How many unemployed in Belarus. unemployment benefit in the republic of belarus

Unemployment in Belarus has its own individual characteristics. And although its level is quite high, trends towards reduction are already emerging. State support helps its citizens to survive difficult times. One of their key objectives is to reduce unemployment by creating new jobs and stimulating small businesses.

Some do not want to do compulsory community service and forgo employment services in favor of looking for work on their own. Others are simply not attracted by low benefits. It turns out that only a small part of the real unemployed apply to the employment service.

If you use other calculations, you get completely different numbers. There are 5.5 million able-bodied people registered in Belarus. Of these, only 4.5 million have official jobs. It turns out that a whole million people are unemployed.

Some Belarusians usually do not have permission to do so. Others are employed in the shadow sector of the economy, that is, they work without an employment contract. This saves from taxes, but the length of service does not count. Many residents of rural areas are also unemployed and live only from the farm. For all these categories, registration with the employment service does not make any sense.

Features of Belarusian unemployment

The features of unemployment in the Republic of Belarus are its gender nature. All citizens who have reached the age of 16 are considered to be able-bodied in Belarus. The threshold for working capacity for women is 55 years, and for men it is 60 years. The unemployed are those who are unemployed.

At the same time, those who work part-time or are on forced leave are also included in the category of workers. All individual entrepreneurs are also considered employed. The amount of income or complete absence do not matter, you will no longer be able to receive unemployment benefits.

In Belarus, mostly middle-aged men have jobs. Women officially have equal rights, but in terms of choice, priority is given to men. This gives rise to many problems in the social sphere, one of them is female alcoholism. It destroys the life of not only a woman, but also her children. Pregnancy often proceeds with complications and the risks of congenital diseases are high. Young girls are increasingly becoming night butterflies in order to somehow support themselves and their families.

One more global problem- Youth unemployment. The unemployed are both single and those who have already started a family. This greatly undermines the atmosphere of well-being. This state of affairs contributes to the growth of crime and social apathy among the youth.

The elderly are also victims of unemployment. If they lose their jobs, it is much more difficult for them to find a new job. The difficulties of learning and adapting to new conditions become a stumbling block.

Payout amount

In 2020, the allowance was again increased:

• 178.5 thousand Belarusian rubles for the first 13 weeks after entering the labor exchange. 147 thousand Bel. rub. 13 more weeks. This amount is intended for those who have never worked and those who have not worked Last year and has a total experience of less than 12 weeks.
• 210 thousand Bel. rub. - the first half of the payment period and 157,500 in the remaining time receive the following categories:
  • who worked less than 12 weeks during the last year;
  • a break in employment of 12 months, but the total experience is more than a year;
  • receiving benefits and at the same time working on public works with payment.
• Those who worked before contacting the employment service. It does not matter if he worked full-time or only part-time. The amount of payments in the first period will be 70% of the salary level in the last place. Second 13 weeks - 50%. But the amount received cannot be more than 420 00 bel. rub. and not less than 210 thousand Bel. rub.

There are cases when unemployment benefits can be increased:

• 10% if there are children under 14 or disabled children under 18;
• The allowance is increased by 20% for parents with many children.

Payments can be received no more than 26 weeks per year. In order for the allowance to be accrued on time, you need to regularly appear at the employment service and come if there are vacancies.

People of retirement age who are not retiring can also receive unemployment benefits. At the same time, the payment period increases by 2 weeks for each year exceeding the retirement age. The same rule applies to those who can retire earlier than the general term.

Possible reasons for refusal

The unemployed may be denied state benefits. For this, several possible causes:

• Termination of an indefinite employment contract at the initiative of the employee. If a person loses his job on his own initiative, he must himself be responsible for his decision.
• Dismissal from a previous job for non-compliance official duties prescribed in employment contract.
• Dismissal for absenteeism. Absence from work without a valid reason for more than 3 hours is considered absenteeism.
• Dismissal for appearing at work in a state of intoxication, using alcohol or drugs in the workplace.
• Theft of the property of an employer, business or other employees with an established court order.
• Violation of safety rules that resulted in the physical harm or death of another employee.
• Failure to submit an income tax return.

In case of refusal of payments, the unemployed person can again go to the employment service with a letter.

The allowance can be assigned if the applicant agrees to work for the benefit of society for 22 days.

