Wagon for transporting prisoners. The car for the transport of prisoners (17 photos) What does the Stolypin car look like
Recently, State Duma deputies have produced so many punitive laws and draconian amendments to the Criminal Code that it is time to start an educational program for citizens regarding prison and camp life under the single heading "Now everyone should know this." And as we have recently seen, parliamentary immunity itself is also not eternal. And there, you see, a pre-trial detention center and a court, a stage and a zone. Now it's easy for us.
And as the first lesson on the topic “Now everyone should know this,” we will talk about the so-called milestone Stolypin cars. Of course, only for general educational and cognitive purposes, and nothing else.
So, " Stolypin carriage"- this is a standard wagon for transporting special contingents or, to put it simply, convicts. First of all, it is used to deliver convicts in stages from the pre-trial detention center to correctional colonies.
The “stolypin” itself is almost an ordinary compartment car, only instead of doors there are bars, and there are windows only from the side of the corridor where the escort walks. The other wall is blank. There are three sleeping tiers, and a partition is lowered between the “shkonks” of the second level, leaving a small “hatch” and thereby creating another sleeping place. As a result, according to official estimates, there are seven berths in the Stolypin compartment, but this number is observed only on paper. I happened to “travel” in a kupeshka stuffed with 12 convicts, and even each had a trunk with things and products. After all, a lot of time went to wind. How did you fit in? Just. Two people sleep on the topmost shelves, plus three people on the second tier, and below seven people sit on two shelves. Then they change - sleep in turn. Of course, no mattresses - bare shelves.
By the way, if a paddy wagon arriving from a pre-trial detention center cannot drive right up to the car, then the convoy takes it “in the field” and leads on foot to the platform. The acceptance process is simple. The head of the convoy warns: “I am the head of the convoy. I bring to the attention of the rules. When you shout out your last name, answer “I”, jump out with things on command and immediately squat down. Things in front of you, hands on the back of your head. Look only down! Give your name, patronymic, year of birth, article. When moving, look only at your feet! In the event of an attempt to escape, the convoy fires without warning! And they went in light dashes to the "Stolypin", the shepherd dogs from both sides were straining from barking, the machine gunners hurried "Faster. Faster". At the carriage, everyone squats down again, the trunk in front of them, hands behind their heads, eyes down. And the acceptance begins. One by one we take off to "Stolypin" to the cries of "the first went" - "the first received", "the second went" - "the second received" and so on.
First, the entire stage is stuffed into the first two compartments. And when the "Stolypin" is hitched to the passenger train and the train starts moving, the search and seating begins. One by one, they are transferred to a neighboring compartment, where all things are laid out on a bunk and carefully examined by the guards, and after that the convict is transferred to a compartment in accordance with the “sentence serving regime”. That is, a special regime (“minke whales”) travel separately from a strict one (“strictors”), and the general regime is also separated from those sentenced to a colony-settlement (“settlers”). Women, of course, travel in their own separate compartment, as do tuberculosis patients (“tubes”).
Rare video. Amateur shooting of an empty "Stolypin"
On the way they do not feed, they give only boiling water. Usually, in a pre-trial detention center, before the stage, they are given dry rations for several days - biscuits, instant cereals and soups. But food and drink during the entire journey should be reduced to a minimum, since they are taken out to the toilet extremely rarely and reluctantly.
Now for the time. "Stolypin" is rehooked all the way from train to train, kept in "sumps" for many hours. And indeed, do not show the car with bars to respectable citizens going on vacation or on business trips. Therefore, the usual in our understanding, the time of movement of the train from one city and another has nothing to do with escorting in "Stolypin". So from Moscow to St. Petersburg, our wagon went for two days, and from St. Petersburg to Murmansk we crawled for more than three days.
