main unit of the language, its vocabulary.

From the point of view of the degree of distribution and activity of use in the vocabulary of the Russian language, vocabulary is divided into two groups.

The vocabulary is:

Common- words, the meanings of which are clear to all native speakers of a particular language, that is, they are well known.

Example: day, go, two, beautiful, write, he, man.

Common vocabulary used in different areas human activity and creates a national identity, flavor of the language.

Uncommon- vocabulary limited in its use by any limited group of native speakers.

Uncommon vocabulary includes:

Professionalisms
Dialectisms
jargon
obsolete words
Neologisms

Professionalisms

Professionalisms- words or expressions characteristic of oral or written speech of a particular professional group.

In the explanatory dictionary are given with a mark - special / - tech. / -marine.

For example: scalpel, dropper, bisector, subject, heater-battery.

Professionalisms are similar to jargon in their reduced, rough expression. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into vernacular, as well as into colloquial speech of the literary language, for example: a janitor - “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists), a steering wheel-steering wheel.

Professionalisms are used in the language fiction as a visual medium.

Dialectisms

Dialectisms - these are words that are used in oral speech mainly by residents of a particular area. Dialectisms belong to folk dialects (territorial dialects). In the explanatory dictionary, they are marked as OBL.

For example: gutarit (South Russian) - to speak, bait (Northern Russian) - to speak. Koval (blacksmith), bruise (russula), hefty (very), kochet (rooster)

Types of dialectisms

1) Lexical dialectisms- words known only to speakers of the dialect and beyond, having neither phonetic nor derivational variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak); in the northern ones - a sash (belt), peplum (beautiful), golitsy (mittens), a curb (Petersburg) - a border, a Moscow farm) - a border.

In common language, these dialectisms have synonyms.

2) Ethnographic dialectisms- words naming objects known only in a certain locality: shanezhki - pies prepared in a special way, nardek - watermelon molasses, manarka - a kind of outerwear, poneva - a kind of skirt.

Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants.

3) Lexico-semantic dialectisms- words possessed in dialect unusual meaning: bridge - the floor in the hut, lips - mushrooms of all varieties, except for white ones, shouting (someone) - to call, himself - the owner, husband.

Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words.

4) Phonetic dialectisms- words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect due to the “clatter” and “clatter” characteristic of northern dialects.

Tsai (tea), chain (chain) - consequences; hverma (farm), paper (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life).

5) Derivational dialectisms- words that differ from the same-root words of the literary language in word-formation structure.

peven (rooster), guska (goose), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), forever (always), from where (from where), dozhzhok (rain).

jargon

jargon - words restricted in the use of social or age group. They are used in a narrow sphere of people.

Exist different types jargon

Military jargon
Journalistic jargon
computer slang
Youth slang
Criminal jargon

Klava - a keyboard, ICQ - a communication program (in computer jargon), clipak - a video clip, hang out - to walk, have fun in a company (in youth jargon).

obsolete words

Obsolete words are words that have gone out of active use.

There are archaisms and historicisms.

Archaisms - these are obsolete words that name objects or concepts for which new names have appeared in the language. For example: this - this, cheek-cheek, hand-hand, gold-gold, forehead-forehead.

historicisms - these are obsolete words that have gone out of use in connection with the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate. For example: chain mail - an old military armor in the form of a shirt made of metal rings, a wagon - a covered road, wagon, mademoiselle, quitrent, Komsomol member, potbelly stove.

Neologisms

Neologisms - these are new words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty, unusualness. They are opposed to obsolete words.

Significant events in social life, scientific and technological discoveries contribute to the generation of a whole series of neologisms. So, in the 60s. in connection with the development of astronautics, many new words related to space have appeared: astronaut, cosmodrome, rocket launcher, lunar rover, etc. Of course, at present they can no longer be considered neologisms, since they have long entered the language and are widely used in it.

In the 80s. 20th century - perestroika - fundamental changes in politics and the economy aimed at establishing market relations, developing democracy and openness; in the 90s 20th century - boutique - a small store of expensive fashionable goods, mass media - mass media, slogan - slogan.

Examples of neologisms of our time: sponsor, series, player, licombez (elimination of computer illiteracy), programmer, quarks (elementary particles), chromodynamics (section of physics), instagram.

Most neologisms usually quickly become common words.

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Vocabulary of the Russian Language

Vocabulary Vocabulary is a branch of the science of language in which the word is studied as the basic unit of the language, its vocabulary

Non-common vocabulary includes: Professionalisms Dialectisms Jargonisms Obsolete words Neologisms

Professionalisms Words used in the speech of a particular profession Sometimes close to jargon In the explanatory dictionary are given with a mark -special. /-tech. /-marine Scalpel (medicine)

Bagel Wipers Battery

Dialectisms Words limited in the use of a particular locality In the explanatory dictionary they are marked as OBL Curb, farm-border

Types of dialectisms: Known only to speakers of the dialect and outside it Have synonyms Lexical dialectisms Buryak-beet Name objects known in a certain area Cannot have synonyms Ponev's ethnographic dialectisms - a kind of skirt

They have an unusual meaning in the dialect Act as homonyms for common words Lexico-semantic dialectisms Bridge - floor in the hut

They have a special phonetic design in the dialect Appeared as a result of "clatter" and "choking" Phonetic dialectisms Tsai-chai

They differ from the cognate words of the literary language in their word-formation structure

Jargon Words restricted in use by a social or age group. There are different types of jargon (youth jargon, military, journalistic, computer) Ancestors - Spur's parents

Obsolete words Words that have fallen out of active use archaisms historicisms gold chain mail

archaisms historicisms mademoiselle potbelly stove lanita hand

Neologisms Words restricted in use Recently appeared in the language of Instagram Cosmonaut