Material aid

In addition to the standard allowance, the unemployed in Belarus can count on additional financial assistance. unstable. In total, during 2020, you can receive up to 1260 thousand Belarusian rubles. rub. This payment can be both during the period of study, and for other reasons. To receive government payments in addition to unemployment benefits, you must meet a few more conditions.

The amount of family income must be divided by each of its members, taking into account all material receipts for the last 3 months. The result should not exceed the subsistence minimum established in the region. Participation in paid community service. An applicant for financial assistance must not have the following violations during the year:

• Employment at a temporary job without notifying the service authorities.
• Failure to appear in the authorities social protection without a valid reason, documented. They can be sick leave or an illness of a young child.
• Failure to perform community service without a valid reason. Any reasons must be documented.
• Ignoring job interview referrals. In case of failure to contact the employer within 3 days.
• Refusal to be sent to retraining courses or to work. This is a clear reluctance to get a job.
• Violation of discipline, poor academic performance, absenteeism from classes for retraining or advanced training. Unscrupulousness on the part of the applicant is punishable by deprivation of financial assistance.

To receive financial assistance, you must submit a certificate of income, family composition, and fill out an application. The application is filled out on the spot, on a ready-made form.

Within 5 days, employees of the employment service must make a decision and notify about it.

At the end of February 2016, the official unemployment rate in Belarus was 1.1% of the economically active population of the country. A year earlier, this figure was 0.8%. Nevertheless, experts say that in fact there are more unemployed in Belarus. Whether so it actually, found out DW.

Alarm messages

Already last year, despite the fact that it was a year presidential elections, from various Belarusian enterprises every now and then information was received about staff reductions. For example, only at Grodno Azot OJSC, Europe's largest producer of nitrogen fertilizers, 309 people were laid off, at Grodnopromstroy - 379, and at Grodnooblselstroy - 257 employees. A thousand people were laid off at the Krichevsky cement plant. More than a thousand workers have become less at the Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ).

At the same time, Belstat reports that as of January 1, 2016, the number of officially registered unemployed in the country amounted to 43.3 thousand people. According to experts, if the current trend continues, when many individual entrepreneurs cease their activities, the number of unemployed may almost triple by the end of this year. However, to what extent does the official statistics reflect the real situation?

Who is considered unemployed

Economist Lev Margolin draws attention to the fact that the method of accounting for the unemployed in Minsk differs significantly from that adopted in the European Union. Only people who are registered with the employment office are considered unemployed in Belarus. First, the expert draws attention, there are restrictions on the time spent on such a record. If the term has ended, and the unemployed person has not chosen a new job for himself from the proposed ones, he is removed from such a register.

Secondly, in order to remain registered, you need to participate in public works several days a month. Thirdly, an officially unemployed person receives an allowance in the amount of 420 thousand Belarusian rubles (about 20 euros) per month.

"All these circumstances clearly do not encourage people to register with employment services," explains Margolin. former minister Labor Alexander Sosnov points out that unemployment benefits in Belarus are the lowest among the former Soviet republics.

Other statistics

According to Lev Margolin, other statistics provide more real employment indicators. There are 5.5 million people of working age in Belarus, of which only 4.5 million are employed in various fields of activity. It turns out that about a million people, in the words of Margolin, "seep through the fingers of statisticians."

Most of the unemployed, continues Lev Margolin, can be divided into three groups. These are those who work abroad, and for the most part illegally. Those who are employed in the so-called gray sector - the provision of services and the production of goods without the official payment of taxes. And, finally, the Belarusians, who live off their subsidiary plots.

“If there was a desire to determine the real number of unemployed in the country, it would be easy to do, but the figures obtained would mean the collapse of the entire system of the so-called socially oriented state, which Alexander Lukashenko created and still praises so much,” the economist believes.

Will there be jobs

At the last meeting with the government on April 12, the President of Belarus demanded the creation of 50,000 new jobs. “In addition, we will continue to pay close attention to social issues, including youth employment and the creation of new jobs. We will in every possible way, regardless of any market principles, demand from managers and create conditions for businesses to jobs," Lukashenka stressed.

Context

Alexander Sosnov is sure that these are empty words of the head of state: "Our people in power, by virtue of their upbringing and education, imagine that if you give a command, the official will run and create a job. This is a utopia and rosy dreams of narrow-minded people." In fact, continues Sosnov, in order to create new jobs, you must first create conditions for those who can do it. “Belarusian officials don't know how to do that, which has been demonstrated by the last twenty-odd years of the current leadership of the country being in power,” emphasizes the ex-minister.