And one more peculiar addition to the punishment is the uncertainty throughout the whole stage. Most convicts do not know where they are being taken until they arrive at the colony. Almost nothing can be seen from the windows opposite, and the escorts are silent, like partisans. So you have to listen to distant radio announcements, trying to understand the names of cities and then calculate the approximate direction. Sometimes it happens that on the second day of the journey, the escort, at the next request, “Chief, at least tell me the direction,” taking pity, quietly throws “Go to Murmansk.”
The process of boarding the "Stolypin carriage". Recorded by a hidden camera from a very long distance.
Previously, the stage in the "Stolypin" was also accompanied by beatings of convicts, throwing things around during the search, hitting butts during boarding and disembarking. The so-called "Vologda convoy" was especially fierce, about which there were legends in all prisons and zones. But now, when there are video cameras in every "Stolypin", the convoy is calm enough, as far as it is possible in a "prison on wheels". I happened to travel from Murmansk to Vologda, accompanied by a "Vologda convoy" - silent, gloomy and healthy men. They look with gloomy glances, mint words, but do not beat. Up to a certain point, of course.
PS. The girls from “Pussy Riot” Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina were taken to the Mordovian and Penza colonies by the so-called special stage, that is, the same “Stolypin”, but without “sumps” and transfers (intermediate prisons, where convicts are kept for several days in anticipation of further staging). So to speak, without transits and delays. Directly.
Such VIP stages exist for well-known characters, but "Stolypin" is always present. Nothing without him.
Original:
For the first time wagons appeared in 1908 during the time of the well-known minister tsarist Russia Stolypin. These were ordinary freight wagons adapted to transport immigrants from European Russia to Siberia, which, after the initiator of the mass migration Stolypin, began to be called "Stolypin". From the ends of such a car there were auxiliary compartments, where agricultural equipment was placed and livestock was transported. When the resettlement company began to decline, the "Stolypin wagons" began to be used to transport convicts.
So they are still called in the prison environment, although now it is just a modification of a standard passenger car. In appearance, it is almost indistinguishable from that - only on one side there are smaller windows - there are none in the compartment for prisoners, but on the windows of the other side, which is from the side of the aisle, there are bars on the windows. Such a wagon is divided into two halves - for convicts and for the convoy.
You can see the difference and, the next time you are at the station, wave your pen to the traveling convicts and remember the old adage about the bag and the prison. Although usually the windows at the stations are closed even in the heat and, accordingly, it will not work to see what is inside, since they are opaque.
The more official name of such a wagon is a wagon-zak, as well as a car for transporting arrested people -. Most likely, "zak" is an abbreviation for something like "closed type", but the prisoners pronounce it in their own way - like "avtozek" and "vagonzek". Very aptly, as, however, it usually happens on a hair dryer.
So - about the internal structure of "". Imagine an ordinary compartment car, a standard compartment, but with only three shelves, the finish of which is clearly simpler and the benches are wooden, which has no window, and the wall with the door is a lattice with a small cell. Of the modifications, there is also a foldable second shelf, which allows turning the second tier into a continuous bed. The second shelf is the most comfortable, so travelers with experience tend to occupy it first of all - here you can lie and sit, while below, with a crowded compartment, you can only sit. And it's hard to sit all day. On the third shelves fits only one person lying down. People come here to sleep purely in order to exchange living space.
It is difficult to guess the route of the train. Prisoners are guided by the station speakers, which announce the boarding of a particular train. For example, it sounded "The Moscow-Pavlodar train departs from the second (first, tenth) track," and the train started moving a few minutes later - there is a possibility that the convicts are really going to Kazakhstan. According to the station mouthpieces, an experienced convict will determine the station (Kazansky, Yaroslavsky, Kursky, etc.), and hence the direction of the train - east, northeast, or others.
The Stolypins do not always follow the shortest path, but in a way that is economically advantageous, which does not always coincide. Up to the point where 
for example, in order to get from prison to a zone located 140 km away, one has to make a detour of 700 kilometers, having a rest in two prisons of neighboring regional centers, spending two weeks on this due to the fact that there is no money for gasoline for the auto prisoner.