Cutbacks won't save businesses

According to Lev Margolin, staff cuts at state-owned enterprises occur because there are too many finished products. It is not for sale because, as Margolin put it, the main sales market - Russia - is in the same depressed state.

The only way to sell such products is to reduce their cost, the economist advises. “But in our conditions, it is possible to really reduce the cost price only at the expense of wages. This means that either the average wage of a worker or the number of such people must be reduced. And enterprises are now using both of these methods,” Margolin states. Alexander Sosnov, in turn, is confident that staff cuts will not improve the situation, "because public sector enterprises are by definition inefficient."

In terms of unemployment growth, Belarus has become a leader in the CIS. Over the past year, the number of officially registered unemployed in the country has increased by 37.1%. But in terms of the amount of benefits paid to the unemployed, Belarus remains an outsider.

Unemployment growth cartoon background

According to the CIS Statistical Committee, as of April 1, in Belarus over the past 12 months, the growth rate of the number of unemployed was the highest in comparison with other states post-Soviet space.

So, if in Belarus the number of unemployed increased by 37.1%, then in Kazakhstan - by 23%, in Moldova - by 22.8%, in Armenia - by 11.5%, in Azerbaijan - by 11%, in Russia - by 6%. In Tajikistan (as of March 1), the number of unemployed decreased by 0.6%, in Kyrgyzstan - by 2.1%, in Ukraine - by 7.7%.

*data as of April 1, 2016
**data as of March 1, 2016
Source: CIS Statistical Committee

The comparison of Belarus with other countries of the post-Soviet space in terms of the amount of benefits paid to the unemployed is also quite indicative. If in Azerbaijan the unemployed receive benefits in the amount of $162 per month, in Moldova - $69, in Ukraine - $59, then in Belarus - only $13.

By the way, the subsistence minimum budget, which takes into account the minimum set of food products necessary for maintaining health, is set in Belarus at around 1.64 million rubles (equivalent to about $80). Thus, unemployment benefits today are only about 15% of the living wage budget.

Although in many countries unemployment benefits are tied to wages and is one of the most important measures to support the unemployed.

“This is the institution of social protection that should help the unemployed to survive a difficult period. The size of the current allowance, which is about 260 thousand rubles, is a caricature of the institution that should protect people in case of loss of work,”- says a senior researcher at the Center for Socio-Economic Research (CASE Belarus) Vladimir Valetko.

The growth of unemployment in the country is due to the unfavorable situation in the economy. At the same time, the expert notes that, since unemployment benefits are purely nominal, there is no great motivation for people who have lost their jobs to register as unemployed.

In this regard, Belarusian economists believe that the real scale of unemployment is reflected not by official statistics (as of May 1 - 1.2% of the economically active population), but by the data of a sample survey of households, which allow estimating the scale of hidden unemployment. Such household surveys in Belarus have been conducted by the National Statistical Committee since 2012, but their results are classified.

“Of course, data on unemployment collected on the basis of sample surveys of households more accurately reflect the unemployment situation in the country. The only figure from these surveys, which became public in 2012 thanks to the National Bank, testified that our unemployment rate was already 5.3% at that time,”- says Vladimir Valetko.

According to the assessment international organization labor, in 2014 unemployment in Belarus was 5.9%. Today, experts say, the unemployment rate has increased even more. Indirect data allow us to observe this trend.

Thus, according to the latest official data, 56,000 workers were fired in March, and only 40,200 people were employed.

“Thus, the number of laid-off workers was filled in March with newly hired workers by only 71%. In January this figure was 83%, in February - 84%. These dynamics show that the employment situation worsened in the first quarter,”- notes Vladimir Valetko.

World experience that Belarus does not use

Experts from Belarusian research organizations state that the population is experiencing serious difficulties in finding employment. At the same time, observers suggest that the situation on the labor market will remain tense, as the state today enterprises, which is highly likely to lead to a decrease in employment in the real sector.

In this regard, according to Belarusian economists, it is necessary to create real mechanisms for social protection of the population, since the current amount of benefits is extremely poor consolation for the unemployed.

“If we talk about the long term, we can talk about the introduction of an unemployment insurance system. Such a system, which has been successfully applied in Chile, assumes that not only the state and the employer, but also the employee participate in the formation of the so-called safety cushion in case of loss of a job”,- says the expert of the Belarusian Economic Research and Education Center (BEROC) Maria Akulova.

The mentioned mechanism provides that in case of loss of a job, the unemployed person receives benefits from a state source for the first five months, and then from his own accumulated funds. As Chilean practice has shown, this insurance mechanism increases the level of interest in accelerated employment.

“However, this mechanism can only be implemented in conditions of long-term macroeconomic stability, so in Belarus it can only be considered as potentially possible,”- specifies Maria Akulova.

In the short term, the economist believes, it is necessary to increase the amount of unemployment benefits to support people who are left without work, and at the same time create favorable conditions for stimulating self-employment of the population.

“Instead of subsidizing inefficient state-owned enterprises, the released funds can be used to stimulate self-employment of the population. This experience is quite popular and has been successfully applied in Germany. It involves the payment of a certain subsidy for the creation and development of a business, as well as the provision of tax holidays for a fixed period,”- explained Maria Akulova.

So far, the Belarusian government has not taken any breakthrough decisions in this direction. There are not even specific plans to increase unemployment benefits. In an environment where full unemployment figures are hidden, the state can pretend that there is no need for change.

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN RB.

All available views on the causes of unemployment in the CIS countries, in particular in the Republic of Belarus, can be grouped as follows.

Firstly , the cause of unemployment can be a relatively surplus population, "superfluous" in comparison with the achieved level of national production. This factor of unemployment is especially strong in developing countries.

Secondly , unemployment can be the result of changes in the structure of the economy, including - in technology (structural unemployment). This unemployment is temporary because old industries and industries are being replaced by new ones.

Thirdly , unemployment may temporarily increase due to the natural desires of people to find a job "to their liking", with better working conditions and pay (frictional unemployment).

Fourth , a particularly strong increase in the unemployment rate occurs as a result of a cyclical downturn in the economy. This type of unemployment is the most dangerous, as a vicious circle arises: a drop in production - unemployment - a decrease in the overall level of income - a decrease in aggregate demand - a drop in production - unemployment, etc.

Fifth , the active intervention of the state and trade unions in relations between an employee and an employer can become a generator of unemployment, which leads to market wage inflexibility and forces entrepreneurs to solve the problem of achieving maximum profit by reducing employment.

All these causes of unemployment affect the size and dynamics of unemployment.

FEATURES AND DYNAMICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS.*

An analysis of the data given in the article “The number of unemployed will grow” made it possible to obtain information on the characteristics of unemployment in the Republic of Belarus.

The current transition to market relations is associated with great difficulties and the emergence of many socio-economic problems. One of them is the problem of employment, which is inextricably linked with people and their production activities.

The market presents and requires a completely different level of labor relations at each enterprise. However, until effective mechanisms for the use of labor resources are created, new employment problems arise and old ones become aggravated, unemployment grows.

As noted by the Deputy Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the country [Valery Pavlov], since 1997. there have been positive trends in employment issues. If in 1995-1996. there were 12 unemployed per job, then in 2000-2002. - only 2 persons. At the same time, the scale of layoffs of workers is still high, and vacancies at enterprises and organizations are declining. For six months of this year. 25,000 people were laid off (another 20,000 will be laid off in August and September), which is twice as many as in the same period last year. A hiring for the first half of 2002. in the country as a whole was lower than layoffs by 95 thousand people.

According to experts, in 2003 the "process of optimizing the number of employees" will continue, which will cause further release of the labor force. Moreover, the program of socio-economic development of the country for 2001-2005. it is planned to reduce the number of employees by 300,000 people (75,000 of them next year). According to the Ministry of Labor, cuts will occur in Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ministry of Trade, on the Belarusian Railway, in the concerns "Bellegprom" and "Belneftekhim"". In the agro-industrial complex this year, 19,000 executives and specialists are subject to dismissal, while there is only 11,000 job opportunities.