Landing in the wagon takes place at the same brisk pace as in a special car. A paddy wagon drives up to the carriage doors - door to door, the doors open, a guard line up in a meter gap and the procedure begins.
The stream of prisoners pours in portions into the corridor of the car, where boarding takes place in the fourth compartment, then in the third, and so on until the first. The second end of the corridor is blocked not only by a closed door, but also by an escort. Loading of convicts takes place on a remote platform, away from prying eyes. Outwardly, such cars resemble luggage or postal ones.
It is much harder to escape from the "Stolypin" car than from a paddy wagon or penitentiary real estate - a prison or a colony. The escape attempt is influenced by many factors that are typical only for the wagon. Firstly, all the compartments are visible from the corridor, and the guard watches the convict without even opening the door. Secondly, jumping at speed is very risky, and getting off or sliding down while stationary is stupid. At each stop, two soldiers get out of the car and carefully examine the walls and bottom of the car (at least they are obliged to do this). And further. On the road, no matter how long it may be, the prisoner leaves the compartment only for the mandrel. But even these few minutes, while he is pouting in the toilet, he is guarded by three people. Alexander Solzhenitsyn compared the mandrel in a wagon wagon with a responsible and even combat operation for the guard.
Stolypin took a number of measures that encouraged the resettlement of peasants from the European part of the country to the uninhabited regions of Siberia and the Far East. The mass resettlement, conceived by the government, was part of the agrarian reform carried out by Stolypin. About three million peasants left their homes and went east to get land for use.
In 1908, the most ordinary freight cars were adapted for the transportation of numerous migrants en route to Siberia and the Far East. Since the initiator of the mass resettlement was P.A. Stolypin, these improved cars began to be called "Stolypin". Mass production carriages of the "Stolypin" type fell on 1910.
Such a wagon, of course, did not provide the possibility of a comfortable journey, but it could accommodate immigrants with their simple property. In the back of the freight cars, special compartments were equipped where livestock and agricultural implements could be transported. There were few amenities, but the peasants, who were accustomed to living in harsh conditions, did not consider moving in the “Stolypin carriage” something terrible. Moreover, the passage to the new place of residence was free.
When the wave of migrants began to fade away, the "Stolypin wagons" began to be widely used to transport prisoners - those on remand and prisoners.
Further history of the "Stolypin carriage"
After the establishment of the power of the Soviets, the name "Stolypin carriage" became a household name. Repressed persons were transported en masse in wagons of a similar design. The features of such wagons and all the “charms” of transporting prisoners in paints were described by Alexander Solzhenitsyn in one of his novels The Gulag Archipelago.
The "Stolypin wagon" in its later version resembled an ordinary wagon in size. Only inside it was divided into compartments-chambers by special partitions, one part of which was closed with bars.
The cells were located on one side of the car, the other part was occupied by a corridor where a convoy walked from time to time, watching the behavior of the prisoners.
Modern "carriages" - cars for transporting prisoners - outwardly almost do not differ from mail or baggage cars. The only difference is that the internal structure of the premises is adapted for specific purposes. The design of a vehicle designed to transport prisoners ensures minimal comfort for prisoners and the staff accompanying them, as well as reliable protection against escapes.
Wagonzack (wagon for transportation of special contingent) - a special wagon for the transportation of persons under investigation and convicts.
History of appearance
Inside the wagon for the special contingent.
The transportation of prisoners in wagons during the reign of Stalin is described in detail in the work of art by Alexander Solzhenitsyn The Gulag Archipelago and the memoirs of Evgenia Ginzburg The Steep Route. Transportation in our time is described in the memoirs of V. Pereverzin - Hostage: The Story of a Yukos Manager: 119-121.