All these processes, of course, could not but affect the level of unemployment, which in July reached 2.7% across the country. In total, according to the Ministry of Statistics, for the seven months of 2002. 118.7 thousand unemployed were registered. In the fall, the employment service expects an influx of citizens who were employed in personal subsidiary plots or traveled outside the republic for summer seasonal work. Statistics show that the biggest problems with employment are experienced by the beautiful half. Among the total number of unemployed registered by employment services, 60% are women. The fact is that the available vacancies are focused primarily on the use of male labor. Another problem is youth unemployment. Among the unemployed, every second is a young person under 30 years old. This year, about 30,000 school graduates are "not covered" by further education. In 1997 8,000 school graduates were registered in employment centers; this number has almost doubled. In addition, there has been a tendency to register the unemployed among the graduates of vocational schools, technical schools and universities. More than 70% of the unemployed have a secondary or incomplete secondary education, and one in four has higher and specialized secondary education. Thus, in July this year, 640 economists with higher education only 9 vacancies were offered in the Minsk City Employment Center, 380 technologists applied for a single (!) position, 305 lawyers - for three vacancies. Accountants, secretaries and clerks also have difficulty finding work.

It should be noted that in the republic there is a discrepancy between the demand and supply of labor. For 119,000 unemployed, only 35,000 vacancies have been announced, of which more than 80% are provided for employment in working and construction specialties, while among the unemployed every third is a specialist or an employee. But agriculture today is experiencing a great need for tractor drivers, machine milking operators and livestock breeders. The shortage of such specialties is largely due to high physical exertion and low wages, which, moreover, are not paid on time ( wage arrears in agriculture is more than 31.4 billion rubles)

The forecasts of the Ministry of Labor are disappointing: the number of unemployed will increase in 2003 as well. may approach the figure of 230 thousand people (about 3% of the economically active population of the country). In addition, the number of people who are not officially recorded in any of the areas of activity remains high. They are either dependent on relatives or are employed in the shadow economy. The number of such "unemployed" is 840 thousand people. And even if a small part of these people apply to employment services, this will complicate the situation on the labor market. By the way, today a significant part of citizens do not want to register with the employment service. The main reason is the low unemployment benefit (16,400 rubles, or 8% of the average wage in the country). However, in order to receive it, a registered unemployed person must complete a number of procedures provided for by the Law "On Employment". In particular, to take part in paid public works, to which not everyone agrees (almost 55.5 thousand people receive benefits). In addition, the adoption of amendments and additions to the Law "On Employment" is being prepared, in which it is planned to limit the maximum period of being registered with the employment service to three years (today, we recall that there is no time frame). By the way, the average duration of unemployment in the first half of 2002 was 6.7 months. The Ministry of Labor proceeds from the fact that unemployment was, is and will be, while the task of state employment agencies is to prevent long-term unemployment of a particular person. Therefore, the main emphasis will be placed on career guidance work with schoolchildren, retraining of specialists, and assistance in entrepreneurial activities.

[*According to the NEG No. 64 (584) dated 30.08.2002]

Below are tables reflecting the number and employment of the unemployed in the Republic of Belarus . by regions and the number of unemployed registered with the state employment service.

Number and employment of the unemployed * in the Republic of Belarus by regions in October 2002

	Number of unemployed at the end of October 2002, thousand people	Employed unemployed, thousand people		Unemployment rate at the end of October 2002, %
		October 2001	October 2002
Republic of Belarus
Grodno
Brest
Gomel
Mogilevskaya
Vitebsk

[*http://www.president.gov.by/Minstat/main.html]

As can be seen from the data in the table, things are not going well in the regions. In a number of cities and districts of the republic, the unemployment rate significantly exceeds the national average. The leaders here are the Vitebsk and Mogilev regions, where at the end of July the unemployment rate was 3.9% and 3.7%, respectively. The reason for this situation lies in the predominance of monostructural specialization of the economies of individual cities. One or two city-forming enterprises, with their irregular work, can no longer provide full employment for a region or city. The problem is aggravated by such a factor as the employment of servicemen and their families in military camps where the withdrawal of troops took place.

Economically active population*

Thousand people

As a percentage of the economically active population

Economically active population - total

Number of unemployed registered* with the State Employment Service(at the end of the year)

The number of unemployed thousand people
Officially registered unemployment rate(as a percentage of the economically active population)

[*http://www.president.gov.by/Minstat/main.html]

At the same time, if we take into account the level of hidden unemployment, as well as the number of citizens who are not registered with state employment agencies and are engaged in their own employment, then the real unemployment rate can be calculated in tens of percent. Precise data on the structure and qualification and educational level of the unregistered unemployed is practically impossible to obtain.

WAYS TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT.

The consequences of unemployment are negative for the development of the economy of any country and directly for the individual himself. Therefore, the following legislative and economic measures are being developed to limit unemployment:

1. government policy to stimulate employment growth to increase the number of jobs through the use of such levers as preferential taxation, preferential lending, compensation to some extent for investments in the growth of new jobs or losses from their retention, etc.;

2. stimulation of self-employment of the population, especially women;

3. expansion of forms, spheres and conditions of professional training of workers;

4. permission for labor emigration;

5. active use of flexible forms of employment in the state and non-state sectors of the economy, etc.

In order to increase employment of the population, the regulatory framework is being improved to assist the unemployed in organizing entrepreneurial activities.

The Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Republic of Belarus dated June 22, 1998 No. 57 amended and supplemented the Regulation “On the assistance of the state employment service to the unemployed in organizing self-employment”.

Currently, an unemployed person who has expressed a desire to start his own business has the right to free training in the basics of entrepreneurship, to receive subsidies and loans, respectively, in the amount of 25 and 150 minimum wages. In addition, the unemployed are compensated from the employment fund for expenses in the amount of 15 minimum wages for registering as an entrepreneur, opening an account, making a seal and other activities related to the organization of self-employment.

The variety of types of unemployment makes the task of reducing it extremely difficult. Since there is no single way to deal with unemployment, any country has to use different methods to solve this problem.

Level frictional unemployment can be reduced by:

· Improvement of information support of the labor market. In all countries, this function is performed by employment organizations (labor exchanges). They collect information from employers about existing vacancies and report it to the unemployed;

Eliminate factors that reduce labor mobility. For this it is necessary, first of all:

a) creation of a developed housing market;

b) an increase in the scale of housing construction;

c) the abolition of administrative barriers to moving from one locality to another

reduction structural unemployment programs of professional retraining and retraining contribute most of all. Such programs should result in a workforce that is best suited to the jobs available. This task is achieved by the program of vocational training, information about jobs. Vocational training programs provide both on-the-job and institutional training for the unemployed, youth, and older workers whose profession has become obsolete.

Most difficult to deal with cyclical unemployment. To solve this problem, the following measures are most effective:

Creating conditions for the growth of demand for goods. Since the demand in the labor market is derivative and depends on the situation in the markets for goods and services, employment will increase and unemployment will fall if the product markets show more demand and additional workers will have to be hired to satisfy it.

Ways to increase demand are:

stimulating export growth. This can lead to an increase in production volumes and, accordingly, employment in them;

· support and encouragement of investments in the reconstruction of the enterprise in order to increase the competitiveness of products.

Creating conditions for reducing the supply of labor. Obviously, the fewer people who apply for jobs, the easier it is to find a job even with the same number of vacancies. It is quite realistic to reduce the number of applicants for these places and, moreover, to free up additional vacancies for the unemployed.

Some relief may come, for example, by allowing early retirement workers who have not yet reached retirement age. In Russia, for example, when the union-level government was abolished, men who worked in their states were allowed to retire at 57-58 years old, and women at 53-54 years old. Without this, older employees would have to look for work. And since they had few chances for employment at this age. They would increase the army of the unemployed. Early retirement prevented this development. However, this method can only be used on a very limited scale, as it entails a significant increase in pension payments.

Creating conditions for the growth of self-employment. The point of these types of programs is to help people start their own business so that they can support themselves and their families, even if they can't find employment.

Implementation of programs to support young workers. Unemployment hits the elderly the hardest (no one wants to hire them anymore due to falling productivity and poor health) and the youngest (no one wants to hire them yet because of low qualifications and lack of experience).

Various methods can be used to help young people:

1. economic stimulation of youth employment;

2. creation of special firms that offer jobs specifically to young people

3. Creation of centers for training young people in those professions in which the chances of employment are greatest.

The list of unemployment reduction programs could be continued for a long time, but it is important to understand that all these programs cannot completely eliminate or significantly reduce cyclical unemployment. This result is achieved only with a general improvement in the economic situation in the country.

What should the state do to prevent the problem of unemployment from being so acute for us? First of all, the employment policy developed by the state should be of a preventive nature and include a set of state regulation measures that prevent the growth of unemployment.