In Soviet times, there was a substitution of concepts and wagons for transporting prisoners began to be called "Stolypin". Although the real Stolypin carriages had nothing to do with the transport of prisoners. Alexander Solzhenitsyn in his novel The Gulag Archipelago wrote about the Stolypin carriage: “The history of the carriage is as follows. He, indeed, went on rails for the first time under Stolypin: he was designed in 1908, but - for immigrants to the eastern parts of the country, when a strong resettlement movement developed and there was not enough rolling stock. This type of carriage was lower than the usual passenger one, but much higher than the freight one, it had utility rooms for utensils or poultry (the current "half" compartments, punishment cells) - but, of course, it did not have any bars, either inside or on the windows. The gratings were put up by an ingenious idea, and I am inclined to believe that it was Bolshevik. And the car went to be called - Stolypin ... "
Modern wagon
Wagonsack, view from the other side. Where there are no windows, there are cameras.
The modern wagon for the transport of convicts is a modification of the standard passenger wagon.
Appearance for all special carriages - typical, typical for all-metal passenger carriages. The body of the welded structure, protected by thermal insulation, rests on two bogies and is connected to them by locking pins, equipped with transition platforms and buffers.
The special model car TsMV 61-4500 built in 2004 provides accommodation for 75 people of the special contingent in 3 small and 5 large cells. There are 10 service places: 8 - for guards, 2 - for guides.
The compartment of the guard is equipped with two lower sofas with lockers, two lifting shelves of the second tier, two shelves of the third tier, a table and two folding ladders.
The compartment of the head of the guard is equipped with a lower sofa with a locker, a lifting shelf of the second tier, a table with a bedside table in which a safe for weapons and special equipment is mounted, a wall cabinet for the personal files of the special contingent, a folding seat, a cabinet for medicines, a wall sconce, a clock, a call number and a special alarms.
The modern car of the TsMV 61-4500 model differs from previous modifications in greater comfort: improved air ventilation, the presence of air conditioners, a gas stove, a refrigerator, microwave oven, shower cabin for guard personnel. Convicts have the opportunity to use hot water for hydration of an individual diet.
The use of a diesel generator and an autonomous heater made it possible to ensure the reliability of heating, improve the sanitary condition of the car, and solve the problem of providing prisoners with boiled water.
All car windows are equipped with safety bars, and windows, except for the toilet and kitchen, are equipped with mechanical blinds and sun-protection curtains. The vents open and are fixed in extreme positions. The windows of the kitchen, the toilet and the inner frames of the windows of the large corridor and the corridor of the non-boiler end have opaque glass.
Ceiling cladding is made of non-combustible materials. Frames of sofas, sleeping shelves and lockers are made of metal. The walls of the chambers have an internal metal reinforcement.
The cells are equipped with sofas of the first tier, shelves with flaps and shelves of the third tier. Shelves of chambers are made of slow-burning wood materials. There are no windows in the cells.
Door numbering starts from the non-boiler end of the car. The doors of all cells are sliding, lattice. Each cell door has two locks: the upper one is a latch with a hook, the lower one is automatic. All doors have window panes. Each window is closed with a solid metal shutter with a special lock.
To isolate certain categories of convicts, the lattice door of cell No. 9 (for early models - cell No. 8) is covered with a blind sash-shutter, locked with two "lambs". A peephole is cut into the sash.
The vestibules have doors for entering the corridor of the car, for going to the next car and two side exit doors. The side and end tambour doors have triple locks, the doors for entering the carriage corridor have double locks, the doors in the compartment of the head and the guard staff have single locks.
The signaling means of warning the car consist of:
- eight call buttons mounted on the sidewalls under rubber diaphragms (two buttons each at the entrance vestibule door)
- two call buttons located on the side of the large corridor, opposite the third and seventh chambers
- numerator for 10 numbers, installed on the partition in the compartment of the head of the guard
A horizontal beam radio antenna is installed on the roof of the special cars to receive transmissions on long and medium waves. The radio equipment consists of three radio stations located in the compartment of the head of the guard, in the compartment of the guard and the compartment of the conductors.
To supply high-voltage power from the contact network of the electric locomotive through the car to the neighboring units of the rolling stock, a 3000 V span undercar line is equipped.