Here are the most important measures of this kind:

1. Redistribution of the existing demand for labor by stimulating the transition of enterprises to part-time, part-time working week etc. Such businesses should receive tax breaks to offset the cost of hiring new workers.

2. Budgetary subsidies for additional (in relation to the actual level) labor force at existing enterprises. It may take the form of government crediting the wages of additionally hired workers.

3. Reducing the actual supply of labor by lowering the statutory retirement age. The same effect may lead to the development of retraining and advanced training services.

4. Providing jobs that are not profit-oriented, but related to work in the public interest, for example: work in the field of environmental protection, etc.

5. Transition to the creation of a system of social partnership, including the creation of a mechanism for the development of tripartite agreements (employers - trade unions - the state) in order to limit the growth of wages. Employers should be taxed on the extra money spent on wages and used to subsidize employment.

6. Future employment expansion also depends on foreign investment. In general, investments in the reconstruction and technological re-equipment of enterprises will have a labor-saving effect. But an increase in capital investment means the creation of new jobs.

7. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of unemployed through structural changes in the defense industry. The conversion process has great potential for increasing employment, even if it stabilizes today will be a big plus in regulating the labor market.

STATE EMPLOYMENT POLICY.

With regard to unemployment, the state has three types of policies: social, macroeconomic and employment.

Function social policy is to provide assistance to the unemployed in order to maintain their standard of living.

macroeconomic policy involves the use of monetary and fiscal measures to reduce unemployment.

Politics in employment is aimed at creating new jobs, retraining systems, employment centers, etc.

All methods and measures by which the state influences employment and unemployment can be divided into two groups: active and passive.

Active measures are aimed at creating additional jobs. Active measures include, first, the Keynesian macroeconomic policy aimed at stimulating aggregate demand at the expense of the state budget. Secondly, organizational legislative and financial measures of the state, which include: organization of an education system and production and technical training of personnel on the basis of employment services and enterprises; regulation of sectoral and regional mobility of personnel; expanding the production of goods and services through the growth of government subsidies; implementation of public works programs in public utilities, construction, repair and restoration work; creating jobs for youth; employment subsidies for persons in need of social protection; investing in the most promising or labor-intensive industries; measures to reduce supply in the labor market; stimulation of self-employment of the population; assistance in the development of small and medium-sized businesses.

The passive employment policy includes the creation of a system of social insurance and material assistance to the unemployed. The social insurance system provides for the payment of unemployment benefits, taking into account previous earnings, the material assistance system is aimed at providing the unemployed with a living wage.

CONCLUSION.

Today Belarus is experiencing a decline in production.

Enterprises in crisis conditions are trying to maneuver and save their staff. The system of long administrative leaves and the use of part-time employment are practiced. In fact, hidden unemployment has formed, its scale increases as production is curtailed. Qualified workers leave such enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the qualification level of production teams. In this regard, the course of reforms faces the problem of the price that society pays for them.

The progress towards reforms poses another comparability problem: what does it cost to support inefficient jobs and how much does open unemployment cost compared to funding the maintenance of the unemployed, their retraining and assistance in finding a job.

No less severe are the social consequences of unemployment. Experts are forced to admit that “unemployment is something more than an economic disaster, it is also a social catastrophe. Depression leads to inactivity, and inactivity to loss of skills, loss of self-respect, moral decline, and social and political unrest.”

Based on the foregoing, it is clear that the problem of unemployment is a key issue in market economy, and, without solving it, it is impossible to establish an effective operation of the economy.

The way out of the crisis is determined, first of all, by the development strategy of the state and the limit of social tolerance of the society. The most difficult thing in the transition period is to maintain public confidence in the ongoing reforms. Meanwhile, the state at the present time, apparently quoting M. Friedman in a peculiar way, believes that the population should take care of itself.

For a radical solution to the problems of unemployment, it is necessary to radically change the employment policy. And especially federal law. Unemployment cannot be passively curbed today. Only a purposeful active increase in the level of employment of the population in existing and newly created highly efficient knowledge-intensive jobs will help bring the Belarusian economy out of the impasse, give scope for the development of market and social prospects not on paper, but in practice.

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12. www.gazeta.ru

13.www.tut.by (Belarusian portal of IA Express) news.

14 http://www.president.gov.by/Minstat/main.html