To increase the reliability of protection and life support of the technical condition, an alarm and intercom system was installed in the car for use in railway transport "Forget-me-not-Zh" in the network "sentry - head of the guard" and blocking the doors of the chambers and the outer doors of the car.
The car is also equipped with an alarm:
- fire protection
- operation and emergency modes of the power supply system
- control of the level and temperature of water and air
- ventilation work
To control the service of the guard, video surveillance equipment was installed: 3 video cameras and a monitor in the compartment of the head of the guard. It is possible to use a VCR and a mobile radio station. There is a radio broadcasting network.
The car is equipped with a 110 V direct current autonomous power supply system, a 250 A/h storage battery, which ensures the operation of lighting and signaling equipment during long stops (12-16 hours).
The production of wagons was carried out
"Stolypin ties". The newspaper "Pravda" exposes the myths about the "reformer" hangman. 
Oleg Cherkovets, Doctor of Economics
2012-04-13
This figure went down in history not only as a “Stolypin tie”, but also as a failed economic “reform”. The past week was marked by the unbridled praise of the tsarist prime minister, the hangman Pyotr Stolypin, whose birthday anniversary falls just on these days.
The main state television channel Rossiya 1 was especially zealous, dedicating several stories to this figure, where the most ardent supporters of the current regime, headed by N. Mikhalkov, developed the most activity. And if, apparently, it was not very convenient for the “singers of Stolypin” to object too strongly to the origin of the expression “Stolypin’s tie”, which the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation G. Zyuganov directly reminded viewers on the Russia 1 TV channel, then “economic achievements "This figure was extolled with might and main.
At the same time, separate, clearly taken out of context, tendentiously selected statements of contemporaries were used, from which it followed that the Russian Empire, thanks to Stolypin, during his premiership, became almost the most powerful economic power in the world! Here you have both "outrageous" industrial growth, and data exaggerated from transfer to transfer that, as a result of Stolypin's resettlement policy, Siberia has grown so strong that it began to export butter at a cost greater than gold ... In a word, fantastic, and nothing more! Let's stop inflating another "bubble" once and for all and look at these fantastic conclusions with real numbers and facts in hand. 
So, what in history is called Stolypin agrarian reform, began at the end of 1906 and, although formally it seemed to continue after the death of the author of the "reform" in 1911 until the February Revolution 1917, in fact, of course, stopped with the outbreak of the First World War. Therefore, we will consider the year 1913 at the same time the peak of the indicated "reform". We will not dwell on the details of the measures taken by the tsarist government headed by P. Stolypin - they are well known from the school bench. This includes assistance in the allocation of wealthy peasants from the rural community with their land shares to separate farms, and stimulation of the resettlement of ruined peasants to Siberia to develop the local lands, etc. We are now interested in the main thing: what was the result of all these measures in the conditions of tsarist Russia? 
First - one total figure. Of the more than two and a half million peasants who moved from the central provinces of Russia to Siberia before 1917, almost 20 percent returned back: the poor - even with some state assistance - had nothing to raise new lands. And this, by the way, is another good lesson for modern "reformers" - the spiritual associates of Gaidar and Chubais, who have been repeating like a spell for 20 years about " magical power» private ownership of land. You cannot raise hundreds of hectares of land with bare hands or even with the help of one horse, and no “feeling of the owner” can replace advanced technology and agronomy! 
Well, and those who nevertheless took root in Siberia, did they really make some kind of “revolution” in Russian agriculture? Let's see what data official statistics provide us with Russian Empire for 1913 - the very "prosperous" pre-war year, the indicators of which can rightfully be considered the best in the history of tsarist Russia 
So, the average productivity of a tithe of arable land in the country in terms of pounds - the main measure of weight of that time - was for rye: in Russia - 56 pounds, in Austria-Hungary - 92 pounds, in Germany - 127 pounds, in Belgium - 147 pounds . A similar yield for wheat was: in Russia - 55 pounds, in Austria-Hungary - 89 pounds, in Germany - 157 pounds, in Belgium - 167 pounds per tithe.
It turns out that the “Siberian” contribution to the increase in productivity in Tsarist Russia was not so significant ...
If the yield, despite all the efforts of the tsarist "reformers", looked, to put it mildly, very mediocre, then the following indicators characterizing the productivity (in terms of Russian rubles) of a dairy cow in the same 1913 will be quite natural. So, in Russia it was 28 rubles per head, while in the USA it was 94 rubles (that is, 3.36 times higher than in Russia), and in Switzerland it was generally 150 rubles per head of a cow (that is, in 5.46 times higher than in Russia). So what kind of "superiority" of Russian agriculture under Stolypin (or thanks to Stolypin) can we talk about?! So how much of the same oil could be produced in comparison with the advanced states with such productivity?
Here a legitimate question may arise: what then to be with the notorious export of butter from Siberia, what Stolypin's defenders love to trump with? Well, firstly, you can take out of the country as much as you like - there would be a desire. Is it, for example, today senior leaders Russia is not bragging about the growth of grain exports at every corner? Didn't we hear about this again the other day in State Duma? This is despite the fact that there is no longer enough grain to feed their own livestock, and therefore meat has to be imported from all over the world: it’s good if from Belarus, but then from Australia and South Africa too…
What "industrial breakthrough" and "development of the East" under Stolypin can we talk about if Russia was rapidly reducing railway construction? If in 1896-1901 (the time when the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was completed) in Russia an average of 3,100 versts of railroad tracks were built per year, then in 1902-1903 - already 1902 versts, and in 1908-1913 (just the time of the reign of Stolypin and immediately after it) - a total of 719 miles. The reason was a catastrophic lack of money, which no Stolypin could overcome, and foreign loans for such construction were given only under government guarantees. By the way, it was they who in many ways contributed to drawing Russia into the criminal First world war which cost our country 4 million lives. After all, government-guaranteed loans to Parisian and London financial tycoons had to be returned, and with interest, but there was nothing to return! Except, of course, the lives of soldiers... And the war broke out...
And these are Stolypin's innovations: "Stolypin carriages" ... Yes, yes, these are the same carriages that Stalin used for their intended purpose for these gorre reformists, about whom they still talk so tearfully. And how did you bitches drive simple people to slaughter in Siberia in the same wagons from 1906 to 1917 - inclusive - so this is normal? You, epta, do not remember this?! What about Mikhalkov? You've been smelling really bad lately. You need to ride in such a trailer right up to Susuman (not far from Magadan). 
On the other hand, the general public has become more familiar with "The Stolypin Carriage" and "The Stolypin Tie", and more recently, the fact that he was a great unfortunate reformer, epta! 
On September 18 (according to the new style), 1911, Prime Minister Stolypin died, wounded by a student Bogrov in the Kiev theater four days earlier - oddly enough, the day before his death, he seemed to feel better ... (According to some sources, the cause of death was not actually the second bullet (the first hit in the hand), and the order - it was he who, deformed by a shot, tore the liver of the prime minister). 
So it turns out that it was not the “breakthrough” that was provided by the “reformer” hangman to his country, but something exactly the opposite ... And it is not surprising that already in the second year of the “Stolypin reform” the country suffered a nationwide famine, during which In 1911-1912, the next, even stronger famine, which already engulfed 60 provinces, literally hit Russia. Then 30 million people were on the verge of starvation. About these, as, indeed, and many other similar facts, oh, how Mr. Mikhalkov and Co. do not like to remember! But it is in them that the verdict of history on the author of the "Stolypin tie" is found.
And then the reformer Stolypin came to kirdyk, it's a pity that Chubais and Gaidar weren't there, it's a pity that they were born so late. Yavlinsky also asks for a trunk, a gynecologist of shock therapy. Gad. Creeping. Bitch offal.